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Hesperian is spoken on an island west of the main part of the British Isles.
{{infobox language
|name = Avalonian
|nativename = Navhatti Telkun
|pronunciation = ˈnɔ.xʷɔt.si ˈtʰɛl.kʊn
|creator = UserːRebecca Ashling
|created = 2019
|region = Avalonian Isles
|speakers = 44.2 million
|date = na
|ancestor1 = Pre-Avalonian
|ancestor2 = Old Avalonian
|ancestor3 = Middle Avalonian
|ancestor4 = '''Modern Avalonian'''
|familycolor = isolate
}}
 
: <small>Avalonian © Rebecca Ashling 2019–2021. I assert that the Avalonian conlang presented here is my intellectual property and confirm that Linguifex may post this material on their site.</small>
'''Avalonian''' (Aval: Navhatti Telkun) is a polysynthetic language of the affixal, scopal subtype. It has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment with ergative morphology and canonical VSOX word order.
 
It is the majority language of the Avalonian Isles (Aval: Telku) and has approximately 44.2 million speakers. The Stannic Commonwealth of Avalon (Mag: Karatti Thaknat Anakte Telkun) comprises the entirety of the fictional islands of Hivarna (OTL: Newfoundland), Kalephū (OTL: Nova Scotia peninsula) and Ehanramit (OTL: Cape Breton Island).
 
In this timeline, Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island and the Nova Scotia peninsula ended up in the eastern side of the Atlantic after the breakup of Pangea and became the Avalonian Isles. The archipelago lies south-west of Ireland.
 
Along with Basque, Avalonian is one of two surviving Palaeo-European languages in Western Europe. It is a language isolate and not demonstrably related to any other language although certain scholars try to shoehorn it into one of the many language macrofamily hypotheses.
 
Avalonian does show much evidence of borrowing from an unknown Vasconic language although there is little or no evidence of reciprocal ancient Avalonian loans in Aquitanian or Basque.
 
There is also some evidence of borrowing from the putative Goidelic substrate languages. An example of this would be partaq 'crab'.
 
==Inspiration==
 
Avalonian grammar and morphology are strongly modelled on those of the Inuit and Yupik languages. Its phonology is to a great extent based on that of Pre-Exilic Quenya with some slight influence from Iñupiaq.


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==Introduction==
==Ethnography==
 
The Avalonians are members of the oft-perscuted European Pygmy phenotype which is believed to have originated in the ancient Hercynian forest zone of central Europe some 8,000 years ago. The preferred self-designation by members of the European Pygmy phenotype is Hercynians (Aval: Lūki Herkigyat).
 
==History==


Avalonian has four known historical stages:
1) Pre-Avalonian (500 BCE to 250 CE). Not directly attested and known from internal reconstruction and its treatment of ancient Vasconic loans. Koldo Mitxelena's work on Pre-Basque was critical for reconstructing Pre-Avalonian.
2) Old Avalonian (250 CE to 1000 CE). Directly attested from the 6th Century CE with the introduction of writing by Christian missionaries.
3) Middle Avalonian (1000 CE to 1500 CE). The period when Avalonian literacy began to come into its own.
4) Modern Avalonian (1500 CE to Present).The era of printing and mass literacy. The latest version of Modern Avalonian is described in this Linguifex article.
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthoɡraphy===
===Orthoɡraphy===
====General Remarks On Orthography====


Hesperian is written in the Latin alphabet. The letters ⟨c, f, ɡ, o, p, r, s, v, y, z⟩ are not used.
Avalonian had no native script until the arrival of missionary monks in the 6th Century CE. The Latin alphabet (Aval: Litērharti Ruman) has undergone many changes and revisions over the centuries. The current version was adopted in 1908.
 


Hesperian Alphabet:
Avalonian spelling in Litērharti Ruman is a  deep orthography which reflects the language's etymological history and phonological processes such as sandhi. The letters ⟨b, c, d, f, g, o, s, w, x, y, z⟩ are not used, even to spell foreign names.


Consonants:
====Avalonian Alphabet====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| || Labial || Alveolar||Postalveolar || Dorsal || Glottal
| '''Latin Letter''' || '''IPA Value'''
|-
|⟨a⟩||/ɔ/
|-
|⟨ā⟩||/ɑʊ/
|-
|⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
|-
|⟨ē⟩||/aɪ/
|-
|⟨h⟩ || /h/
|-
|⟨i⟩||/i/
|-
|⟨ī⟩||/eɪ/
|-
|⟨j⟩||/j/
|-
|⟨jh⟩||/xʲ/
|-
|⟨k⟩||/k/
|-
|⟨kh⟩||/x/
|-
|⟨kj⟩||/kxʲ/
|-
|⟨kv⟩||/kxʷ/
|-
|⟨l⟩||/l/
|-
|⟨lh⟩||/ɬ/
|-
|⟨lj⟩||/lʲ/
|-
|⟨lv⟩||/lʷ/
|-
|⟨m⟩||/m/
|-
|⟨mh⟩||/v/
|-
|⟨n⟩||/n/
|-
|⟨nh⟩||/z/
|-
|⟨nl⟩||/dɮ/
|-
|⟨nr⟩||/dʒ/
|-
|⟨p⟩||/p/
|-
|⟨ph⟩||/f/
|-
|⟨q⟩||/ŋ/
|-
|⟨qh⟩||/ɣ/
|-
|⟨qj⟩||/ɡɣʲ/
|-
|⟨qv⟩||/ɡɣʷ/
|-
|⟨r⟩||/ɹ̠/
|-
|⟨rh⟩||/ʃ/
|-
|⟨rj⟩||/ʒʲ/
|-
|⟨rv⟩||/ʒʷ/
|-
|-
| Voiceless Plosive || || ⟨t⟩ ||⟨q⟩|| ⟨k⟩ ||
|⟨t⟩||/t/
|-
|-
| Voiced Plosive || ⟨b⟩ || ⟨d⟩ ||⟨x⟩|| ||  
|⟨th⟩||/s/
|-
|-
| Nasal || ⟨m⟩ || ⟨n⟩||  ||  
|⟨tl⟩||/tɬ/
|-
|-
| Liquid ||  || ⟨l⟩ || ||
|-
|-
|Semivowel||⟨w⟩||||⟨j⟩||
|⟨tr⟩||/tʃ/
|-
|-
| Approximant|| ||  || || ⟨h⟩
|⟨u⟩||/u/
|}
 
Vowels:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| || Front Monophthonɡ || Front Diphthonɡ||Back Monophthonɡ ||Back Diphthonɡ
|⟨ū⟩||/oʊ/
|-
|-
| Hiɡh || ⟨i⟩ ||⟨ei⟩|| ⟨u⟩||⟨ou⟩
|⟨v⟩||/w/
|-
|-
| Low || ⟨e⟩ || ⟨ai⟩||⟨a⟩||⟨au⟩
|⟨vh⟩||/xʷ/
|}
|}


===Consonants===
===Consonants===


Hesperian has a total of 12 consonants which accordinɡ to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Stucture is a small inventory. The most strikinɡ feature of the inventory is the lack of phonemic fricatives. The consonants are displayed in the table below:
Avalonian has a total of 33 consonants which according to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Stucture is a moderately large inventory. The most striking features of the inventory, according to WALS are a voicing contrast in fricatives but not plosives, and the presence of lateral obstruents and the initial velar nasal. The consonants are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Labial || Alveolar || Postalveolar||Dorsal || Glottal
|  ||'''Labial'''||'''Central Alveolar'''||'''Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palatalised Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Labialised Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Palatalised Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Labialised Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Plain Velar'''||'''Palatalised Velar'''||'''Labialised Velar'''||'''Glottal'''
|-
|'''Plosive'''||/p/||/t/||||||||||||||/k/||||||
|-
|'''Voiceless Affricate'''||||||/tɬ/||||||/tʃ/||||||||/kxʲ/||/kxʷ/||
|-
|'''Voiced Affricate'''||||||/dɮ/||||||/dʒ/||||||||/ɡɣʲ/||/ɡɣʷ/||
|-
|-
| Voiceless Plosive || || /t/ ||/tʃ/|| /k/ ||  
|'''Voiceless Fricative'''||/f/||/s/||||||||||||||/x/||||||
|-
|-
| Voiced Plosive || /b/ || /d/ || /dʒ/|| ||  
|'''Voiced Fricative'''||/v/||/z/||||||||||||||/ɣ/||||||
|-
|-
| Nasal || /m/ || /n/ || || ||  
|'''Nasal'''||/m/||/n/||||||||||||||/ŋ/||||||
|-
|-
| Liquid || || /l/ || || ||  
|'''Voiced Liquid'''||||||/l/||/lʲ/||/lʷ/||/ɹ̠/||/ʒʲ/||/ʒʷ/||||||||
|-
|-
|Semivowel|| /w/||||||/j/||
|'''Voiceless Liquid'''||||||/ɬ/||||||/ʃ/||||||||||||
|-
|-
| Approximant || || || || /h/
|'''Voiced Semivowel'''||||||||||||||||||||/j/||/w/||
|-
|'''Voiceless Semivowel'''||||||||||||||||||||/xʲ/||/xʷ/||
|-
|'''Aspirate'''||||||||||||||||||||||||/h/
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


Hesperian has a total of 4 monophthonɡs and 4 diphthonɡs. Accordinɡ to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures this is a small vowel quality inventory. Hesperian has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 2.5 which accordinɡ to WALS is a moderately low ratio. The vowels are displayed in the table below:
Avalonian has a total of 8 vowels, 4 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. According to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures Avalonian has 4 vowel qualities which is a small inventory. Avalonian has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 8.25 which according to WALS is a high ratio. Avalonian is unusual for not possessing any low vowels such as /a/. Diphthongs are treated as phonological long vowels. The vowels are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Front Monophthonɡ|| Front Diphthonɡ|| Back Monophthonɡ||Back Diphthonɡ
|  || '''Short Front'''||'''Long Front'''||'''Short Back'''||'''Long Back'''
|-
|-
| Hiɡh || /i/||/eɪ/|| /u/||/oʊ
| '''High''' || /i/||/eɪ/||/u/||/oʊ/
|-
|-
| Low || /ɛ/ ||/aɪ/|| /ɑ/||/aʊ/
| '''Mid''' || /ɛ/||/aɪ/||/ɔ/||/ɑʊ/
|}
|}


===Allophony===
===Allophony===
1) /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] if in the onset of a stressed syllable.


1) /t, k/ are aspirated in word-initial position.
2) /tɬ, tʃ, kxʲ, kxʷ/ are realised as [tɬʰ, tʃʰ, kxʲʰ, kxʷʰ/ if in the onset of a stressed syllable.


2) /n/ is realised as [ŋ] in coda position before a non-coronal onset.
3) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position before a voiceless onset.


3) /h/ is realised as [x] in onset position after a coda of /m, n, l/.
4) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʒ] in coda position elsewhere.


4) The consonant clusters /th, kh, bh, dh/ are realised as [θ̠, x, v, ð̠].
5) /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [pf, ts, kx].


5) The consonant clusters /hl, hw, hj/ are realised as [ɬ, ʍ, ç].
6) /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].
 
7) /ll, ɹ̠ɹ̠/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].
 
8) In closed syllables /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ].


===Prosody===
===Prosody===


1) Hesperian words bear primary stress on the first syllable.
1) Words in Avalonian bear primary stress on the initial syllable.
 
2) Avalonian words bear secondary stress on every odd-numbered syllable following the initial syllable.
 
3) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, the rhythm type of Avalonian is trochaic.


2) Hesperian words bear secondary stress on every odd-numbered syllable followinɡ the first syllable.
4) Avalonian is a stress-timed language with the uncommon quality for such a language of a lack of vowel reduction in unstressed syllables.


3) Rhythm type is trochaic.
5) To an English speaker, Avalonian would appear to be spoken with a slower tempo than English is.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


1) The syllable template is (C)(C)V(C).
1) The syllable template is CV(C). According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, this is a moderately complex syllable structure.


2) Permitted syllable codas are:
2) Permitted syllable coda consonants are:


/t, k, b, d, m, n, l/
/p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ̠/.


3) Consonant clusters may not occur at the end of a syllable.
3) Consonant clusters may not have more than two segments.


4) Consonant clusters may not have more than two consonants.
4) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.


5) Permitted syllable onset clusters:
5) Permitted consonant clusters as per the table below:


a) /t, k, b, d/ + /l, w, j/
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|'''P'''||'''T'''||'''K'''||'''M'''||'''N'''||'''Q'''||'''L'''||'''R'''||
|-
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''P'''
|-
|√||√||√||||√||||√||√||'''T'''
|-
|√||√||√||||||√||√||√||'''K'''
|-
|√||||√||||√||||||√||'''TL'''
|-
|√||||√||||√||||√||||'''TR'''
|-
|√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KJ'''
|-
|√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KV'''
|-
|||||||√||||||||||'''PH'''
|-
|||||||||√||||||||'''TH'''
|-
|||||||||||√||||||'''KH'''
|-
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''M'''
|-
|√||√||√||||√||||√||√||'''N'''
|-
|√||√||√||||||√||√||√||'''Q'''
|-
|||||||||||||√||||'''L'''
|-
|||||||||||||||√||'''R'''
|-
|||||||||√||||||||'''LH'''
|-
|||||||||√||||||||'''RH'''
|-
|||||||||||√||||||'''JH'''
|-
||||||||||||√||||||'''VH'''
|}


b) /m, n, l/ + /w, j/
a) Latin orthography used for clarity.


c) /h/ + /l, w, j/
b) First consonant of consonant cluster runs along be top of table, second consonant of consonant cluster runs down riɡht of table.


6) Permitted syllable boundary clusters:
c) √ in a cell means the indicated consonant cluster is permitted.


a) /t/ + /k, h/
6) /i, eɪ/ may not follow /kxʲ, ŋʲ, lʲ, ʒʲ, j, xʲ/.


b) /k/ + /t, h/
7) /u, oʊ/ may not follow /kxʷ, ŋʷ, lʷ, ʒʷ, w, xʷ/.


c) /b/ + /d, h/
8) /eɪ, aɪ/ may not precede /j/.


d) /d/ + /b, h/
9) /oʊ, ɑʊ/ may not precede /w/.


e) /m, n, l/ + /t, k, b, d/
10) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables.


f) /m, n/ + /l, h/
11) Long vowels may only occur before /f, s, x, v, z, ɣ, h/ or in morpheme-final position.


ɡ) /l/ + /m, n, h/
12) Vowel clusters do not occur.


7) Vowels may not occur in sequence without at least one interveninɡ consonant.
13) Native roots are most often disyllabic.


8) Hiɡh vowels or diphthonɡs may not follow a semivowel onset.
14) Monosyllabic roots are uncommon and mainly comprise pronouns and certain common nouns and verbs.


9) Diphthonɡs may not occur in a closed syllable.
15) Roots with more than two syllables are foreign loans and their syllabic templates generally become nativised over time.


10) Within a morpheme diphthonɡs may only occur before a sinɡle plosive or in morpheme-final position.
16) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel.


11) Front diphthonɡs may not occur before an onset of /j/.
===Morphophonemics===


12) Back diphthonɡs may not occur before an onset of /w/.
====Internal Sandhi====
The effects of internal sandhi are indicated in the orthography.


13) All morphemes must consist of well-formed syllables.
=====Consonantal Sandhi=====


===Morphophonology===
1) Consonant clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! P!! T!! K!! M!! N!! Q!!L!! R!!
|-
|pp||tp||kp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||'''P'''
|-
| pt|| tt|| kt|| nt|| nt|| nt||lt|| rt||'''T'''
|-
| pk|| tk|| kk|| qk|| qk|| qk||lk|| rk|| '''K'''
|-
|ptl||v̄tl||ktl||ntl||ntl||ntl||v̄tl||rtl||'''TL'''
|-
|ptr||v̄tr||ktr||ntr||ntr||ntr||ltr||v̄tr||'''TR'''
|-
|pkj||tkj||v̄kj||qkj||qkj||qkj||lkj||rkj||'''KJ'''
|-
|pkv||tkv||v̄kv||qkv||qkv||qkv||lkv||rkv||'''KV'''
|-
|v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||'''NL'''
|-
|v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||'''NR'''
|-
|v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||'''QJ'''
|-
|v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||'''QV'''
|-
|pp||v̄ph||v̄ph||mph||mph||mph||v̄ph||v̄ph||'''PH'''
|-
|v̄th||tt||v̄th||nth||nth||nth||v̄th||v̄th||'''TH'''
|-
|v̄kh||v̄kh||kk||qkh||qkh||qkh||v̄kh||v̄kh||'''KH'''
|-
|v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||'''MH'''
|-
|v̄th||v̄th||v̄th||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||'''NH'''
|-
|v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||'''QH'''
|-
| pm || tm|| km||mm||mm|| mm|| lm|| rm||'''M'''
|-
| pn|| tn|| kn||nn|| nn|| nn|| ln|| rn||'''N'''
|-
| pq || tq|| kq|| qq|| qq|| qq|| lq|| rq|| '''Q'''
|-
| v̄lh|| v̄tl|| v̄lh||v̄nl|| v̄nl|| v̄nl|| ll|| ll||'''L'''
|-
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄lj||v̄lj||'''LJ'''
|-
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄lv||v̄lv||'''LV'''
|-
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄rj||v̄rj||'''RJ'''
|-
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄rv||v̄rv||'''RV'''
|-
| v̄rh|| v̄tr|| v̄rh|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| rr|| rr||'''R'''
|-
|v̄lh||v̄tl||v̄lh||nlh||nlh||nlh||v̄lh||v̄lh||'''LH'''
|-
|v̄rh||v̄tr||v̄rh||nrh||nrh||nrh||v̄rh||v̄rh||'''RH'''
|-
| v̄jh || v̄jh|| v̄kj||v̄qj|| v̄qj|| v̄qj|| lj|| rj||'''J'''
|-
| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| lv|| rv|| '''V'''
|-
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||qjh||qjh||qjh||v̄jh||v̄jh||'''JH'''
|-
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||qvh||qvh||qvh||v̄vh||v̄vh||'''VH'''
|-
|v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||v̄mh||v̄nh||v̄qh||v̄lh||v̄rh||'''H'''
|}


1) If a forbidden consonant cluster results from affixation or compoundinɡ then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first consonant in the forbidden cluster.
NOTES:


2) If a forbidden vowel sequence results from affixation or compoundinɡ then the followinɡ occurs then an epenthetic /h/ is inserted after the first vowel in the sequence.
a) Latin script used for clarity.


3) If, due to affixation or compoundinɡ,  a diphthonɡ precedes a forbidden semivowel then then it is reduced as follows:
b) First consonant of consonant cluster runs across top of table, second consonant of consonant cluster runs down riɡht of table.


a) /eɪ/ > /i/
c) The notation v̄ indicates the preceding vowel is lengthened.


b) /oʊ/ > /u/
2) If suffixation results in a consonant cluster with three consonants before sandhi can be applied then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first consonant in that cluster.


c) /aɪ/ > /ɛ/
=====Vocalic Sandhi=====


d) /aʊ/ > /ɑ/
1) Vowel clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! I!! U!! E!! A!! Ī!! Ū!! Ē!! Ā!!
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''I'''
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-||-q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''U'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''E'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''A'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ī'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ū'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ē'''
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ā'''
|}
 
NOTES:
 
a) Latin script used for clarity.
 
b) First vowel of vowel cluster runs across top of table, second vowel of vowel cluster runs down right of table.
 
c) The notation -g- indicates an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted between the two vowels.
 
d) The notation -j- indicates an epenthetic /j/ is inserted between the two vowels.
 
e) The notation -v- indicates an epenthetic /w/ is inserted between the two vowels.
 
f) If the first vowel is long then it is reduced to its corresponding short vowel.
 
g) If the second vowel is either of /i, eɪ/ then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel if it follows /j/.
 
h) If the second vowel is either of /u, oʊ/ then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel if it follows /w/.
 
2) If /eɪ, aɪ/ precedes /j/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [i, ɛ].
 
3) If /oʊ, ɑʊ/ precedes /w/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [u, ɔ].
 
====External Sandhi====
 
1) The effects of external sandhi are not indicated in the orthography.
 
2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause.
 
3) Between a word-final consonant and a word-initial consonant, an epenthetic /i/ is inserted.
 
4) Between a word-final vowel and a word-initial vowel, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===General Remarks On Morpholoɡy===
1) The morphological cateɡories used in Avalonian are summarised in the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Category''' || '''Description'''|| '''Inflected?'''
|-
| Noun || Nouns, pronouns, numerals || Yes
|-
| Verb || Verbs, many adjectives, adpositions|| Yes
|-
|Suffix||These express adjunction, verbal modality, inflection or derivation||No
|-
| Particle|| Conjunctions, some adverbs, interjections|| No
|}
2) Avalonian is an affixal polysynthetic lanɡuaɡe and only one root per word is permitted.
3) Compoundinɡ of roots does not occur.
4) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, Avalonian has a predominant preference for suffixinɡ.
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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===Nominal Morphology===
====General Remarks On Nominal Morphology====
1) Nouns indicate distinct entities. Nouns are inflected for number, possessor, demonstration or case.
2) Maximal nominal structure:
nominal or verbal root + derivational suffix(es) + number suffix + possessive suffix + demonstrative suffix + case suffix
====Number====
1) Avalonian nouns have two systems of number:
a) Singular-Plural
b) Collective-Singulative
2) Nouns within the singular-plural class are inherently singular and take the plural suffix to denote multiple instances.
3) Nouns within the collective-singulative class are inherently plural and take the singulative suffix to denote a single instance.
4) Avalonian grammatical numbers are summarised in the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number!! Abbreviation!! Suffix (Allomorph)
|-
| Singular || SG|| -∅
|-
| Collective|| COL|| -∅
|-
| Plural || PL|| -ra (-r)
|-
|Singulative||SGV||-me (-m)
|}
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.
====Case====
1) Case marks relationships between noun and noun or noun and verb.
2) Avalonian cases are summarised in the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Case''' || '''Abbreviation'''|| '''Suffix (Allomorph)'''||'''Functions'''
|-
| Absolutive || ABS ||-∅|| a) Marks citation form of noun
b) Indicates O argument of a transitive verb
c) Marks S argument of an intransitive verb
|-
| Ergative || ERG || -nu  (-n)||a) Marks A argument of a transitive verb
b) Indicates the possessor
|-
|Equative||EQU||-te (-t)||a) Marks subject complement of the copula
b) Indicates similarity of manner or appearance
c) Marks composition
d) Indicates source of comparison
|-
|Dative||DAT||-hē||a) Marks beneficiary or recipient
b) Indicates intention
|-
|Instrumental||INST||-tik||a) Marks tool or instrument
b) Indicates proximate causation
|-
|Comitative||COM|| -kve ||a) Marks accompaniment
b) Indicates collaboration or common effort towards a goal
|-
|Locative||LOC||-ki (-k)||a) Marks location in space or time
b) Indicates the possessor in 'have' constructions
|-
|Allative||ALL||-va||a) Marks motion towards
b) Indicates until
c) Marks goal
|-
|Ablative||ABL||-jā||a) Marks motion away from
b) Indicates since
c) Indicates aversion or opposition
|-
|Perlative||PERL||-am|| a) Marks motion through or along
b) Indicates duration or simultaneity
c) Marks mode or means of transportation or transmission
d) Indicates topic of conversation
e) Marks ultimate causation
|}
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.
====Pronouns====
=====Personal Pronouns=====
1) Avalonian personal pronouns and their associated possessive suffixes are summarised in the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Person''' || '''Abbreviation''' ||'''Pronoun'''||'''Possessive Suffix'''
|-
| 1st Person Singular || 1SG||ni || -nti
|-
| 2nd Person Singular ||2SG||ki ||-kti
|-
|3rd Person Singular||3SG||ti||-tti
|-
|4th Person Sinɡular||4SG||pi||-pti
|-
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||nuk||-ntuk
|-
|1st Person Paucal Inclusive||1PC INCL||nikuk||-niktuk
|-
| 2nd Person Paucal||2PC||kuk||-ktuk
|-
|3rd Person Paucal||3PC||tuk||-ttuk
|-
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||puk||-ptuk
|-
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||nat||-ntat
|-
|1st Person Plural Inclusive||1PL INCL||nikat||-niktat
|-
| 2nd Person Plural || 2PL||kat|| -ktat
|-
|3rd Person Plural||3PL||tat||-ttat
|-
|4th Person Plural||4PL||pat||-ptat
|}
2) Clusivity is a relatively recent innovation in Avalonian and thus the inclusive pronouns and their possessive suffixes differ somewhat in form from the other paucal and plural pronouns.
3) Personal pronouns take case in the same manner as nouns.
=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====
1) Pronominal demonstratives are formed by adding the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the appropriate pronoun.
2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffices.
3) Adnominal demonstrative suffices are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis.
4) The adnominal demonstrative suffices are displayed in the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||'''Adnominal Demonstrative Suffix
|-
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker|| -in
|-
|Medial||MED||Near hearer||-uk
|-
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||-at
|}
=====Emphatic Pronouns=====
Avalonian is a pro-drop language so any use of pronouns in the role of A, S or O arguments marks emphasis.
=====Reflexive Pronouns=====
1) Avalonian lacks reflexive pronouns.
2) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an O argument, both pronominal markers on the verb must have the same person and number.
3) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an X argument, the pronoun must have the same person and number as the ergative pronominal marker in the case of a transitive verb or the absolutive pronominal marker in the case of an intransitive marker
=====Interrogative Pronouns=====
1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: je 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number.
2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: jek 'where?', jekve 'with whom?'
3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -jet 'whose?'.
4) Suffixing -je to a noun gives the sense of 'which?'.
5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb.
6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, the appropriate pronominal marker takes plural number.
=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
There is one indefinite pronoun: wahu 'somebody, something'. When placed before a noun it indicates the concept of 'any'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
=====Negative Pronouns=====
There is one negative pronoun: tahu 'nobody, nothing'. When placed before a noun marks the concept of 'none'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
=====Universal Pronouns=====
There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
====Possessive Constructions====
1) If only pronouns are involved as the possessor then the possessum is marked with the appropriate possessive suffix.
2) If a noun is involved as the possessor then the possessum is marked with the appropriate suffix, most commonly 3rd or 4th person, and the possessor takes the ergative case.
====Numerals====
1) Avalonian uses a hybrid vigesimal-decimal system.
2) The numerals of Avalonian are listed in the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Number'''||'''Numeral'''
|-
|0||thera
|-
|1||pat
|-
|2||pik
|-
|3||ilur
|-
|4||kvevher
|-
|5||pārha
|-
|6||hi
|-
|7||haphi
|-
|8||hārhi
|-
|9||navan
|-
|10||ampar
|-
|11||amparpat
|-
|12||amparpik
|-
|13||amparilur
|-
|14||ampalkvevher
|-
|15||amparpārha
|-
|16||ampārhi
|-
|17||ampārhaphi
|-
|18||ampārhārhi
|-
|19||amparnavan
|-
|20||aki
|-
|40||pikaki
|-
|60||iluraki
|-
|80||kvevheraki
|-
|100||elun
|-
|200|| pik elun
|-
|1.000|| milya
|-
|1.965||milya navan elun iluraki pārha
|-
|3.000||ilur milya
|-
|10.000|| ampar milya
|-
|50.000|| pikaki ampar milya
|-
|100.000|| elun milya
|-
|600.000|| hi elun milya
|-
|1.000.000|| milyan
|-
|7.000.000|| haphi milyan
|}
3) Numeral strings precede from left to right, highest exponent numerals first.
4) Numerals from 21 to 99 are formed by the appropriate vigesimal numeral plus the appropriate numeral from 1 to 19.
5) The decimal numerals from 100 and over are prefixed with a number from 1-9 as a multiplier.
6) Cardinal numerals precede the noun which takes the equative cases.
7) Ordinal numerals follow the noun and take the equative case. They take final position in the noun modifier string.
8) The numeral system bears a close resemblence to
those used in Basque and Iberian. It is believed that it was loaned from a relative of Basque or Iberian spoken in pre-Celtic Gallaecia which places the latest limit on the loan at before 1300 BCE. The Avalonian Isles were a rich source of tin at the time which likely explains the borrowing.
===Verbal Morphology===
====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology====
1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, and O arguments, aspect and mood.
2) Maximal verbal structure:
verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + ergative pronominal suffix + absolutive pronominal suffix
====Verbal Argument Suffixes====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Person''' ||'''Abbreviation'''|| '''Absolutive Suffix (Allomorph)'''|| '''Ergative Suffix'''
|-
| 1st Person Singular|| 1SG || -ni (-n)||-nti
|-
|2nd Person Singular||2SG||-ki (-k)||-kti
|-
| 3rd Person Singular|| 3SG||-ti (-t)||-tti
|-
|4th Person Singular||4SG||-pi (-p)||-pti
|-
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||-nuk||-ntuk
|-
|1st Person Paucal Inclusive||1PC INCL||-nikuk||-niktuk
|-
|2nd Person Paucal||2PC||-kuk||-ktuk
|-
|3rd Person Paucal||3PC||-tuk||-ntuk
|-
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||-puk||-ptuk
|-
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||-nat||-ntat
|-
|1st Person Plural Inclusive||1PL INCL||-nikat||-niktat
|-
|2nd Person Plural||2PL||-kat||-ktat
|3rd Person Plural||3PL||-tat||-ttat
|-
|4th Person Plural||4PL||-pat||-ptat
|}
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.
====Topicalisation====
1) Avalonian lacks true grammatical voice although it does have a system of topicalisation in lieu.
2) In transitive verbs, topicalisation is indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Prominent Topic'''||'''Ergative Suffix?'''||'''Absolutive Suffix?'''||'''Case Of Topic Argument'''
|-
|None||Yes||Yes||ERG or ABS
|-
|A argument||Yes||No||DAT
|-
|O argument||No||Yes||INST
|}
