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== | {{infobox language | ||
|name = Avalonian | |||
|nativename = Navhatti Telkun | |||
|pronunciation = ˈnɔ.xʷɔt.si ˈtʰɛl.kʊn | |||
|creator = UserːRebecca Ashling | |||
|created = 2019 | |||
|region = Avalonian Isles | |||
|speakers = 44.2 million | |||
|date = na | |||
|ancestor1 = Pre-Avalonian | |||
|ancestor2 = Old Avalonian | |||
|ancestor3 = Middle Avalonian | |||
|ancestor4 = '''Modern Avalonian''' | |||
|familycolor = isolate | |||
}} | |||
Avalonian | : <small>Avalonian © Rebecca Ashling 2019–2021. I assert that the Avalonian conlang presented here is my intellectual property and confirm that Linguifex may post this material on their site.</small> | ||
'''Avalonian''' (Aval: Navhatti Telkun) is a polysynthetic language of the affixal, scopal subtype. It has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment with ergative morphology and canonical VSOX word order. | |||
It is the majority language of the Avalonian Isles (Aval: Telku) and has approximately 44.2 million speakers. The Stannic Commonwealth of Avalon (Mag: Karatti Thaknat Anakte Telkun) comprises the entirety of the fictional islands of Hivarna (OTL: Newfoundland), Kalephū (OTL: Nova Scotia peninsula) and Ehanramit (OTL: Cape Breton Island). | |||
It is the majority language of the Avalonian Isles (Aval: Telku) and has approximately 44.2 million speakers. The Stannic Commonwealth of Avalon (Mag: | |||
In this timeline, Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island and the Nova Scotia peninsula ended up in the eastern side of the Atlantic after the breakup of Pangea and became the Avalonian Isles. The archipelago lies south-west of Ireland. | In this timeline, Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island and the Nova Scotia peninsula ended up in the eastern side of the Atlantic after the breakup of Pangea and became the Avalonian Isles. The archipelago lies south-west of Ireland. | ||
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Avalonian does show much evidence of borrowing from an unknown Vasconic language although there is little or no evidence of reciprocal ancient Avalonian loans in Aquitanian or Basque. | Avalonian does show much evidence of borrowing from an unknown Vasconic language although there is little or no evidence of reciprocal ancient Avalonian loans in Aquitanian or Basque. | ||
There is also some evidence of borrowing from the putative Goidelic substrate languages. An example of this would be | There is also some evidence of borrowing from the putative Goidelic substrate languages. An example of this would be partaq 'crab'. | ||
==Inspiration== | ==Inspiration== | ||
Avalonian grammar and morphology are strongly modelled on those of the Inuit and Yupik languages. Its phonology | Avalonian grammar and morphology are strongly modelled on those of the Inuit and Yupik languages. Its phonology is to a great extent based on that of Pre-Exilic Quenya with some slight influence from Iñupiaq. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
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==Ethnography== | ==Ethnography== | ||
The Avalonians are members of the oft-perscuted European Pygmy phenotype which is believed to have originated in the ancient Hercynian forest zone of central Europe some 8,000 years ago. The preferred self-designation by members of the European Pygmy phenotype is Hercynians (Aval: Lūki | The Avalonians are members of the oft-perscuted European Pygmy phenotype which is believed to have originated in the ancient Hercynian forest zone of central Europe some 8,000 years ago. The preferred self-designation by members of the European Pygmy phenotype is Hercynians (Aval: Lūki Herkigyat). | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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====General Remarks On Orthography==== | ====General Remarks On Orthography==== | ||
Avalonian had no native script until the arrival of missionary monks in the 6th Century CE. The Latin alphabet (Aval: | Avalonian had no native script until the arrival of missionary monks in the 6th Century CE. The Latin alphabet (Aval: Litērharti Ruman) has undergone many changes and revisions over the centuries. The current version was adopted in 1908. | ||
Avalonian spelling in | Avalonian spelling in Litērharti Ruman is a deep orthography which reflects the language's etymological history and phonological processes such as sandhi. The letters ⟨b, c, d, f, g, o, s, w, x, y, z⟩ are not used, even to spell foreign names. | ||
====Avalonian Alphabet==== | ====Avalonian Alphabet==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|⟨ā⟩||/ɑʊ/ | |⟨ā⟩||/ɑʊ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨e⟩||/ɛ/ | |⟨e⟩||/ɛ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨ē⟩||/aɪ/ | |⟨ē⟩||/aɪ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨h⟩ || /h/ | |⟨h⟩ || /h/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨i⟩||/i/ | |⟨i⟩||/i/ | ||
Line 107: | Line 108: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨j⟩||/j/ | |⟨j⟩||/j/ | ||
|- | |||
|⟨jh⟩||/xʲ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨k⟩||/k/ | |⟨k⟩||/k/ | ||
