Ash: Difference between revisions

127 bytes added ,  24 March 2019
no edit summary
No edit summary
Line 174: Line 174:
==Morphology==
==Morphology==


Ash does not mark words for number, person or case. With regards to syntactic patterning, only three significant word classes can be posited: verbs, nominals and adverbials. Nonetheless there is a degree of mobility between them.
Ash does not mark words for number, person or case. With regards to syntactic patterning, only three significant word classes can be posited: verbs, nominals and converbs. Nonetheless there is a degree of mobility between them.


=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Line 254: Line 254:
===Nominals===
===Nominals===


Nominals are mostly unmarked; the main kind of affixation, while resembling case marking, results in adverbialisation, thus changing the class of the word. Nominals can however be marked for possession (obligatory on inalienably possessed nominal) or be incorporated into a verb (in which case inalienably possessed nominal do lose their possessive marker).
Nominals are mostly unmarked; the main kind of affixation, while resembling case marking, results in converbialisation, thus changing the class of the word. Nominals can however be marked for possession (obligatory on inalienably possessed nominal) or be incorporated into a verb (in which case inalienably possessed nominal do lose their possessive marker).


The possessive prefix ''n-'' can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of ''mõõ'' "head; hair; top", an inalienably possessed nominal:
The possessive prefix ''n-'' can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of ''mõõ'' "head; hair; top", an inalienably possessed nominal:
Line 270: Line 270:
Any phrase can be nominalised using a classificatory topic marker (see below).
Any phrase can be nominalised using a classificatory topic marker (see below).


===Adverbials===
===Converbs===


Adverbials are used to denote a place, time or manner. Their formation sometimes resembles case marking or conjunctions more than traditional adverbs, but serves that role as well.
Converbs are used to denote a place, time or manner. Their formation sometimes resembles case marking or conjunctions or adverbs.


Some prominent adverbialising suffixes:
Some prominent converbialising suffixes:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 287: Line 287:
! Durative
! Durative
| ''-ga''
| ''-ga''
| ''oadnago'' "in the morning"
| ''oadnaga'' "in the morning"
|-
|-
! Benefactive
! Benefactive
| ''-ba''
| ''-ba''
| ''eaba'' "in order to see"
| ''eeba'' "in order to see"
|}
|}


===Deixis===
===Deixis===


The language lacks true pronouns and due to its pro-drop tendencies commonly avoids alternatives as well. One thing that does get marked is deixis: whether something is close to or far away from the speaker or a previous referent; unspecified deixis is also possible. On nominals deixis is generally spatial while on verbs it is temporal (proximal working roughly as a present tense and distal as a non-present one); adverbial deixis can be either depending on the characteristics of the adverbial in question.
The language lacks true pronouns and due to its pro-drop tendencies commonly avoids alternatives as well. One thing that does get marked is deixis: whether something is close to or far away from the speaker or a previous referent; unspecified deixis is also possible. On nominals deixis is generally spatial while on verbs it is temporal (proximal working roughly as a present tense and distal as a non-present one); converbial deixis can be either depending on the characteristics of the converb in question.


The deictic stems are as follows:
The deictic stems are as follows:
Line 365: Line 365:
|-
|-
! Conjunct
! Conjunct
| ''(ee go) ahhea<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you"
| ''(ee go) ahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you"
| ''(ee go) assea<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me"
| ''(ee go) assee<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me"
| ''(oo go) ahhea<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them"
| ''(oo go) ahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them"
| ''(oo go) assea<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me"
| ''(oo go) assee<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me"
|-
|-
! Disjunct
! Disjunct
| ''(ee go) ahhea''<br />"you look at them"
| ''(ee go) ahhee''<br />"you look at them"
| ''(ee go) assea''<br />"they look at you"
| ''(ee go) assee''<br />"they look at you"
| ''(oo go) ahhea''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>"
| ''(oo go) ahhee''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>"
| ''(oo go) assea''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>"
| ''(oo go) assee''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>"
|}
|}


Line 412: Line 412:
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞‿ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞‿ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
}}
}}
Line 420: Line 420:
==Syntax==
==Syntax==


The word order is fairly strictly SOV, with adverbials generally preceding the nominals followed by the verb.
The word order is fairly strictly SOV, with converbs generally preceding the nominals followed by the verb.