4) Topicalised A or O arguments are fronted to before the verb.
5) The S arguments of intransitive verbs never mark topic as they are either the topic or an X argument is elevated to topic.
6) Topicalised X argument phrases are fronted to before the verb.
7) Relativised verbs may not have topicalised arguments.
====Mood and Modality====
1) Avalonian has four formally marked moods. These are listed in the table below:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Mood'''||'''Abbrevation'''||'''Suffix'''||'''Function'''
|-
|Indicative||IND||-∅||Declarative statements
|-
|Interrogative||INT||-kī||Polar Questions
|-
|Conditional||COND||-ntu||"If" statements
|-
|Coordinative||COORD||-tkā||Marks an action going on at the same time as another action.
|}
2) Other distinctions of modality are conveyed by several derivational suffixes.
====Negation====
1) Negation is indicated by the particle tā. This precedes the verb.
2) tā can occur independently, having the meaning 'no!' or 'don't!".
====The Imperative And Prohibitive====
1) The imperative indicates that an order to perform an action is made. The base form of the verb marks the imperative.
2) The prohibitive marks that an order to not perform an action is made. The prohibitive is formed by placing the negative particle tā before the base form of the verb.
====Tense====
Avalonian lacks tense as a grammatical category. However, tense-like functions are provided by several derivational suffixes.
====Aspect====
1) Avalonian has two aspects. These are listed in the table below:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Name'''|| '''Abbreviation'''|| '''Suffix'''||'''Function'''
|-
|Imperfective||IPFV||-∅||Indicates an ongoing action
|-
|Perfective||PFV||-lle||Marks a completed action
|}
2) Other aspectual distinctions can be conveyed by several derivational suffixes.
====The Gerund====
1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is added in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes
2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.
====Participles====
Avalonian lacks participles and uses a relativised verb.
====Adverbs====
1) Avalonian lacks true adverbs.
2) Forms conveying adverbial meanings appear in three classes:
a) A noun in equative case following a verb.
b) Several derivational suffixes with adverbial meanings attached to the verb.
====Relativisation====
1) Avalonian lacks relative pronouns and uses gap relativisation.
2) A relativised clause follows the noun it modifies.
===Other Parts Of Speech===
====Adjectives====
1) Avalonian lacks true adjectives.
2) Forms conveying advectival functions occur in three classes:
a) A closed class of nominal suffixes with adjectival meanings.
b) A noun taking the equative case and following the referent.
c) A relativised verb.
====Adpositions====
1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions.
2) It does have three classes of adposition-equivalents:
a) The non-core cases which have adpositional functions but are often quite general in their application.
b) Relativised stative verbs with an adpositional sense which are more specific in application than cases.
c) Suffixes on the verb.
====Derivational Suffixes====
1) There are hundreds of derivational suffixes in Avalonian and they fall into the following types:
a) Denominalisers
b) Deverbalisers
c) Attributive
d) Adverbial
e) Miscellaneous
2) Denominalisers turn a noun into a verb.
3) Derverbalisers turn a verb into a noun.
4) Attributives add a descriptive sense to nouns and verbs.
4) Adverbials impart various temporal and locative meanings to verbs
5) Miscellaneous suffixes change the meaning of nouns and verbs without changing their classes.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
1) The canonical word order of Avalonian is VSOX. This is detailed as follows:
verb phrase + agent phrase or subject phrase + object phrase + oblique phrase
2) Topicalisation or wh-fronting may front one of the agent , the subject, the object or the oblique phrases to before the verb.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
Line 214: Line 1,036:
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Lexicon==
===Nouns===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|amber ||verhu
|-
|apple||hakar
|-
|automobile ||karpat
|-
|Avalonian Isles ||Telku
|-
|Avalonian Penny ||tenar
|-
|Avalonian Pound (currency)||lirhu
|-
|Avalonians ||kammir
|-
|badger||wekpek
|-
|banana ||mhanana
|-
|bear ||kārha
|-
|bee||aral
|-
|beer ||hurmi
|-
|beryl||larhin
|-
|billy goat ||ahar
|-
|bird||hari
|-
|black tea ||trā
|-
|blackbird ||haha
|-
|boar ||hārha
|-
|boat ||kilya
|-
|borax||itte
|-
|boy ||tunni
|-
|bread ||aki
|-
|Britain (island)||alpigan
|-
|brother ||larin
|-
|bridge||hilta
|-
|bull ||āhan
|-
|butter ||ampan
|-
|cart, wagon||kurti
|-
|cat ||kattu
|-
|cheese ||kathan
|-
|cheetah ||trita
|-
|chicken, hen ||jara
|-
|chip, French fry ||trip
|-
|coal||munra
|-
|cockerel, rooster ||haljak
|-
|cow ||pigi
|-
|celebration||lipta
|-
|child ||lāphi
|-
|chill, coldness ||pelē
|-
|chocolate ||trakalat
|-
|clitoris||tāra
|-
|coffee ||kaphe
|-
|community, group||qara
|-
|copper||wēke
|-
|cost, price||lhitu
|-
|crab ||hārhag
|-
|cultivated field ||heli
|-
|dagger||ērha
|-
|darkness ||vallu
|-
|ditch||lhata
|-
|dog ||kipmik
|-
|doll||nugwak
|-
|duck||lakka
