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Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Majuscule forms (uppercase or capital letters)
|
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I
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J |
K |
L |
M
|
N |
O |
P |
Q
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R |
S |
T |
U |
V |
W |
X |
Y
|
Z |
Ä |
Ö |
Ü |
Å
|
Minuscule forms (lowercase or small letters)
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a |
b |
c |
d |
e |
f |
g |
h |
i |
j |
k |
l |
m |
n |
o |
p |
q |
r |
s |
t |
u |
v |
w |
x |
y |
z |
ä |
ö |
ü |
å
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Consonants
Consonants
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Labial
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Dental
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Palato-alveolar
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Velar
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Glottal
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Nasal
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m
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n̪
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ɲ
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ŋ
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Plosive
|
voiceless
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p
|
t̪
|
|
k
|
|
voiced
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b
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d̪
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g
|
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Fricative
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voiceless
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f
|
|
s ʃ ɕ
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|
h
|
voiced
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v
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ð
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z ʑ
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ʁ
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Affricate
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voiceless
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|
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t͡s t͡ɕ
|
|
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voiced
|
|
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d͡z d͡ʑ
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|
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Approximant
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|
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j
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ʍ~w
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Lateral approximant
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|
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l ʎ
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|
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Vowels
Long vowels
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Front |
Central |
Back
|
Close
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i /iː/ y /yː/
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u /ʉː/
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|
Close-mid
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e /eː~æː/ ö /øː/
|
|
å /oː/
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Open-mid
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ä /ɛː/
|
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ü /ɔː/
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Open
|
o /uː/
|
|
a /ɑː/
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Short vowels
|
Front |
Central |
Back
|
Close
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i /ɪ/ y /ʏ/
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|
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Close-mid
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u /ɵ~ə/
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Open-mid
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e, ä /ɛ~æ/ ö /œ/
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o, å /ɔ/ ü /ʌ/
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Near-open
|
|
-r /ɐ/
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|
Open
|
a /a/
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|
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Diphthongs
ai /ɑɪ̯/
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au /æʉ/
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ei /æɪ~ɛɪ/
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oi /ɔʏ/
|
öi /øʏ/
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Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources