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==Introduction==
{{infobox language
|name = Avalonian
|nativename = Navhatti Telkun
|pronunciation = ˈnɔ.xʷɔt.si ˈtʰɛl.kʊn
|creator = UserːRebecca Ashling
|created = 2019
|region = Avalonian Isles
|speakers = 44.2 million
|date = na
|ancestor1 = Pre-Avalonian
|ancestor2 = Old Avalonian
|ancestor3 = Middle Avalonian
|ancestor4 = '''Modern Avalonian'''
|familycolor = isolate
}}


Avalonian (c) Rebecca Ashling 2019-2021. I assert that the Avalonian conlang presented here is my intellectual property and confirm that Linguifex may post this material on their site.
: <small>Avalonian © Rebecca Ashling 2019–2021. I assert that the Avalonian conlang presented here is my intellectual property and confirm that Linguifex may post this material on their site.</small>
'''Avalonian''' (Aval: Navhatti Telkun) is a polysynthetic language of the affixal, scopal subtype. It has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment with ergative morphology and canonical VSOX word order.


Avalonian (Aval: Nakwatti Telkug) is a polysynthetic language of the affixal, scopal subtype. It has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment with ergative morphology and canonical VSOX word order.
It is the majority language of the Avalonian Isles (Aval: Telku) and has approximately 44.2 million speakers. The Stannic Commonwealth of Avalon (Mag: Karatti Thaknat Anakte Telkun) comprises the entirety of the fictional islands of Hivarna (OTL: Newfoundland), Kalephū (OTL: Nova Scotia peninsula) and Ehanramit (OTL: Cape Breton Island).


It is the majority language of the Avalonian Isles (Aval: Telku) and has approximately 36.8 million speakers. The Stannic Commonwealth of Avalon (Mag: Karatti Thaknat Anakte Telkug) comprises the entirety of the fictional islands of Lāki (OTL: Newfoundland), Rutterye (OTL: Nova Scotia peninsula) and Winnumit (OTL: Cape Breton Island).
In this timeline, Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island and the Nova Scotia peninsula ended up in the eastern side of the Atlantic after the breakup of Pangea and became the Avalonian Isles. The archipelago lies south-west of Ireland.
 
Along with Basque, Avalonian is one of two surviving Palaeo-European languages in Western Europe. It is a language isolate and not demonstrably related to any other language although certain scholars try to shoehorn it into one of the many language macrofamily hypotheses.
 
Avalonian does show much evidence of borrowing from an unknown Vasconic language although there is little or no evidence of reciprocal ancient Avalonian loans in Aquitanian or Basque.


In this timeline, Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island and the Nova Scotia peninsula ended up in the eastern side of the Atlantic after the breakup of Pangea and became the Avalonian Isles. The archipelago lies south-west of Ireland.
There is also some evidence of borrowing from the putative Goidelic substrate languages. An example of this would be partaq 'crab'.


==Inspiration==
==Inspiration==


Avalonian grammar and morphology were inspired by the Inuktitut language. Its phonology was inspired by Finnish and Welsh.
Avalonian grammar and morphology are strongly modelled on those of the Inuit and Yupik languages. Its phonology is to a great extent based on that of Pre-Exilic Quenya with some slight influence from Iñupiaq.


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==Ethnography==
==Ethnography==


The Avalonians are members of the oft-perscuted European Pygmy phenotype which is believed to have originated in the ancient Hercynian forest zone of central Europe some 8,000 years ago. The preferred self-designation by members of the European Pygmy phenotype is Hercynians (Aval: Lūki Herkiqyat).
The Avalonians are members of the oft-perscuted European Pygmy phenotype which is believed to have originated in the ancient Hercynian forest zone of central Europe some 8,000 years ago. The preferred self-designation by members of the European Pygmy phenotype is Hercynians (Aval: Lūki Herkigyat).


==History==


Avalonian has four known historical stages:
1) Pre-Avalonian (500 BCE to 250 CE). Not directly attested and known from internal reconstruction and its treatment of ancient Vasconic loans. Koldo Mitxelena's work on Pre-Basque was critical for reconstructing Pre-Avalonian.
2) Old Avalonian (250 CE to 1000 CE). Directly attested from the 6th Century CE with the introduction of writing by Christian missionaries.
3) Middle Avalonian (1000 CE to 1500 CE). The period when Avalonian literacy began to come into its own.
4) Modern Avalonian (1500 CE to Present).The era of printing and mass literacy. The latest version of Modern Avalonian is described in this Linguifex article.
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->


Line 54: Line 83:
====General Remarks On Orthography====
====General Remarks On Orthography====


Avalonian had no native script until the arrival of Irish monks in the 10th Century. The Latin alphabet (Aval: Ulyekatti Rumag) has undergone many changes and revisions over the centuries. The current version was adopted in 1908.
Avalonian had no native script until the arrival of missionary monks in the 6th Century CE. The Latin alphabet (Aval: Litērharti Ruman) has undergone many changes and revisions over the centuries. The current version was adopted in 1908.


Avalonian spelling in Ulyekatti Rumag is a  deep orthography which reflects the language's etymological history and phonological processes such as sandhi. The letters ⟨b, c, d, f, j, o, q, s, v, x, z⟩ are not used, even to spell foreign names.
Avalonian spelling in Litērharti Ruman is a  deep orthography which reflects the language's etymological history and phonological processes such as sandhi. The letters ⟨b, c, d, f, g, o, s, w, x, y, z⟩ are not used, even to spell foreign names.


====Avalonian Alphabet====
====Avalonian Alphabet====
Line 71: Line 100:
|-
|-
|⟨ē⟩||/aɪ/
|⟨ē⟩||/aɪ/
|-
|⟨g⟩||/ŋ/
|-
|⟨gh⟩||/ɣ/
|-
|-
|⟨h⟩ || /h/
|⟨h⟩ || /h/
Line 81: Line 106:
|-
|-
|⟨ī⟩||/eɪ/
|⟨ī⟩||/eɪ/
|-
|⟨j⟩||/j/
|-
|⟨jh⟩||/xʲ/
|-
|-
|⟨k⟩||/k/
|⟨k⟩||/k/
Line 86: Line 115:
|⟨kh⟩||/x/
|⟨kh⟩||/x/
|-
|-
|⟨kw⟩||/kxʷ/
|⟨kj⟩||/kxʲ/
|-
|-
|⟨ky⟩||/kxʲ/
|⟨kv⟩||/kxʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨l⟩||/l/
|⟨l⟩||/l/
|-
|-
|⟨lh⟩||/ɬ/
|⟨lh⟩||/ɬ/
|-
|⟨lj⟩||/lʲ/
|-
|⟨lv⟩||/lʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨m⟩||/m/
|⟨m⟩||/m/
Line 101: Line 134:
|-
|-
|⟨nh⟩||/z/
|⟨nh⟩||/z/
|-
|⟨nl⟩||/dɮ/
|-
|⟨nr⟩||/dʒ/
|-
|-
|⟨p⟩||/p/
|⟨p⟩||/p/
|-
|-
|⟨ph⟩||/f/
|⟨ph⟩||/f/
|-
|⟨q⟩||/ŋ/
|-
|⟨qh⟩||/ɣ/
|-
|⟨qj⟩||/ɡɣʲ/
|-
|⟨qv⟩||/ɡɣʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨r⟩||/ɹ̠/
|⟨r⟩||/ɹ̠/
|-
|-
|⟨rh⟩||/ʃ/
|⟨rh⟩||/ʃ/
|-
|⟨rj⟩||/ʒʲ/
|-
|⟨rv⟩||/ʒʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨t⟩||/t/
|⟨t⟩||/t/
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|-
|-
|⟨tl⟩||/tɬ/
|⟨tl⟩||/tɬ/
|-
|-
|-
|⟨tr⟩||/tʃ/
|⟨tr⟩||/tʃ/
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|⟨ū⟩||/oʊ/
|⟨ū⟩||/oʊ/
|-
|-
|⟨w⟩||/w/
|⟨v⟩||/w/
|-
|⟨wh⟩||/xʷ/
|-
|⟨y⟩||/j/
|-
|-
|⟨yh⟩||/xʲ/
|⟨vh⟩||/xʷ/
|}
|}