Line 119: | Line 122: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨lh⟩||/ɬ/ | |⟨lh⟩||/ɬ/ | ||
|- | |||
|⟨lj⟩||/lʲ/ | |||
|- | |||
|⟨lv⟩||/lʷ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨m⟩||/m/ | |⟨m⟩||/m/ | ||
Line 127: | Line 134: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨nh⟩||/z/ | |⟨nh⟩||/z/ | ||
|- | |||
|⟨nl⟩||/dɮ/ | |||
|- | |||
|⟨nr⟩||/dʒ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨p⟩||/p/ | |⟨p⟩||/p/ | ||
Line 132: | Line 143: | ||
|⟨ph⟩||/f/ | |⟨ph⟩||/f/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨q⟩||/ŋ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |⟨qh⟩||/ɣ/ | ||
|- | |||
|⟨qj⟩||/ɡɣʲ/ | |||
|- | |||
|⟨qv⟩||/ɡɣʷ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨r⟩||/ɹ̠/ | |⟨r⟩||/ɹ̠/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨rh⟩||/ʃ/ | |⟨rh⟩||/ʃ/ | ||
|- | |||
|⟨rj⟩||/ʒʲ/ | |||
|- | |||
|⟨rv⟩||/ʒʷ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨t⟩||/t/ | |⟨t⟩||/t/ | ||
Line 153: | Line 173: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|⟨v⟩||/w/ | |⟨v⟩||/w/ | ||
|- | |||
|⟨vh⟩||/xʷ/ | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Avalonian has a total of | Avalonian has a total of 33 consonants which according to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Stucture is a moderately large inventory. The most striking features of the inventory, according to WALS are a voicing contrast in fricatives but not plosives, and the presence of lateral obstruents and the initial velar nasal. The consonants are displayed in the table below: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ||'''Labial'''||'''Central Alveolar'''||'''Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palato-Alveolar'''||''' | | ||'''Labial'''||'''Central Alveolar'''||'''Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palatalised Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Labialised Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Palatalised Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Labialised Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Plain Velar'''||'''Palatalised Velar'''||'''Labialised Velar'''||'''Glottal''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Plosive'''||/p/||/t/||||||||/k/|||| | |'''Plosive'''||/p/||/t/||||||||||||||/k/|||||| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''Voiceless Affricate'''||||||/tɬ/||||||/tʃ/||||||||/kxʲ/||/kxʷ/|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Affricate'''||||||/ | |'''Voiced Affricate'''||||||/dɮ/||||||/dʒ/||||||||/ɡɣʲ/||/ɡɣʷ/|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Voiceless Fricative'''||/f/||/s/||||||||/x/|||| | |'''Voiceless Fricative'''||/f/||/s/||||||||||||||/x/|||||| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Voiced Fricative'''||/v/||/z/||||||||/ɣ/|||| | |'''Voiced Fricative'''||/v/||/z/||||||||||||||/ɣ/|||||| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Nasal'''||/m/||/n/||||||||/ŋ/|||| | |'''Nasal'''||/m/||/n/||||||||||||||/ŋ/|||||| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Voiced Liquid'''||||||/l/||/ɹ̠/|||||||| | |'''Voiced Liquid'''||||||/l/||/lʲ/||/lʷ/||/ɹ̠/||/ʒʲ/||/ʒʷ/|||||||| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Voiceless Liquid'''||||||/ɬ/||/ʃ/|||||||| | |'''Voiceless Liquid'''||||||/ɬ/||||||/ʃ/|||||||||||| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Voiced Semivowel'''||||||||||/j/ | |'''Voiced Semivowel'''||||||||||||||||||||/j/||/w/|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Voiceless Semivowel'''||||||||||/xʲ/ | |'''Voiceless Semivowel'''||||||||||||||||||||/xʲ/||/xʷ/|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Aspirate'''||||||||||||||||/h/ | |'''Aspirate'''||||||||||||||||||||||||/h/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Avalonian has a total of 8 vowels, 4 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. According to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures | Avalonian has a total of 8 vowels, 4 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. According to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures Avalonian has 4 vowel qualities which is a small inventory. Avalonian has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 8.25 which according to WALS is a high ratio. Avalonian is unusual for not possessing any low vowels such as /a/. Diphthongs are treated as phonological long vowels. The vowels are displayed in the table below: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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===Allophony=== | ===Allophony=== | ||
1) /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] in | 1) /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] if in the onset of a stressed syllable. | ||
2) / | 2) /tɬ, tʃ, kxʲ, kxʷ/ are realised as [tɬʰ, tʃʰ, kxʲʰ, kxʷʰ/ if in the onset of a stressed syllable. | ||
3) / | 3) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position before a voiceless onset. | ||
4) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ | 4) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʒ] in coda position elsewhere. | ||
5) / | 5) /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [pf, ts, kx]. | ||
6) / | 6) /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ]. | ||
