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Ash: Difference between revisions

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Ash (view source)

Revision as of 19:29, 7 March 2021

424 bytes added ,  7 March 2021
Glosses fixed up
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(Glosses fixed up)
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|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
| {{IPA|/p~β t~ð k~ɣ/}}
| {{IPA|/p t k/}}
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Affricate
| {{IPA|/t͡ɬ~ɬ t͡s~s/}}
| {{IPA|/t͡ɬ t͡s/}}
|-
|-
! Glottal
! Glottal
| {{IPA|/ʔ~h/}}
| {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
|-
! Nasal
! Nasal
| {{IPA|/m~˜ n~˜ ŋ~˜/}}
| {{IPA|/mᵇ nᵈ ŋᵍ/}}
|}
|}


Line 69: Line 69:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| {{IPA|//iʔ.Vʔˈu.wi//}}
| {{IPA|//ih.Vhˈu.wi//}}
| → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwu.wi/}}
| → {{IPA|/hihˈwu.wi/}}
| → {{IPA|[çɪʍˈʍʊ͡ɪ̯ː]}}
| → {{IPA|[çɪʍˈʍʊ͡ɪ̯ː]}}
| → {{ash|ẻhhoe}} "hungry"
| → {{ash|ẻhhoe}} "hungry"
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! {{IPA|/-w/}}
! {{IPA|/-w/}}
|-
|-
! {{IPA|//N-//}}
! {{IPA|//Nᴾ-//}}
| {{IPA|[ɲ.ɲ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɲ.ɲ]}}
| {{IPA|[m.m]}}
| {{IPA|[m.m]}}
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! {{IPA|//-P//}}
! {{IPA|//-P//}}
! {{IPA|//-P͡F//}}
! {{IPA|//-P͡F//}}
! {{IPA|//-N//}}
! {{IPA|//-Nᴾ//}}
|-
|-
! {{IPA|//h-//}}
! {{IPA|//h-//}}
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
! {{IPA|//-N//}}
! {{IPA|//-Nᴾ//}}
|-
|-
! {{IPA|//p-//}}
! {{IPA|//p-//}}
Line 398: Line 398:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=CLF.TOP Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|gloss=ao=CLF.TOP dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|gloss=ao=CLF.TOP dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảo ga ảyısa͠a ma}}
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảo ga ảyısa͠a ma}}
|gloss=shine.INCH.RLS-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS=NEG
|gloss=shine.INCH.RLS-CVB:DUR ao=CLF.TOP REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS=NEG
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảhbadsas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảhbadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=CLF.TOP PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=you are braiding my hair
|translation=you are braiding my hair
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ẻwıbadsas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ẻwıbadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=CLF.TOP PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=I am braiding my hair
|translation=I am braiding my hair
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP
|gloss=ao=CLF.TOP dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba meh<u>da</u> odsoyya ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba meh<u>da</u> odsoyya ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP
|gloss=ao=CLF.TOP dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]<sub>2}}</sub>
|phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]<sub>2}}</sub>
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.RLS-CVB:DUR dog=TOP:ACT DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.RLS]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.RLS-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=DECL]<sub>2</sub>
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.RLS-CVB:DUR dog=CLF.TOP DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.RLS]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.RLS-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=DECL]<sub>2</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no}}
|phrase={{ash|osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no}}
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.RLS PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=Q
|light-SEMB gloss=dog=CLF.TOP shine.STAT.RLS PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=Q
|translation=have you seen the white dog?
|translation=have you seen the white dog?
}}
}}
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==Locative verbs==
==Locative verbs==


An important part of Ash grammar is an extensive set of so called locative verbs which are used almost like a noun classification system and cover location, motion and related concepts while providing specific information about the referent at hand, such as specifying whether liquid is involved. These also have reduced clitic forms used as topic markers.
An important part of Ash grammar is an extensive set of so called locative verbs which are used almost like a noun classification system and cover location, motion and related concepts while providing specific information about the referent at hand, such as specifying whether liquid is involved. These also have reduced clitic forms used as classifiers and topic markers.


These are some of those verbs:
These are some of those verbs:
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Locative
! Locative
! Topic
! Classifier
! Gloss
! Gloss
! Semantic range
! Semantic range
|-
|-
| {{ash|laa}}
| {{ash|laa}}
| {{ash|la}}
| {{ash|la}}, {{ash|da}}, {{ash|na}}
| :STAT
| :STAT
| General stative (indefinite or permanent)
| General stative (indefinite or permanent)
|-
|-
| {{ash|goo}}
| {{ash|goo}}
| {{ash|go}}
| {{ash|go}}, {{ash|ŋo}}
| :ACT
| :ACT
| General active (temporary or dynamic)
| General active (temporary or dynamic)
Line 623: Line 623:
|-
|-
| {{ash|boa}}
| {{ash|boa}}
| {{ash|bo}}
| {{ash|bo}}, {{ash|mo}}
| :CRESC
| :CRESC
| Growth (hair, plants et c.)
| Growth (hair, plants et c.)
|-
|-
| {{ash|doo}}
| {{ash|doo}}
| {{ash|do}}
| {{ash|do}}, {{ash|no}}
| :PART
| :PART
| Particles (powder, sand, dust, smoke, spores et c.)
| Particles (powder, sand, dust, smoke, spores et c.)
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|-
|-
| {{ash|baa}}
| {{ash|baa}}
| {{ash|ba}}
| {{ash|ba}}, {{ash|ma}}
| :MAN
| :MAN
| Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools)
| Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools)
|}
There are also some classifiers without corresponding verbs:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classifier
! Gloss
! Semantic range
|-
| {{ash|ya}}, {{ash|wa}}, {{ash|nya}}
| :GEM
| Used mainly of pairs (e.g. eyes, hands) but does not denote dual number
|-
| {{ash|na}}
| :COLL
| Used mainly of collectives (e.g. people) and higher animates but does not denote plural number
|}
|}


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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o bo}}
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o bo}}
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC
|gloss=POSS-head=CLF.TOP
|translation=hair (on the head)
|translation=hair (on the head)
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o da}}
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o da}}
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT
|gloss=POSS-head=CLF.TOP
|translation=head (on the body)
|translation=head (on the body)
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=CLF.TOP ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.RLS=EXP
|gloss=ao=CLF.TOP dog=CLF.TOP DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.RLS=EXP
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas sa͠a}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas sa͠a}}
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS
|gloss=sea=CLF-LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas laa}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas laa}}
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.RLS
|gloss=sea=CLF-LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.RLS
|translation=(be) by the sea
|translation=(be) by the sea
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo gas osee go}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo gas osee go}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS-CVB:LOC breath=TOP:ORAL
|gloss=ao=CLF-CVB:LOC breath=CLF.TOP
|translation=Ao's breath (lit. "breath at Ao")
|translation=Ao's breath (lit. "breath at Ao")
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhodse no}}
|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhodse no}}
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.IRR=Q
|gloss=dog=CLF.TOP PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.IRR=Q
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|nayya bahba go}}
|phrase={{ash|nayya bahba go}}
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=CLF.TOP
|translation=a brown dog
|translation=a brown dog
}}
}}
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