===Consonants===
===Consonants===


Avalonian has a total of 25 consonants which according to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Stucture is an average inventory. The most striking features of the inventory, according to WALS, is the presence of lateral obstruents and the initial velar nasal. The consonants are displayed in the table below:
Avalonian has a total of 33 consonants which according to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Stucture is a moderately large inventory. The most striking features of the inventory, according to WALS are a voicing contrast in fricatives but not plosives, and the presence of lateral obstruents and the initial velar nasal. The consonants are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  ||'''Labial'''||'''Central Alveolar'''||'''Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Palatal'''||'''Plain Velar'''||'''Labialised Velar'''||'''Glottal'''
|  ||'''Labial'''||'''Central Alveolar'''||'''Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palatalised Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Labialised Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Palatalised Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Labialised Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Plain Velar'''||'''Palatalised Velar'''||'''Labialised Velar'''||'''Glottal'''
|-
|'''Plosive'''||/p/||/t/||||||||||||||/k/||||||
|-
|-
|'''Plosive'''||/p/||/t/||||||||/k/||||
|'''Voiceless Affricate'''||||||/tɬ/||||||/tʃ/||||||||/kxʲ/||/kxʷ/||
|-
|-
|'''Affricate'''||||||/tɬ/||/tʃ/||/kxʲ/||||/kxʷ/||
|'''Voiced Affricate'''||||||/dɮ/||||||/dʒ/||||||||/ɡɣʲ/||/ɡɣʷ/||
|-
|-
|'''Voiceless Fricative'''||/f/||/s/||||||||/x/||||
|'''Voiceless Fricative'''||/f/||/s/||||||||||||||/x/||||||
|-
|-
|'''Voiced Fricative'''||/v/||/z/||||||||/ɣ/||||
|'''Voiced Fricative'''||/v/||/z/||||||||||||||/ɣ/||||||
|-
|-
|'''Nasal'''||/m/||||/n/||||||/ŋ/||||
|'''Nasal'''||/m/||/n/||||||||||||||/ŋ/||||||
|-
|-
|'''Voiced Liquid'''||||||/l/||/ɹ̠/||||||||
|'''Voiced Liquid'''||||||/l/||/lʲ/||/lʷ/||/ɹ̠/||/ʒʲ/||/ʒʷ/||||||||
|-
|-
|'''Voiceless Liquid'''||||||/ɬ/||/ʃ/||||||||
|'''Voiceless Liquid'''||||||/ɬ/||||||/ʃ/||||||||||||
|-
|-
|'''Voiced Semivowel'''||||||||||/j/||||/w/||
|'''Voiced Semivowel'''||||||||||||||||||||/j/||/w/||
|-
|-
|'''Voiceless Semivowel'''||||||||||/xʲ/||||/xʷ/||
|'''Voiceless Semivowel'''||||||||||||||||||||/xʲ/||/xʷ/||
|-
|-
|'''Aspirate'''||||||||||||||||/h/
|'''Aspirate'''||||||||||||||||||||||||/h/
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


Avalonian has a total of 8 vowels, 4 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. According to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures Magellanican has 4 vowel qualities which is a small inventory. Magellanican has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 2.75 which according to WALS is an average ratio. Avalonian is unusual for not possessing any low vowels such as /a/. Diphthongs are treated as phonological long vowels. The vowels are displayed in the table below:
Avalonian has a total of 8 vowels, 4 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. According to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures Avalonian has 4 vowel qualities which is a small inventory. Avalonian has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 8.25 which according to WALS is a high ratio. Avalonian is unusual for not possessing any low vowels such as /a/. Diphthongs are treated as phonological long vowels. The vowels are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 174: Line 222:


===Allophony===
===Allophony===
1) /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] in word-initial position.
1) /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] if in the onset of a stressed syllable.


2) /p, t, k/ are realised as [b, d, ɡ] in coda position before a voiced fricative or nasal onset.
2) /tɬ, tʃ, kxʲ, kxʷ/ are realised as [tɬʰ, tʃʰ, kxʲʰ, kxʷʰ/ if in the onset of a stressed syllable.


3) /tɬ, tʃ, kxʲ, kxʷ/ are realised as [tɬʰ, tʃʰ, kxʲʰ, kxʷʰ/ in word-initial position.
3) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position before a voiceless onset.


4) /m, n, ŋ/ are realised as [b, d, ɡ] in onset position after a coda liquid.
4) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʒ] in coda position elsewhere.


5) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position before a voiceless onset.
5) /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [pf, ts, kx].


6) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʒ] in coda position elsewhere.
6) /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].


7) /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [pf, ts, kx].
7) /ll, ɹ̠ɹ̠/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].


8) /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].
8) In closed syllables /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ].
 
9) /ll, ɹ̠ɹ̠/ are realised as [dɮ, dʒ].
 
10) /ɹ̠j, ɹ̠w/ are realised as [ʒ, ʒw].
 
11) In closed syllables /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ].


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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2) Avalonian words bear secondary stress on every odd-numbered syllable following the initial syllable.
2) Avalonian words bear secondary stress on every odd-numbered syllable following the initial syllable.


3) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, the rhythm type is trochaic.
3) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, the rhythm type of Avalonian is trochaic.


4) To an English speaker, Avalonian would appear to be spoken with a slower tempo than English is.
4) Avalonian is a stress-timed language with the uncommon quality for such a language of a lack of vowel reduction in unstressed syllables.
 
5) To an English speaker, Avalonian would appear to be spoken with a slower tempo than English is.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


1) The syllable template is (C)V(C). According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, this is a moderately complex syllable structure.
1) The syllable template is CV(C). According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, this is a moderately complex syllable structure.


3) Permitted syllable coda consonants are /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ̠/.
2) Permitted syllable coda consonants are:


4) Consonant clusters may not have more than two segments.
/p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ̠/.


5) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.
3) Consonant clusters may not have more than two segments.


6) Permitted consonant clusters as per the table below:
4) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.
 
5) Permitted consonant clusters as per the table below:


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|'''P'''||'''T'''||'''K'''||'''M'''||'''N'''||'''G'''||'''L'''||'''R'''||
|'''P'''||'''T'''||'''K'''||'''M'''||'''N'''||'''Q'''||'''L'''||'''R'''||
|-
|-
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''P'''
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''P'''
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|√||||√||||√||||√||||'''TR'''
|√||||√||||√||||√||||'''TR'''
|-
|-
|√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KY'''
|√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KJ'''
|-
|√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KW'''
|-
|||√||√||√||||||||||'''PH'''
|-
|√||||√||||√||||||||'''TH'''
|-
|-
|√||√||||||||√||||||'''KH'''
|√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KV'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||||||||||||'''MH'''
|||||||√||||||||||'''PH'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||||||||||||'''NH'''
|||||||||√||||||||'''TH'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||||||||||||'''GH'''
|||||||||||√||||||'''KH'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''M'''
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''M'''
Line 252: Line 292:
|√||√||√||||√||||√||√||'''N'''
|√||√||√||||√||||√||√||'''N'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||||||√||√||√||'''G'''
|√||√||√||||||√||√||√||'''Q'''
|-
|-
|||||||||√||||√||||'''L'''
|||||||||||||√||||'''L'''
|-
|-
|||||||||√||||||√||'''R'''
|||||||||||||||√||'''R'''
|-
|-
|||||||||√||||||||'''LH'''
|||||||||√||||||||'''LH'''
Line 262: Line 302:
|||||||||√||||||||'''RH'''
|||||||||√||||||||'''RH'''
|-
|-
|||||||||||√||√||√||'''Y'''
|||||||||||√||||||'''JH'''
|-
|||||||||||√||√||√||'''W'''
|-
|||||||||||√||||||'''YH'''
|-
|||||||||||√||||||'''WH'''
|-
|-
|||||||||||||||||'''H'''
||||||||||||√||||||'''VH'''
|}
|}


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c) √ in a cell means the indicated consonant cluster is permitted.
c) √ in a cell means the indicated consonant cluster is permitted.


8) /i, eɪ/ may not follow /j/.
6) /i, eɪ/ may not follow /kxʲ, ŋʲ, lʲ, ʒʲ, j, xʲ/.


9) /u, oʊ/ may not follow /w/.
7) /u, oʊ/ may not follow /kxʷ, ŋʷ, lʷ, ʒʷ, w, xʷ/.


10) /eɪ, aɪ/ may not precede /j/.
8) /eɪ, aɪ/ may not precede /j/.


11) /oʊ, ɑʊ/ may not precede /w/.
9) /oʊ, ɑʊ/ may not precede /w/.


12) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables.
10) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables.


13) Vowel clusters do not occur.
11) Long vowels may only occur before /f, s, x, v, z, ɣ, h/ or in morpheme-final position.


14) Canonical morpheme syllabification templates:
12) Vowel clusters do not occur.


a) Roots: (C)V(C)- or (C)(C)V(C)CV(C)-
13) Native roots are most often disyllabic.


b) Suffixes: -(C)(C)V(C) or -(C)V(C)CV(C)
14) Monosyllabic roots are uncommon and mainly comprise pronouns and certain common nouns and verbs.


c) Particles: (C)V(C) or (C)(C)V(C)CV(C)
15) Roots with more than two syllables are foreign loans and their syllabic templates generally become nativised over time.
 
15) Monosyllabic roots are uncommon and mainly comprise pronouns and certain common nouns and verbs.


16) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel.
16) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel.
17) Roots originating through foreign borrowings may exceed two syllables.


===Morphophonemics===
===Morphophonemics===


====Internal Sandhi====
====Internal Sandhi====
The effects of internal sandhi are indicated in the orthography.
=====Consonantal Sandhi=====


1) Consonant clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:
1) Consonant clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:
Line 313: Line 346:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! P!! T!! K!! M!! N!! G!!L!! R!!
! P!! T!! K!! M!! N!! Q!!L!! R!!
|-
|-
|pp||tp||kp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||'''P'''
|pp||tp||kp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||'''P'''
|-
|-
| pt|| tt|| kt|| nt|| nt|| nt||lt|| rt|| '''T'''
| pt|| tt|| kt|| nt|| nt|| nt||lt|| rt||'''T'''
|-
| pk|| tk|| kk|| qk|| qk|| qk||lk|| rk|| '''K'''
|-
|ptl||v̄tl||ktl||ntl||ntl||ntl||v̄tl||rtl||'''TL'''
|-
|ptr||v̄tr||ktr||ntr||ntr||ntr||ltr||v̄tr||'''TR'''
|-
|pkj||tkj||v̄kj||qkj||qkj||qkj||lkj||rkj||'''KJ'''
|-
|pkv||tkv||v̄kv||qkv||qkv||qkv||lkv||rkv||'''KV'''
|-
|v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||'''NL'''
|-
|v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||'''NR'''
|-
|v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||'''QJ'''
|-
|-
| pk|| tk|| kk|| gk|| gk|| gk||lk|| rk|| '''K'''
|v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||'''QV'''
|-
|-
| ptl|| v̄tl|| ktl|| ntl|| ntl|| ntl|| ll|| rtl|| '''TL'''
|pp||v̄ph||v̄ph||mph||mph||mph||v̄ph||v̄ph||'''PH'''
|-
|-
| ptr || v̄tr|| ktr|| ntr|| ntr|| ntr|| ltr|| rr|| '''TR'''
|v̄th||tt||v̄th||nth||nth||nth||v̄th||v̄th||'''TH'''
|-
|-
|pky||tky||v̄ky||gky||gky||gky||lky||rky||'''KY'''
|v̄kh||v̄kh||kk||qkh||qkh||qkh||v̄kh||v̄kh||'''KH'''
|-
|-
|pkw||tkw||v̄kw||gkw||gkw||gkw||lkw||rkw||'''KW'''
|v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||'''MH'''
|-
|-
|pp||tph||kph||mph||mph||mph||lp||rp||'''PH'''
|v̄th||v̄th||v̄th||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||'''NH'''
|-
|-
|pth||tt||kth||nth||nth||nth||lt||rt||'''TH'''
|v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||'''QH'''
|-
|-
|pkh||tkh||kk||gkh||gkh||gkh||lk||rk||'''KH'''
| pm || tm|| km||mm||mm|| mm|| lm|| rm||'''M'''
|-
|-
|pmh||tmh||kmh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||lm||rm||'''MH'''
| pn|| tn|| kn||nn|| nn|| nn|| ln|| rn||'''N'''
|-
|-
|pnh||tnh||knh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||ln||rn||'''NH'''
| pq || tq|| kq|| qq|| qq|| qq|| lq|| rq|| '''Q'''
|-
|-
|pgh||tgh||kgh||v̄gh||v̄gh||v̄gh||lg||rg||'''GH'''
| v̄lh|| v̄tl|| v̄lh||v̄nl|| v̄nl|| v̄nl|| ll|| ll||'''L'''
|-
|-
| pm || tm|| km|| mm|| mm|| mm|| lm|| rm|| '''M'''
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄lj||v̄lj||'''LJ'''
|-
|-
| pn|| tn|| kn|| nn|| nn|| nn|| ln|| rn|| '''N'''
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄lv||v̄lv||'''LV'''
|-
|-
| pg || tg|| kg|| gg|| gg|| gg|| lg|| rg|| '''G'''
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄rj||v̄rj||'''RJ'''
|-
|-
| v̄lh|| v̄tl|| v̄lh|| nl|| nl|| nl|| ll|| ll|| '''L'''
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄rv||v̄rv||'''RV'''
|-
|-
| v̄rh|| v̄tr|| v̄rh|| nr|| nr|| nr|| rr|| rr|| '''R'''
| v̄rh|| v̄tr|| v̄rh|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| rr|| rr||'''R'''
|-
|-
|v̄lh||v̄tl||v̄lh||nlh||nlh||nlh||v̄lh||v̄lh||'''LH'''
|v̄lh||v̄tl||v̄lh||nlh||nlh||nlh||v̄lh||v̄lh||'''LH'''
Line 355: Line 404:
|v̄rh||v̄tr||v̄rh||nrh||nrh||nrh||v̄rh||v̄rh||'''RH'''
|v̄rh||v̄tr||v̄rh||nrh||nrh||nrh||v̄rh||v̄rh||'''RH'''
|-
|-
| v̄yh || v̄yh|| v̄ky|| gy|| gy|| gy|| ly|| ry|| '''Y'''
| v̄jh || v̄jh|| v̄kj||v̄qj|| v̄qj|| v̄qj|| lj|| rj||'''J'''
|-
|-
| v̄wh|| v̄wh|| v̄kw|| gw|| gw|| gw|| lw|| rw|| '''W'''
| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| lv|| rv|| '''V'''
|-
|-
|v̄yh||v̄yh||v̄ky||gyh||gyh||gyh||lky||rky||'''YH'''
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||qjh||qjh||qjh||v̄jh||v̄jh||'''JH'''
|-
|-
|v̄wh||v̄wh||v̄kw||gwh||gwh||gwh||lkw||rkw||'''WH'''
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||qvh||qvh||qvh||v̄vh||v̄vh||'''VH'''
|-
|-
|v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||v̄mh||v̄nh||v̄gh||v̄lh||v̄rh||'''H'''
|v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||v̄mh||v̄nh||v̄qh||v̄lh||v̄rh||'''H'''
|}
|}


Line 374: Line 423:
c) The notation v̄ indicates the preceding vowel is lengthened.
c) The notation v̄ indicates the preceding vowel is lengthened.


2) If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation then the first consonant of that cluster is deleted.
2) If suffixation results in a consonant cluster with three consonants before sandhi can be applied then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first consonant in that cluster.
 
=====Vocalic Sandhi=====
 
1) Vowel clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! I!! U!! E!! A!! Ī!! Ū!! Ē!! Ā!!
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''I'''
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-||-q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''U'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''E'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''A'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ī'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ū'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ē'''
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ā'''
|}
 
NOTES:
 
a) Latin script used for clarity.
 
b) First vowel of vowel cluster runs across top of table, second vowel of vowel cluster runs down right of table.


3) If a vowel cluster results from suffixation then an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted between the vowels.
c) The notation -g- indicates an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted between the two vowels.


4) If /eɪ, aɪ/ precedes /j/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [i, ɛ].
d) The notation -j- indicates an epenthetic /j/ is inserted between the two vowels.


5) If /oʊ, ɑʊ/ precedes /w/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [u, ɔ].
e) The notation -v- indicates an epenthetic /w/ is inserted between the two vowels.


6) The effects of internal sandhi are indicated in the orthography.
f) If the first vowel is long then it is reduced to its corresponding short vowel.


====External Sandhi====
g) If the second vowel is either of /i, eɪ/ then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel if it follows /j/.
 
h) If the second vowel is either of /u, oʊ/ then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel if it follows /w/.


1) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause.
2) If /eɪ, aɪ/ precedes /j/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [i, ɛ].


2) There are two types of inter-word junctures:
3) If /oʊ, ɑʊ/ precedes /w/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [u, ɔ].


a) word-final vowel + word-initial consonant
====External Sandhi====


b) word-final consonant + word-initial consonant
1) The effects of external sandhi are not indicated in the orthography.


3) Vowel + consonant junctures do not result in any changes.
2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause.


4)
3) Between a word-final consonant and a word-initial consonant, an epenthetic /i/ is inserted.


) The effects of external sandhi are not indicated in the orthography.
4) Between a word-final vowel and a word-initial vowel, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 448: Line 530:
====Number====
====Number====


1) Avalonian has a singulative-plurative number system
1) Avalonian nouns have two systems of number:


2) Nouns are divided into four number classes:
a) Singular-Plural


a) Class 1 nouns are countable. They have an inherent singular number. They take the plurative suffix -kkal to form the plural.
b) Collective-Singulative


b) Class 2 nouns are countable. They have an inherent plural number. They take the singulative suffix -me (-m) to form the singular. NB: -m is a word-final allomorph of -me employed after a short vowel.
2) Nouns within the singular-plural class are inherently singular and take the plural suffix to denote multiple instances.


c) Class 3 nouns are countable but have no inherent number. This class comprises all countable monosyllabic nouns and many countable loan words. They must take the singulative suffix in the singular and the plurative suffix in the plural.
3) Nouns within the collective-singulative class are inherently plural and take the singulative suffix to denote a single instance.


d) Class 4 nouns are non-countable. They may optionally take singulative to indicate a small part of the whole or the plurative to indicate many parts of the whole.
4) Avalonian grammatical numbers are summarised in the table below:
 
4) The number classes are summarised in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| '''Number Class'''|| '''Countable'''||'''Takes Singulative?'''||'''Takes Plurative?'''
! Number!! Abbreviation!! Suffix (Allomorph)
|-
|-
|Class 1||yes||no||yes
| Singular || SG|| -∅
|-
|-
|Class 2 || yes||yes||no
| Collective|| COL|| -∅
 
|-
|-
|Class 3 ||yes||yes|| yes
| Plural || PL|| -ra (-r)
|-
|-
|Class 4||no||optional||optional
|Singulative||SGV||-me (-m)
|}
|}
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.


====Case====
====Case====
Line 487: Line 568:
|-
|-
| Absolutive || ABS ||-∅|| a) Marks citation form of noun
| Absolutive || ABS ||-∅|| a) Marks citation form of noun
b) Indicates definite O argument of a transitive verb
b) Indicates O argument of a transitive verb


c) Marks definite S argument of an intransitive verb
c) Marks S argument of an intransitive verb
|-
|-
| Ergative || ERG || -gu (-g)||a) Indicates definite A argument of a transitive verb
| Ergative || ERG || -nu (-n)||a) Marks A argument of a transitive verb


b) Indicates the possessor
b) Indicates the possessor
|-
|-
|Dative||DAT||-hē||a) Marks indefinite A argument of a transitive verb
|Equative||EQU||-te (-t)||a) Marks subject complement of the copula


b) Indicates beneficiary of action
b) Indicates similarity of manner or appearance


c) Used with a gerund indicates purpose or intent
c) Marks composition
 
d) Indicates source of comparison
|-
|-
| Instrumental || INST ||-tik||a) Marks indefinite O argument of a transitive verb
|Dative||DAT||-hē||a) Marks beneficiary or recipient
 
b) Indicates indefinite S argument of an intransitive verb
 
c) Marks use of tool or instrument


d) Indicates proximal cause
b) Indicates intention
|-
|-
| Equative || EQU || -te (-t)||a) Indicates similarity in function, manner or behaviour
|Instrumental||INST||-tik||a) Marks tool or instrument
 
b) Indicates similarity to, likeness to


c) Made or consisting of a particular substance
b) Indicates proximate causation
 
d) Indicates the souce of comparison.
|-
|-
| Comitative || COM || -kwe||a) Marks physical proximity or social connection to someone
|Comitative||COM|| -kve ||a) Marks accompaniment
 
b) Indicates collaborative effort with someone in a joint activity
 
c) Marks reciprocicity


d) Indicates possessor when copula used in 'have' construction
b) Indicates collaboration or common effort towards a goal
|-
|-
| Locative || LOC || -ki (-k) ||a) Indicates place where
|Locative||LOC||-ki (-k)||a) Marks location in space or time


