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Ash: Difference between revisions

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Ash (view source)

Revision as of 16:21, 7 March 2021

3 bytes removed ,  7 March 2021
Indicative and optative renamed to realis and irrealis
m (Big romanisation update)
(Indicative and optative renamed to realis and irrealis)
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====Stems====
====Stems====


Each verb has a set of primary stems formed more or less predictably from a combination of affixes. The first stem, the stative (or active, if there is no stative) indicative, is used as the lemma when citing words, such as {{ash|oa}} "to shine", also a good example of the versatile morphophonology:
Each verb has a set of primary stems formed more or less predictably from a combination of affixes. The first stem, the stative (or active, if there is no stative) realis, is used as the lemma when citing words, such as {{ash|oa}} "to shine", also a good example of the versatile morphophonology:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Terminative
! Terminative
|-
|-
! Indicative
! Realis
| {{ash|'''oa'''}}
| {{ash|'''oa'''}}
| {{ash|oahda}}
| {{ash|oahda}}
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| {{ash|oasda}}
| {{ash|oasda}}
|-
|-
! Optative
! Irrealis
| {{ash|oae}}
| {{ash|oae}}
| {{ash|oadse}}
| {{ash|oadse}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẻhheas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẻhheas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=I am looking at them
|translation=I am looking at them
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẻsseas e}}
|phrase={{ash|ẻsseas e}}
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=EXP
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.RLS-CONJ=EXP
|translation=they are looking at me
|translation=they are looking at me
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảesa͠as yo}}
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảesa͠as yo}}
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=shine.INCH.RLS-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=I wash in the morning
|translation=I wash in the morning
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảo ga ảesa͠a ma}}
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảo ga ảesa͠a ma}}
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND=NEG
|gloss=shine.INCH.RLS-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS=NEG
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảhbadsas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảhbadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=you are braiding my hair
|translation=you are braiding my hair
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ẻobadsas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ẻobadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=I am braiding my hair
|translation=I am braiding my hair
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND=REP
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba meh<u>da</u> odsoyya ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba meh<u>da</u> odsoyya ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND=REP
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]<sub>2}}</sub>
|phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]<sub>2}}</sub>
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog=TOP:ACT DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ=DECL]<sub>2</sub>
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.RLS-CVB:DUR dog=TOP:ACT DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.RLS]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.RLS-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=DECL]<sub>2</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no}}
|phrase={{ash|osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no}}
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ=Q
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.RLS PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=Q
|translation=have you seen the white dog?
|translation=have you seen the white dog?
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.IND=EXP
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.RLS=EXP
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas sa͠a}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas sa͠a}}
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas laa}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas laa}}
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.RLS
|translation=(be) by the sea
|translation=(be) by the sea
}}
}}
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===Modality===
===Modality===


Wants, needs, desires and possibilities are often just expressed through morphological means in Ash, such as optatives, potentials and interrogatives.
Wants, needs, desires and possibilities are often just expressed through morphological means in Ash, such as irrealis forms, potentials and interrogatives.


{|
{|
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses}}
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses}}
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.IRR-CONJ
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses no}}
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses no}}
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ=Q
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.IRR-CONJ=Q
|translation=perhaps I should eat something
|translation=perhaps I should eat something
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhodse no}}
|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhodse no}}
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT=Q
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.IRR=Q
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry
}}
}}
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