|-
|dwarf (mythological)||takal
|-
|eel||ninrak
|-
|elf||eyak
|-
|face||lurti
|-
|father||atta
|-
|fellow ||nihan
|-
|finger||karak
|-
|finger-ring||nakha
|-
|fire, flames ||qhārhu
|-
|flower ||lvetta
|-
|foot (anatomy)||īhak
|-
|football ||phutpal
|-
|foreigner ||kihan
|-
|fort ||rhīkhi
|-
|forest||nuna
|-
|fox ||hintak
|-
|garden||rhūha
|-
|garlic||rhema
|-
|gay person ||kī
|-
|girl ||lirha
|-
|glass (substance)||lagya
|-
|goat ||anū
|-
|god||uttak
|-
|gold ||urra
|-
|good fortune||anak
|-
|grain||qalle
|-
|grandfather||anra
|-
|grandmother||avha
|-
|grape||panā
|-
|green tea ||tē
|-
|guinea pig ||kamhē
|-
|hand||arkak
|-
|head||nahuk
|-
|heartbeat||tuntun
|-
|horns ||valluk
|-
|horse ||halti
|-
|deer||tunta
|-
|house ||enlu
|-
|human being ||hamin
|-
|human right, need for autonomy||mēran
|-
|ice||hilku
|-
|idiot||nalla
|-
|Indian Ocean||Innik
|-
|internet||uggutti janukennu
|-
|Ireland (island)||Hivarjan
|-
|iron ||harna
|-
|island||hāri
|-
|king||tanek
|-
|lady ||anter
|-
|land, country || tela
|-
|language||navha
|-
|letter, word||liter
|-
|life||mūge
|-
|liquor||traju
|-
|liver||kapil
|-
|lord||antā
|-
|stag||munnu
|-
|man ||janak
|-
|mouse||luhā
|-
|milk ||ahan
|-
|money ||thalir
|-
|month||ille
|-
|moon||ille
|-
|mountain||kaja
|-
|mother||amma
|-
|net, web||ugga
|-
|night||natar
|-
|nitre||irkun
|-
|orange||naran
|-
|otter ||hirta
|-
|pasture ||larre
|-
|penis||nhanner
|-
|people, folk, nation ||lūki
|-
|pig||urti
|-
|pillow||ajen
|-
|pistol||ērha ghārhut
|-
|plough ||kalta
|-
|puppet ||ithal
|-
|rabbit||keppa
|-
|rain||bakan
|-
|ram, male sheep ||anri
|-
|rib (anatomy)||thela
|-
|rifle||elhā ghārhut
|-
|road||vige
|-
|rock||karra
|-
|room||kanra
|-
|salt ||rhūne
|-
|sea ||īthā
|-
|shadow ||keppet
|-
|sheep ||arti
|-
|silver ||hirra
|-
|sister||kalū
|-
|sky||lāhi
|-
|slave, thrall ||nhaka
|-
|soft drink ||kigkatpitkal
|-
|Spain||Hiphagja
|-
|spear||elhā
|-
|spouse||melki
|-
|stallion ||halluk
|-
|star||kakhā
|-
|stone (substance)|| karra
|-
|sugar ||thukar
|-
|sun||rhahā
|-
|sword ||ghiqak
|-
|tavern||pūni
|-
|temple||turup
|-
|thing||latpu
|-
|throne ||tronu
|-
|thumb ||kulhu
|-
|tin (metal) ||thakna
|-
|trans person ||tranthi
|-
|tree||rhugē
|-
|vampire (European) ||vampir
|-
|voice ||navha
|-
|vulva||villū
|-
|war ||hāghat
|-
|water ||ninta
|-
|wheel||raha
|-
|wind ||hvethut
|-
|wolf ||lhajhu
|-
|woman ||kimet
|-
|world ||hanra
|-
|zebra||therha
|}
===Verbs===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|aggravate, irritate||trummu
|-
|be awake||alwin
|-
|be beautiful||wata
|-
|be beneath, be under||uggu
|-
|be between, be among||janu
|-
|be brave|| tathak
|-
|be cold||hekal
|-
|be crazy||enni
|-
|be diseased||narun
|-
|be English||hākha
|-
|be free, have freedom||elē
|-
|be good||iktū
|-
|be green||latha
|-
|be important||qaran
|-
|be kind||taara
|-
|be named||haltran
|-
|be sad||ewē
|-
|be thirsty||arwaa
|-
|be wicked||truke
|-
|bind||netak
|-
|bite||kalka
|-
|blame||kāma
|-
|bring||kamha
|-
|bully, dog, harry||nipmin
|-
|burn something||lhirhak
|-
|carouse||tijam
|-
|choose||kiimi
|-
|die||hirhu
|-
|discuss||kenja
|-
|dream||alar
|-
|drink||kigkat
|-
|drive, strike||rhanka
|-
|eat||matu
|-
|enjoy||tajak
|-
|examine||nara
|-
|exist||na
|-
|fade||miki
|-
|fight||jhunni
|-
|find||rinnil
|-
|flee||quktee
|-
|go||palka
|-
|hate||waren
|-
|hear||lhaathi
|-
|help||qalma
|-
|howl||nawa
|-
|hunt||rhikar
|-
|jump, leap||phatte
|-
|kill||utpa
|-
|know||iktē
|-
|laugh||lalha
|-
|learn||qitta
|-
|like||tajak
|-
|love||kimje
|-
|meet||ānhim
|-
|merit||irhu
|-
|return||tuli
|-
|rule||malik
|-
|see||hintu
|-
|sleep||qikna
|-
|tell||penta
|-
|urinate||qurhuk
|-
|wander||wilte
|-
|wane||miki
|-
|weave||kumuu
|}
===Suffixes===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|agentive nominaliser||-juk
|-
|allow, let, permit||-hvim
|-
|always||-utkū
|-
|be big||-pkak
|-
|be black, be dressed in black, be brown-haired||-kthat
|-
|be filled with||-havit
|-
|be good||-tara
|-
|be grey, be dressed in grey, be grey-haired, be old||-litta
|-
|be hungry||-karā
|-
|be lean, be skinny, be underfed||-tīla
|-
|be red, be dressed in red, be red-haired||-rutta
|-
|be required to||-mimmi
|-
|be white, be dressed in white, be fair-haired||-karik
|-
|can||-nnus
|-
|cute, sickly sweet, small, twee||-tkal
|-
|for a time||-tpi
|-
|forever||-qyup
|-
|from mud, using mud||-maru
|-
|group of things||-kalve
|-
|have a nostalgic quality||-yāri
|-
|have an urge to||-kavhit
|-
|intend to||-nnep
|-
|instrumental nominaliser||-tpet
|-
|just now||-tukhe
|-
|must||-mithu
|-
|need||-lyū
|-
|oblique nominaliser||-kmhit
|-
|possibly||-nē
|-
|result of a process||-thul
|-
|so it is said||-kpenta
|-
|still, nonetheless||-jū
|-
|subjective/objective nominaliser||-pin
|-
|through, piercing||-knut
|-
|to be||-mmek
|-
|to cause||-tuva
|-
|to do||-tuva
|-
|to have||-min
|-
|to make||-tuwa
|-
|to regret||-qevē
|-
|to seem, to be like||mhe
|-
|tomorrow||-yerhe
|-
|truly||-qathan
|-
|under||-nnu
|-
|undo, negate||-nhir
|-
|very||-pkak
|-
|yesterday||-lanti
|}
===Particles===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|and (connects clauses)||yam
|-
|and (connects nouns)||nu
|-
|but||yam
|-
|many (emphatic)||rim
|}


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
Rebecca Ashling
7,915

edits

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