b) Marks time when
b) Indicates the possessor in 'have' constructions
|-
|-
| Allative || ALL || -wa ||a) Marks motion towards
|Allative||ALL||-va||a) Marks motion towards


b) Indicates time until
b) Indicates until  


c) Marks destination or goal
c) Marks goal
|-
|-
| Ablative || ABL || -yā||a) Indicates motion away from
|Ablative||ABL||-jā||a) Marks motion away from


b) Marks time since
b) Indicates since


c) Indicates the source or origin
c) Indicates aversion or opposition
 
d) Marks aversion to or opposition to
 
e) Indicates the source of comparison
|-
|-
|-
|Perlative||PERL||-am|| a) Marks motion through or along
| Perlative || PERL || -am||a) Marks motion across, along, through or by way of


b) Indicates duration
b) Indicates duration or simultaneity


c) Marks mode or means of transport or transmission
c) Marks mode or means of transportation or transmission


d) Indicates reason, motive or ultimate cause
d) Indicates topic of conversation


e) Marks topic of conversation
e) Marks ultimate causation
|-
|}
|}


Line 567: Line 632:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Person || Abbreviation ||Pronoun||Possessive Suffix
| '''Person''' || '''Abbreviation''' ||'''Pronoun'''||'''Possessive Suffix'''
|-
|-
| 1st Person Singular || 1SG||ni || -nti
| 1st Person Singular || 1SG||ni || -nti
Line 576: Line 641:
|-
|-
|4th Person Sinɡular||4SG||pi||-pti
|4th Person Sinɡular||4SG||pi||-pti
|-
|5th Person Singular||5SG||li||-lti
|-
|-
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||nuk||-ntuk
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||nuk||-ntuk
Line 588: Line 651:
|-
|-
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||puk||-ptuk
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||puk||-ptuk
|-
|5th Person Paucal||5PC||luk||-ltuk
|-
|-
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||nat||-ntat
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||nat||-ntat
Line 600: Line 661:
|-
|-
|4th Person Plural||4PL||pat||-ptat
|4th Person Plural||4PL||pat||-ptat
|-
|5th Person Plural||5PL||lat||-ltat
|}
|}


Line 610: Line 669:
=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====
=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====


1) Pronominal demonstratives are identical to the 3rd, 4th and 5th person pronouns.
1) Pronominal demonstratives are formed by adding the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the appropriate pronoun.


2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffixes, believed derived from compounds of the 3rd, 4th, 5th person pronouns and the sole Old Jamilhin demonstrative ken.
2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffices.


3) Adnominal demonstrative suffixes are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis.
3) Adnominal demonstrative suffices are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis.


4) The demonstratives are displayed in the table below:
4) The adnominal demonstrative suffices are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Distance||Abbreviation||Locus Of Application||Person||Demonstrative Suffix
|'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||'''Adnominal Demonstrative Suffix
|-
|-
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker||3rd|| -tken
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker|| -in
|-
|-
|Medial||MED||Near hearer||4th||-pken
|Medial||MED||Near hearer||-uk
|-
|-
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||5th||-lken
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||-at
|}
|}


=====Emphatic Pronouns=====
=====Emphatic Pronouns=====


These are no dedicated emphatic pronouns, but as verbs mark A, S and O arguments and Avalonian is pro-drop, the use of the pronouns correlating with these can be used for emphasis.
Avalonian is a pro-drop language so any use of pronouns in the role of A, S or O arguments marks emphasis.


=====Reflexive Pronouns=====
=====Reflexive Pronouns=====


These are no dedicated reflexive pronouns in Avalonian. Using the verbal absolutive pronominal suffix in the same number and person as the verbal ergative pronominal suffix is sufficient to convey reflexivity.
1) Avalonian lacks reflexive pronouns.
 
2) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an O argument, both pronominal markers on the verb must have the same person and number.
 
3) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an X argument, the pronoun must have the same person and number as the ergative pronominal marker in the case of a transitive verb or the absolutive pronominal marker in the case of an intransitive marker


=====Interrogative Pronouns=====
=====Interrogative Pronouns=====
Line 641: Line 704:
1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: je 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number.
1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: je 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number.


2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: jek 'where?', jep 'with whom?'
2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: jek 'where?', jekve 'with whom?'


3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -jet 'whose?'.
3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -jet 'whose?'.
Line 649: Line 712:
5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb.
5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb.


6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, that verb takes plural agreement.
6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, the appropriate pronominal marker takes plural number.
 
=====Relative Pronouns=====
 
Magellanican lacks relative pronouns and therefore uses a strategy of gap relativatisation.


=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
Line 666: Line 725:


There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
====Adjectives====
1) Avalonian has no true adjectives.
2) There are three types of adjective-equivalents:
a) Several derivational suffixes with an adjectival meaning attached to the noun.
b) A noun in equative case suffix following the noun they modify.
c) Relativised verbs following the noun.


====Possessive Constructions====
====Possessive Constructions====
Line 690: Line 737:


2) The numerals of Avalonian are listed in the table below:
2) The numerals of Avalonian are listed in the table below:
u
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|||Numeral
|'''Number'''||'''Numeral'''
|-
|-
|0||thera
|0||thera
Line 701: Line 748:
|2||pik
|2||pik
|-
|-
|3||irru
|3||ilur
|-
|-
|4||lur
|4||kvevher
|-
|-
|5||parte
|5||pārha
|-
|-
|6||thī
|6||hi
|-
|-
|7||hephi
|7||haphi
|-
|-
|8||rāthu
|8||hārhi
|-
|-
|9||patrāthu
|9||navan
|-
|-
|10||ampar
|10||ampar
Line 721: Line 768:
|12||amparpik
|12||amparpik
|-
|-
|13||amparirru
|13||amparilur
|-
|-
|14||ampallur
|14||ampalkvevher
|-
|-
|15||amparparte
|15||amparpārha
|-
|-
|16||amparti
|16||ampārhi
|-
|-
|17||amparhephi
|17||ampārhaphi
|-
|-
|18||amparrāthu
|18||ampārhārhi
|-
|-
|19||amparpatrāthu
|19||amparnavan
|-
|-
|20||ak
|20||aki
|-
|-
|40||pikyak
|40||pikaki
|-
|-
|60||irrugak
|60||iluraki
|-
|-
|80||lurak
|80||kvevheraki
|-
|-
|100||ennu
|100||elun
|-
|-
|200||pikennu
|200|| pik elun
|-
|-
|1.000||milya
|1.000|| milya
|-
|-
|1.965||milya patrāthugennu irrugak parte
|1.965||milya navan elun iluraki pārha
|-
|-
|3.000||irrumilja
|3.000||ilur milya
|-
|-
|10.000|| amparmilja
|10.000|| ampar milya
|-
|-
|50.000||  
|50.000|| pikaki ampar milya
|-
|-
|100.000||
|100.000|| elun milya
|-
|-
|600.000||
|600.000|| hi elun milya
|-
|-
|1.000.000||
|1.000.000|| milyan
|-
|-
|7.000.000||
|7.000.000|| haphi milyan
|}
|}


Line 772: Line 819:
5) The decimal numerals from 100 and over are prefixed with a number from 1-9 as a multiplier.
5) The decimal numerals from 100 and over are prefixed with a number from 1-9 as a multiplier.