===Valency===
===Valency===
Line 433: Line 433:
|phrase=ao go bahba e<u>hh</u>ee
|phrase=ao go bahba e<u>hh</u>ee
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿je̞çˈçi̯eː]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿je̞çˈçi̯eː]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>TR</u>-see.IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>TV</u>-see.ACT.IND
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog
}}
}}
Line 440: Line 440:
|phrase=ao go bahba e<u>ss</u>ee
|phrase=ao go bahba e<u>ss</u>ee
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿jɪɕˈɕi̯eː]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿jɪɕˈɕi̯eː]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog
}}
}}
Line 453: Line 453:
|phrase=ehhees
|phrase=ehhees
|IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçi̯eːs̠]
|IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçi̯eːs̠]
|gloss=PROX-TR-see.IND-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-TV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ
|translation=I am looking at them
|translation=I am looking at them
}}
}}
Line 460: Line 460:
|phrase=essees
|phrase=essees
|IPA=[ʔɪɕˈɕi̯eːs̠]
|IPA=[ʔɪɕˈɕi̯eːs̠]
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.IND-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ
|translation=they are looking at me
|translation=they are looking at me
}}
}}
Line 475: Line 475:
|phrase=oadnaga ayesããs
|phrase=oadnaga ayesããs
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐˌɣɐ‿ʔɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ːs̠]
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐˌɣɐ‿ʔɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ːs̠]
|gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.IND-CONJ
|gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ
|translation=I wash in the morning
|translation=I wash in the morning
}}
}}
Line 482: Line 482:
|phrase=oadnaga ao go awosãã ma
|phrase=oadnaga ao go awosãã ma
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐˌɣɐ‿ʔɑːʊ̯ ɣo̞‿ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː mɐ]
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐˌɣɐ‿ʔɑːʊ̯ ɣo̞‿ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː mɐ]
|gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-DUR ao TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.IND NEG
|gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-CVB:DUR ao TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
}}
}}
Line 495: Line 495:
|phrase=emmõõ bo ee ehbadsas
|phrase=emmõõ bo ee ehbadsas
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ‿ˈje̞j‿je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ‿ˈje̞j‿je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-TR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|translation=you are braiding my hair
|translation=you are braiding my hair
}}
}}
Line 515: Line 515:
|phrase=ao go bahba od<u>sãmm</u>oyya
|phrase=ao go bahba od<u>sãmm</u>oyya
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ɑ̃mˌmʊj.jɐ]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ɑ̃mˌmʊj.jɐ]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog DIST-TR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog DIST-TV-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink
}}
}}


====Adverbialisation====
====Converbialisation====


The other method is to completely remove the valency of the nominal by turning it into an adverbial, which is why this process sometimes resembles case marking.
The other method is to completely remove the valency of the nominal by turning it into a converb, which is why this process sometimes resembles case marking.


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=ao go bahba meh<u>da</u> odsãmmoyya
|phrase=ao go bahba meh<u>da</u> odsãmmoyya
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ˈme̞ħ.t̠ɐ‿wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ɑ̃mˌmʊj.jɐ]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ˈme̞ħ.t̠ɐ‿wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ɑ̃mˌmʊj.jɐ]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>LOC</u> DIST-TR-water-consume.CAUS.IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-TV-water-consume.CAUS.IND
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
}}
}}
Line 573: Line 573:
|phrase=[oo oahdaga bahba go ossoena]<sub>1</sub> [ee oahdaga esseenas]<sub>2</sub>
|phrase=[oo oahdaga bahba go ossoena]<sub>1</sub> [ee oahdaga esseenas]<sub>2</sub>
|IPA=[ˈʔo̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐˌɣɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ɣo̞‿wʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ‿ˈje̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐˌɣɐ‿jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐs̠]
|IPA=[ˈʔo̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐˌɣɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ɣo̞‿wʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ‿ˈje̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐˌɣɐ‿jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.TRANS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-DUR PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub>
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.TRANS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
}}
}}
Line 694: Line 694:
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞‿ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞‿ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
}}
}}
Line 707: Line 707:
|phrase=ao go bahba go ooda egoo
|phrase=ao go bahba go ooda egoo
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ɣo̞‿ˈwu̯oː.ðɐ‿jɪˈɣu̯oː]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ɣo̞‿ˈwu̯oː.ðɐ‿jɪˈɣu̯oː]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog TOP:ACT DIST-LOC PROX-LOC:ACT.IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog TOP:ACT DIST-LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there
}}
}}
Line 720: Line 720:
|phrase=ao go ՚lgoo
|phrase=ao go ՚lgoo
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣo̞‿ʔɬ̠̩ˈku̯oː]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣo̞‿ʔɬ̠̩ˈku̯oː]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT AND-LOC:ACT..IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT AND-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND
|translation=Ao moves (away)
|translation=Ao moves (away)
}}
}}
Line 727: Line 727:
|phrase=ao go ՚ŋgoo
|phrase=ao go ՚ŋgoo
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣo̞‿ʔŋ̩ˈɡu̯oː]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣo̞‿ʔŋ̩ˈɡu̯oː]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT VEN-LOC:ACT.IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT VEN-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND
|translation=Ao moves (hither)
|translation=Ao moves (hither)
}}
}}
Line 740: Line 740:
|phrase=ao go negoo
|phrase=ao go negoo
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ɲɪˈɣu̯oː]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ɲɪˈɣu̯oː]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-LOC:ACT.IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND
|translation=Ao is below
|translation=Ao is below
}}
}}
Line 747: Line 747:
|phrase=ao go nelgoo
|phrase=ao go nelgoo
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ɲɪɬˈku̯oː]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣʊ ɲɪɬˈku̯oː]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-MOT-LOC:ACT.IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-MOT-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND
|translation=Ao moves down
|translation=Ao moves down
}}
}}
Line 753: Line 753:
|}
|}


===Use with adverbials===
===Use with converbs===


Adverbial location is generic and locative verbs can be used to specify the meaning.
Converbial location is generic and locative verbs can be used to specify the meaning.


{|
{|
Line 762: Line 762:
|phrase=ahda sãã
|phrase=ahda sãã
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.t̠ɐ ˈz̠ɑ̃ː]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.t̠ɐ ˈz̠ɑ̃ː]
|gloss=ocean-LOC LOC:LIQ.IND
|gloss=sea-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea
}}
}}
Line 769: Line 769:
|phrase=ahda laa
|phrase=ahda laa
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.t̠ɐ ˈɮɑː]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.t̠ɐ ˈɮɑː]
|gloss=ocean-LOC LOC:STAT.IND
|gloss=sea-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND
|translation=(be) by the ocean
|translation=(be) by the sea
}}
}}


Line 784: Line 784:
|phrase=nendsãndsada
|phrase=nendsãndsada
|IPA=[ɲᶡɪn̠ˈd̠͡z̠ɑ̃n̠.d̠͡z̠ɐˌðɐ]
|IPA=[ɲᶡɪn̠ˈd̠͡z̠ɑ̃n̠.d̠͡z̠ɐˌðɐ]
|gloss=SUB-VEN-LOC:LIQ.FREQ.IND-LOC
|gloss=SUB-VEN-LOC:LIQ.FREQ.IND-CVB:LOC
|translation=by the (bottom of the) waterfall<br />(lit. "where water comes gushing down")
|translation=by the (bottom of the) waterfall<br />(lit. "where water comes gushing down")
}}
}}
Line 791: Line 791:
|phrase=neldsãndsada
|phrase=neldsãndsada
|IPA=[ɲᶡɪɬ.t̠͡s̠ɑ̃n̠.d̠͡z̠ɐˌðɐ]
|IPA=[ɲᶡɪɬ.t̠͡s̠ɑ̃n̠.d̠͡z̠ɐˌðɐ]
|gloss=SUB-AND-LOC:LIQ.FREQ.IND-LOC
|gloss=SUB-AND-LOC:LIQ.FREQ.IND-CVB:LOC
|translation=by the (top of the) waterfall<br />(lit. "where water goes gushing down")
|translation=by the (top of the) waterfall<br />(lit. "where water goes gushing down")
}}
}}
Line 800: Line 800:


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=<u>dodso</u> go nõŋgo oŋgoone?
|phrase=<u>dodsa</u> go nõŋgo oŋgoone?
|IPA=[ˈd̠o̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ʊ ɣʊ ˈn̠õ̞ŋ.ɡo̞‿wʊŋˈɡu̯oː.ɲɪ]
|IPA=[ˈd̠o̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐ ɣʊ ˈn̠õ̞ŋ.ɡo̞‿wʊŋˈɡu̯oː.ɲɪ]
|gloss=<u>smoke.FREQ.NOM</u> TOP:ACT Q-DUR DIST-VEN-LOC:ACT.TRANS.OPT
|gloss=<u>smoke.FREQ.IND</u> TOP:ACT Q-CVB:DUR DIST-VEN-LOC:ACT.TRANS.OPT
|translation=when does the <u>train</u> arrive?
|translation=when does the <u>train</u> arrive?
}}
}}
Line 817: Line 817:
|phrase=ewoes
|phrase=ewoes
|IPA=[ʔɪˈwʊːɪ̯ɕ]
|IPA=[ʔɪˈwʊːɪ̯ɕ]
|gloss=PROX-consume.OPT-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-consume.ACT.OPT-CONJ
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ewoe no?
|phrase=ewoe no
|IPA=[ʔɪˈwʊːɪ̯ n̠ʊ]
|IPA=[ʔɪˈwʊːɪ̯ n̠ʊ]
|gloss=PROX-consume.OPT Q
|gloss=PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q
|translation=perhaps I should eat something
|translation=perhaps I should eat something
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=bahbo go ewoe no?
|phrase=bahba go ewoe no
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.ɣʊ‿jɪˈwʊːɪ̯ n̠ʊ]
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.ɣʊ‿jɪˈwʊːɪ̯ n̠ʊ]
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT PROX-consume.OPT Q
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry
}}
}}
Line 843: Line 843:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=ao go ahbada esdsoes
|phrase=ao go ahbada esdsoes
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ɣo̞‿ˈʔɑħ.pɐˌðɐ‿jɪɕˈȶ͡ɕʊːɪ̯ɕ]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ˈʔɑħ.pɐˌðɐ jɪɕˈȶ͡ɕʊːɪ̯ɕ]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT appa-LOC PROX-INV-LOC:DOM.OPT-CONJ
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT appa-CVB:LOC PROX-INV-LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.OPT-CONJ
|translation=I'm on my way to visit Ao in Appa
|translation=I'm on my way to visit Ao in Appa
}}
}}
Line 855: Line 855:
|phrase=sooda
|phrase=sooda
|IPA=[ˈd̠͡z̠u̯oː.ðɐ]
|IPA=[ˈd̠͡z̠u̯oː.ðɐ]
|gloss=LOC:DOM.IND-LOC
|gloss=LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.IND-CVB:LOC
|translation=(at) home
|translation=(at) home
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=soogo
|phrase=sooga
|IPA=[ˈd̠͡z̠u̯oː.ɣʊ]
|IPA=[ˈd̠͡z̠u̯oː.ɣɐ]
|gloss=LOC:DOM.IND-DUR
|gloss=LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.IND-CVB:DUR
|translation=[when ](at) home
|translation=[when ](at) home
}}
}}
Line 868: Line 868:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ahbada esoonas
|phrase=ahbada esoonas
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐˌðɐ‿jɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐˌðɐ jɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=appa-LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.TRANS.IND-CONJ
|gloss=appa-LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.TRANS.IND-CONJ
|translation=I've moved to Appa
|translation=I've moved to Appa
Line 877: Line 877:
===Colour terms===
===Colour terms===


While most descriptive attributes are expressed through stative verbs, colours are expressed through comparative adverbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ao'' "sea" → ''ayya'' "blue; green". These are combined with locative verbs.
While most descriptive attributes are expressed through stative verbs, colours are expressed through comparative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ao'' "sea" → ''ayya'' "blue; green". These are combined with locative verbs.


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=meyya bahbo go
|phrase=meyya bahba go
|IPA=[ˈmᵇe̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pʊ ɣʊ]
|IPA=[ˈmᵇe̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ]
|gloss=fire-SEMB dog TOP:ACT
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog TOP:ACT
|translation=a brown dog
|translation=a brown dog
}}
}}


The exceptions are brightness and darkness which are still expressed through stative verbs, which can also be combined with the comparative adverbs to specify the hue.
The exceptions are brightness and darkness which are still expressed through stative verbs, which can also be combined with the comparative converb to specify the hue.


{|
{|


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=bahbo go oada
|phrase=bahba go oada
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pʊ ɣo̞‿ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ]
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ]
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND
|translation=a white dog
|translation=a white dog
Line 898: Line 898:


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=meyya bahbo go oada
|phrase=meyya bahba go oada
|IPA=[ˈmᵇe̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pʊ ɣo̞‿ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ]
|IPA=[ˈmᵇe̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ]
|gloss=fire-SEMB dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND
|gloss=fire-SEMB dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND
|translation=a light brown dog
|translation=a light brown dog
1,088

edits