6) Cardinal numerals precede the noun.
6) Cardinal numerals precede the noun which takes the equative cases.


7) Ordinal numerals follow the noun and take the equative case. They take final position in the noun modifier string.
7) Ordinal numerals follow the noun and take the equative case. They take final position in the noun modifier string.
Line 783: Line 830:
====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology====
====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology====


1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S and O arguments, aspect, valency and mood.
1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, and O arguments, aspect and mood.


2) Maximal verbal structure:
2) Maximal verbal structure:
Line 789: Line 836:
verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + ergative pronominal suffix + absolutive pronominal suffix
verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + ergative pronominal suffix + absolutive pronominal suffix


====Verbal Pronominal Suffixes====
====Verbal Argument Suffixes====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Person || Absolutive Suffix (Allomorph)|| Ergative Suffix
| '''Person''' ||'''Abbreviation'''|| '''Absolutive Suffix (Allomorph)'''|| '''Ergative Suffix'''
|-
| 1st Person Singular || -ni (-n) || -nti
|-
|2nd Person Singular||-ki(-k)||-kti
|-
| 3rd Person Singular|| -ti(-t)||-tti
|-
|-
|4th Person Sinɡular||-pi (-p)||-pti
| 1st Person Singular|| 1SG || -ni (-n)||-nti
|-
|-
|5th Person Singular||-li (-l)||-lti
|2nd Person Singular||2SG||-ki (-k)||-kti
|-
|-
| 1st Person Paucal Exclusive || -nuk|| -ntuk
| 3rd Person Singular|| 3SG||-ti (-t)||-tti
|-
|-
| 1st Person Paucal Inclusive || -qkuk|| -niktuk
|4th Person Singular||4SG||-pi (-p)||-pti
|-
|-
| 2nd Person Paucal || -kuk|| -ktuk
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||-nuk||-ntuk
|-
|-
| 3rd Person Paucal|| -tuk|| -ttuk
|1st Person Paucal Inclusive||1PC INCL||-nikuk||-niktuk
|-
|-
|4th Person Paucal||-puk||-ptuk
|2nd Person Paucal||2PC||-kuk||-ktuk
|-
|-
|5th Person Paucal ||-luk||-ltuk
|3rd Person Paucal||3PC||-tuk||-ntuk
|-
|-
| 1st Person Plural Exclusive|| -nat || -ntat
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||-puk||-ptuk
|-
|-
| 1st Person Plural Inclusive || -nkat|| -niktat
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||-nat||-ntat
|-
|-
|2nd Person Plural||-kat||-ktat
|1st Person Plural Inclusive||1PL INCL||-nikat||-niktat
|-
|-
|3rd Person Plural||-tat||-ttat
|2nd Person Plural||2PL||-kat||-ktat
|3rd Person Plural||3PL||-tat||-ttat
|-
|-
|4th Person Plural||-pat||-ptat
|4th Person Plural||4PL||-pat||-ptat
|-
|5th Person Plural||-lat||-ltat
|}
|}


NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.


====Voice====
====Topicalisation====


1) Transitive verbs in Avalonian have three voices:
1) Avalonian lacks true grammatical voice although it does have a system of topicalisation in lieu.


a) Active
2) In transitive verbs, topicalisation is indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:
 
b) Antipassive
 
c) Passive
 
2) These are indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Voice||Abbreviation||Ergative Suffix?||Absolutive Suffix?||Promoted Argument||Case Of Demoted Argument||Function
|'''Prominent Topic'''||'''Ergative Suffix?'''||'''Absolutive Suffix?'''||'''Case Of Topic Argument'''
|-
|-
|Active||ACT||Yes||Yes||N/A||N/A||No topicalisation of either argument
|None||Yes||Yes||ERG or ABS
|-
|-
|Antipassive||ANTIP||Yes||No||ERG||DAT||Topicalisation of A argument
|A argument||Yes||No||DAT
|-
|-
|Passive||PAS||No||Yes||ABS||INST||Topicalisation of O argument
|O argument||No||Yes||INST
|}
|}


3) Intransitive verbs do not indicate voice as their S argument is the only topic of the sentence.
4) Topicalised A or O arguments are fronted to before the verb.
 
5) The S arguments of intransitive verbs never mark topic as they are either the topic or an X argument is elevated to topic.
 
6) Topicalised X argument phrases are fronted to before the verb.
 
7) Relativised verbs may not have topicalised arguments.


====Mood and Modality====
====Mood and Modality====
Line 864: Line 904:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Mood||Abbrevation||Suffix||Function
|'''Mood'''||'''Abbrevation'''||'''Suffix'''||'''Function'''
|-
|-
|Indicative||IND||-∅||Declarative statements
|Indicative||IND||-∅||Declarative statements
Line 879: Line 919:
====Negation====
====Negation====


1) Negation is indicated by the particle taa. This precedes the verb.
1) Negation is indicated by the particle tā. This precedes the verb.


2) taa can occur independently, having the meaning 'no!' or 'don't!".
2) tā can occur independently, having the meaning 'no!' or 'don't!".


====The Imperative And Prohibitive====
====The Imperative And Prohibitive====
Line 887: Line 927:
1) The imperative indicates that an order to perform an action is made. The base form of the verb marks the imperative.
1) The imperative indicates that an order to perform an action is made. The base form of the verb marks the imperative.


2) The prohibitive marks that an order to not perform an action is made. The prohibitive is formed by placing the negative particle va before the base form of the verb.
2) The prohibitive marks that an order to not perform an action is made. The prohibitive is formed by placing the negative particle tā before the base form of the verb.


====Tense====
====Tense====
Line 899: Line 939:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Name|| Abbreviation|| Suffix||Function
|'''Name'''|| '''Abbreviation'''|| '''Suffix'''||'''Function'''
|-
|-
|Imperfective||IPFV||-∅||Indicates an ongoing action
|Imperfective||IPFV||-∅||Indicates an ongoing action
Line 910: Line 950:
====The Gerund====
====The Gerund====


1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is adde in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes
1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is added in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes


2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.
2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.
====Participles====
Avalonian lacks participles and uses a relativised verb.


====Adverbs====
====Adverbs====
Line 931: Line 975:


===Other Parts Of Speech===
===Other Parts Of Speech===
====Adjectives====
1) Avalonian lacks true adjectives.
2) Forms conveying advectival functions occur in three classes:
a) A closed class of nominal suffixes with adjectival meanings.
b) A noun taking the equative case and following the referent.
c) A relativised verb.
====Adpositions====
====Adpositions====
1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions.
1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions.
Line 968: Line 1,024:
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
1) The canonical word order of Avalonian is VSOX. This is detailed as follows:
verb phrase + agent phrase or subject phrase + object phrase + oblique phrase
2) Topicalisation or wh-fronting may front one of the agent , the subject, the object or the oblique phrases to before the verb.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
Line 979: Line 1,042:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Avalonian
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|amber ||verhu
|-
|apple||hakar
|-
|-
|amber (4)||werhu
|automobile ||karpat
|-
|-
|apple (1)||hagar
|Avalonian Isles ||Telku
|-
|-
|automobile (1)||karmat
|Avalonian Penny ||tenar
|-
|-
|Avalonian Isles (4)||Telku
|Avalonian Pound (currency)||lirhu
|-
|-
|Avalonians (2)||kammiri
|Avalonians ||kammir
|-
|-
|banana (1)||mhanana
|badger||wekpek
|-
|-
|bear (1)||kaarha
|banana ||mhanana
|-
|-
|beer (4)||kurmi
|bear ||kārha
|-
|bee||aral
|-
|beer ||hurmi
|-
|-
|beryl||larhin
|beryl||larhin
|-
|-
|billy goat (1)||aker
|billy goat ||ahar
|-
|-
|bird (2)||hari
|bird||hari
|-
|-
|black tea (3)||trā
|black tea ||trā
|-
|-
|blackbird (1)||haha
|blackbird ||haha
|-
|-
|boar (1)||tarka
|boar ||hārha
|-
|-
|boat (1)||kilja
|boat ||kilya
|-
|-
|borax||qitte
|borax||itte
|-
|-
|boy (1)||tunni
|boy ||tunni
|-
|-
|bread (4)||aki
|bread ||aki
|-
|-
|brother (1)||larin
|Britain (island)||alpigan
|-
|-
|bridge (1)||hilta
|brother ||larin
|-
|-
|bull (1)||ēhen
|bridge||hilta
|-
|-
|butter (4)||empan
|bull ||āhan
|-
|-
|cat (1)||kattu
|butter ||ampan
|-
|-
|cheese (4)||kathan
|cart, wagon||kurti
|-
|-
|cheetah (1)||trita
|cat ||kattu
|-
|-
|chicken, hen (2)||yara
|cheese ||kathan
|-
|-
|chip, French fry (3)||trip
|cheetah ||trita
|-
|chicken, hen ||jara
|-
|chip, French fry ||trip
|-
|-
|coal||munra
|coal||munra
|-
|-
|cockerel, rooster (1)||kalyak
|cockerel, rooster ||haljak
|-
|-
|cows (2)||pegi
|cow ||pigi
|-
|-
|celebration||lipta
|celebration||lipta
|-
|-
|child (1)||lāphi
|child ||lāphi
|-
|-
|chocolate (4)||trakalat
|chill, coldness ||pelē
|-
|-
|coffee (4)||kaphe
|chocolate ||trakalat
|-
|-
|community||kara
|clitoris||tāra
|-
|coffee ||kaphe
|-
|community, group||qara
|-
|-
|copper||wēke
|copper||wēke
Line 1,055: Line 1,134:
|cost, price||lhitu
|cost, price||lhitu
|-
|-
|crab (2)||partag
|crab ||hārhag
|-
|-
|cultivated field (1)||heli
|cultivated field ||heli
|-
|-
|dagger||qelha
|dagger||ērha
|-
|-
|darkness||walru
|darkness ||vallu
|-
|-
|dog-badger (marsupial)||wekpek
|ditch||lhata
|-
|-
|dog (3)||tar
|dog ||kipmik
|-
|-
|doll (1)||numwak
|doll||nugwak
|-
|-
|ducks (2)||lakka
|duck||lakka
|-
|-
|dwarf (mythological)||takal
|dwarf (mythological)||takal
Line 1,075: Line 1,154:
|eel||ninrak
|eel||ninrak
|-
|-
|elf||qejak
|elf||eyak
|-
|-
|face||lurti
|face||lurti
Line 1,081: Line 1,160:
|father||atta
|father||atta
|-
|-
|fellow (1)||nihan
|fellow ||nihan
|-
|-
|finger||karak
|finger||karak
|-
|-
|finger-ring||kerpun
|finger-ring||nakha
|-
|fire, flames ||qhārhu
|-
|flower ||lvetta
|-
|-
|fire (4)||ghārhu
|foot (anatomy)||īhak
|-
|-
|flower (1)||wetta
|football ||phutpal
|-
|-
|football (1)||phutpal
|foreigner ||kihan
|-
|-
|fort (1)||rīkhi
|fort ||rhīkhi
|-
|-
|forest||nuna
|forest||nuna
|-
|-
|fox (1)||yhannak
|fox ||hintak
|-
|garden||rhūha
|-
|garlic||rhema
|-
|gay person ||kī
|-
|girl ||lirha
|-
|glass (substance)||lagya
|-
|goat ||anū
|-
|god||uttak
|-
|gold ||urra
|-
|good fortune||anak
|-
|grain||qalle
|-
|-
|garden||rhuuha
|grandfather||anra
|-
|-
|girl (1)||lirha
|grandmother||avha
|-
|-
|glass (substance) (4)||lagya
|grape||panā
|-
|-
|goats (2)||anū
|green tea ||tē
|-
|-
|gold (4)||urre
|guinea pig ||kamhē
|-
|-
|good fortune||qanak
|hand||arkak
|-
|-
|grandfather||qanra
|head||nahuk
|-
|-
|grandmother||qawha
|heartbeat||tuntun
|-
|-
|green tea (3)||tē
|horns ||valluk
|-
|-
|heartbeat||tumtum
|horse ||halti
|-
|-
|horns (2)||walaruk
|deer||tunta
|-
|-
|horse (1)||halti
|house ||enlu
|-
|-
|horse-tapir (marsupial)||tunta
|human being ||hamin
|-
|-
|house||qenlu
|human right, need for autonomy||mēran
|-
|-
|ice||hilku
|ice||hilku
Line 1,131: Line 1,234:
|idiot||nalla
|idiot||nalla
|-
|-
|Indian Ocean||Qinnik
|Indian Ocean||Innik
|-
|internet||uggutti janukennu
|-
|-
|iron (4)||harna
|Ireland (island)||Hivarjan
|-
|-
|island||haari
|iron ||harna
|-
|island||hāri
|-
|-
|king||tanek
|king||tanek
|-
|-
|lady (1)||anter
|lady ||anter
|-
|land, country || tela
|-
|-
|language||nawha
|language||navha
|-
|-
|letter||quljek
|letter, word||liter
|-
|-
|life||muuqe
|life||mūge
|-
|-
|liquor||traju
|liquor||traju
|-
|-
|liver||jepil
|liver||kapil
|-
|-
|lord||antā
|lord||antā
|-
|-
|mammoth (marsupial)||munnu
|stag||munnu
|-
|man ||janak
|-
|-
|man (1)||janak
|mouse||luhā
|-
|-
|milk (4)||enhe
|milk ||ahan
|-
|-
|money (2)||thalir
|money ||thalir
|-
|-
|month||jelle
|month||ille
|-
|-
|moon||jelle
|moon||ille
|-
|-
|mountain||kaja
|mountain||kaja
Line 1,169: Line 1,280:
|mother||amma
|mother||amma
|-
|-
|mice (2)||lukat
|net, web||ugga
|-
|-
|night||natar
|night||natar
|-
|-
|nitre||qirkun
|nitre||irkun
|-
|-
|orange||naran
|orange||naran
|-
|-
|otter (1) ||hirta
|otter ||hirta
|-
|-
|pasture (1)||larre
|pasture ||larre
|-
|-
|people, folk, nation (2)||lūki
|penis||nhanner
|-
|-
|pigs (2)||urte
|people, folk, nation ||lūki
|-
|-
|pillow||qajen
|pig||urti
|-
|-
|pistol||qelho jarhat
|pillow||ajen
|-
|-
|plough (1)||kalte
|pistol||ērha ghārhut
|-
|-
|puppet (2)||keppē
|plough ||kalta
|-
|-
|rabbits (2)||kebba
|puppet ||ithal
|-
|-
|rain||wakan
|rabbit||keppa
|-
|-
|ram, male sheep (1)||anri
|rain||bakan
|-
|-
|rifle||qelhat jarhat
|ram, male sheep ||anri
|-
|-
|road||wiqe
|rib (anatomy)||thela
|-
|-
|salt (4)||rhūne
|rifle||elhā ghārhut
|-
|-
|sea (1)||yēthā
|road||vige
|-
|-
|shadow (2)||yēthal
|rock||karra
|-
|-
|sheep (2)||arti
|room||kanra
|-
|-
|silver (4)||hirra
|salt ||rhūne
|-
|-
|sister||kaluu
|sea ||īthā
|-
|-
|sky||lahi
|shadow ||keppet
|-
|-
|slave, thrall (1)||nhaka
|sheep ||arti
|-
|-
|social group||qara
|silver ||hirra
|-
|-
|soft drink (4)||kigkatpitkal
|sister||kalū
|-
|-
|spear||qelhat
|sky||lāhi
|-
|slave, thrall ||nhaka
|-
|soft drink ||kigkatpitkal
|-
|Spain||Hiphagja
|-
|spear||elhā
|-
|-
|spouse||melki
|spouse||melki
|-
|-
|stallion (1)||kalluk
|stallion ||halluk
|-
|-
|stone (substance)|| tulke
|star||kakhā
|-
|-
|thukar (4)||sugar
|stone (substance)|| karra
|-
|-
|sun||rhahaa
|sugar ||thukar
|-
|-
|sword (1)||rhigak
|sun||rhahā
|-
|-
|tavern||puuni
|sword ||ghiqak
|-
|tavern||pūni
|-
|-
|temple||turup
|temple||turup
Line 1,243: Line 1,364:
|thing||latpu
|thing||latpu
|-
|-
|thumb (1)||kulhu
|throne ||tronu
|-
|thumb ||kulhu
|-
|tin (metal) ||thakna
|-
|-
|tin (metal) (4)||thakna
|trans person ||tranthi
|-
|-
|tree||rhugē
|tree||rhugē
|-
|-
|vampire (European) (1)||wampir
|vampire (European) ||vampir
|-
|voice ||navha
|-
|-
|voice (1)||nawha
|vulva||villū
|-
|-
|water (4)||ninta
|war ||hāghat
|-
|-
|wind (4)||whertu
|water ||ninta
|-
|-
|wolf (2)||leyha
|wheel||raha
|-
|-
|woman (1)||kimet
|wind ||hvethut
|-
|-
|world (1)||hanra
|wolf ||lhajhu
|-
|-
|words (2)||qulyek
|woman ||kimet
|-
|-
|zebras (2)||theper
|world ||hanra
|-
|zebra||therha
|}
|}


Line 1,272: Line 1,401:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Avalonian
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|aggravate, irritate||trummu
|-
|-
|be awake||alwin
|be awake||alwin
|-
|-
|be beautiful||wata
|be beautiful||wata
|-
|be beneath, be under||uggu
|-
|be between, be among||janu
|-
|-
|be brave|| tathak
|be brave|| tathak
|-
|-
|be cold||hekal
|be cold||hekal
|-
|be crazy||enni
|-
|-
|be diseased||narun
|be diseased||narun
|-
|-
|be English||haakha
|be English||hākha
|-
|-
|be free, have freedom||elē
|be free, have freedom||elē
|-
|-
|be good||qiktuu
|be good||iktū
|-
|be green||latha
|-
|-
|be important||qaran
|be important||qaran
|-
|-
|be kind||taara
|be kind||taara
|-
|be named||haltran
|-
|be sad||ewē
|-
|-
|be thirsty||arwaa
|be thirsty||arwaa
|-
|-
|be wicked||marha
|be wicked||truke
|-
|bind||netak
|-
|-
|bite||kalka
|bite||kalka
|-
|-
|blame||kāma
|blame||kāma
|-
|bring||kamha
|-
|-
|bully, dog, harry||nipmin
|bully, dog, harry||nipmin
|-
|burn something||lhirhak
|-
|-
|carouse||tijam
|carouse||tijam
Line 1,311: Line 1,460:
|-
|-
|discuss||kenja
|discuss||kenja
|-
|dream||alar
|-
|-
|drink||kigkat
|drink||kigkat
Line 1,327: Line 1,478:
|-
|-
|fight||jhunni
|fight||jhunni
|-
|find||rinnil
|-
|-
|flee||quktee
|flee||quktee
Line 1,344: Line 1,497:
|jump, leap||phatte
|jump, leap||phatte
|-
|-
|kill||qutkwa
|kill||utpa
|-
|know||iktē
|-
|-
|laugh||lalha
|laugh||lalha
Line 1,354: Line 1,509:
|love||kimje
|love||kimje
|-
|-
|merit||qirhu
|meet||ānhim
|-
|merit||irhu
|-
|-
|return||tuli
|return||tuli
|-
|rule||malik
|-
|-
|see||hintu
|see||hintu
Line 1,377: Line 1,536:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Avalonian
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|-
|agentive deverbaliser||-yuk
|agentive nominaliser||-juk
|-
|-
|allow, let, permit||-vhim
|allow, let, permit||-hvim
|-
|-
|always||-qutkuu
|always||-utkū
|-
|-
|be big||-pkak
|be big||-pkak
|-
|be black, be dressed in black, be brown-haired||-kthat
|-
|-
|be filled with||-havit
|be filled with||-havit
Line 1,398: Line 1,559:
|-
|-
|be red, be dressed in red, be red-haired||-rutta
|be red, be dressed in red, be red-haired||-rutta
|-
|be required to||-mimmi
|-
|-
|be white, be dressed in white, be fair-haired||-karik
|be white, be dressed in white, be fair-haired||-karik
Line 1,419: Line 1,582:
|intend to||-nnep
|intend to||-nnep
|-
|-
|instrumental deverbaliser||-tpet
|instrumental nominaliser||-tpet
|-
|-
|just now||-tukhe
|just now||-tukhe
Line 1,427: Line 1,590:
|need||-lyū
|need||-lyū
|-
|-
|objective deverbaliser||-pin
|oblique nominaliser||-kmhit
|-
|-
|possibly||-nē
|possibly||-nē
|-
|result of a process||-thul
|-
|-
|so it is said||-kpenta
|so it is said||-kpenta
Line 1,435: Line 1,600:
|still, nonetheless||-jū
|still, nonetheless||-jū
|-
|-
|subjective deverbaliser||-pin
|subjective/objective nominaliser||-pin
|-
|-
|through, piercing||-knut
|through, piercing||-knut
Line 1,447: Line 1,612:
|to have||-min
|to have||-min
|-
|-
|to make||-tuva
|to make||-tuwa
|-
|-
|to regret||-qevē
|to regret||-qevē
|-
|-
|to seem||-luthi
|to seem, to be like||mhe
|-
|-
|tomorrow||-yerhe
|tomorrow||-yerhe
Line 1,458: Line 1,623:
|-
|-
|under||-nnu
|under||-nnu
|-
|undo, negate||-nhir
|-
|-
|very||-pkak
|very||-pkak
Line 1,468: Line 1,635:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Avalonian
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|and (connects clauses)||yam
|-
|-
|and||yam
|and (connects nouns)||nu
|-
|-
|but||yam
|but||yam
Rebecca Ashling
7,915

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