7) / | 7) /ll, ɹ̠ɹ̠/ are realised as [ld, ʒd]. | ||
8 | 8) In closed syllables /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ]. | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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2) Avalonian words bear secondary stress on every odd-numbered syllable following the initial syllable. | 2) Avalonian words bear secondary stress on every odd-numbered syllable following the initial syllable. | ||
3) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, the rhythm type is trochaic. | 3) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, the rhythm type of Avalonian is trochaic. | ||
4) To an English speaker, Avalonian would appear to be spoken with a slower tempo than English is. | 4) Avalonian is a stress-timed language with the uncommon quality for such a language of a lack of vowel reduction in unstressed syllables. | ||
5) To an English speaker, Avalonian would appear to be spoken with a slower tempo than English is. | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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1) The syllable template is CV(C). According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, this is a moderately complex syllable structure. | 1) The syllable template is CV(C). According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, this is a moderately complex syllable structure. | ||
2) | 2) Permitted syllable coda consonants are: | ||
/p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ̠/. | |||
3) Consonant clusters may not have more than two segments. | |||
4) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries. | |||
5) Permitted consonant clusters as per the table below: | |||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''P'''||'''T'''||'''K'''||'''M'''||'''N'''||''' | |'''P'''||'''T'''||'''K'''||'''M'''||'''N'''||'''Q'''||'''L'''||'''R'''|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''P''' | |√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''P''' | ||
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|√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KV''' | |√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KV''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||| | |||||||√||||||||||'''PH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |||||||||√||||||||'''TH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |||||||||||√||||||'''KH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''M''' | |√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''M''' | ||
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|√||√||√||||√||||√||√||'''N''' | |√||√||√||||√||||√||√||'''N''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|√||√||√||||||√||√||√||''' | |√||√||√||||||√||√||√||'''Q''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||||||||| | |||||||||||||√||||'''L''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||||||||| | |||||||||||||||√||'''R''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|||||||||√||||||||'''LH''' | |||||||||√||||||||'''LH''' | ||
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|||||||||√||||||||'''RH''' | |||||||||√||||||||'''RH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|||||||||||√|| | |||||||||||√||||||'''JH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ||||||||||||√||||||'''VH''' | ||
|||||||||||√||||||''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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c) √ in a cell means the indicated consonant cluster is permitted. | c) √ in a cell means the indicated consonant cluster is permitted. | ||
6) /i, eɪ/ may not follow /kxʲ, ŋʲ, lʲ, ʒʲ, j, xʲ/. | |||
7) /u, oʊ/ may not follow /kxʷ, ŋʷ, lʷ, ʒʷ, w, xʷ/. | |||
8) /eɪ, aɪ/ may not precede /j/. | |||
9) /oʊ, ɑʊ/ may not precede /w/. | |||
10) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables. | |||
11) Long vowels may only occur before /f, s, x, v, z, ɣ, h/ or in morpheme-final position. | |||
12) Vowel clusters do not occur. | |||
13) Native roots are most often disyllabic. | |||
14) Monosyllabic roots are uncommon and mainly comprise pronouns and certain common nouns and verbs. | |||
15) | 15) Roots with more than two syllables are foreign loans and their syllabic templates generally become nativised over time. | ||
16) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel. | 16) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel. | ||
===Morphophonemics=== | ===Morphophonemics=== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! P!! T!! K!! M!! N!! | ! P!! T!! K!! M!! N!! Q!!L!! R!! | ||
|- | |- | ||
|pp||tp||kp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||'''P''' | |pp||tp||kp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||'''P''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| pt|| tt|| kt|| nt|| nt|| nt||lt|| rt|| '''T''' | | pt|| tt|| kt|| nt|| nt|| nt||lt|| rt||'''T''' | ||
|- | |||
| pk|| tk|| kk|| qk|| qk|| qk||lk|| rk|| '''K''' | |||
|- | |||
|ptl||v̄tl||ktl||ntl||ntl||ntl||v̄tl||rtl||'''TL''' | |||
|- | |||
|ptr||v̄tr||ktr||ntr||ntr||ntr||ltr||v̄tr||'''TR''' | |||
|- | |||
|pkj||tkj||v̄kj||qkj||qkj||qkj||lkj||rkj||'''KJ''' | |||
|- | |||
|pkv||tkv||v̄kv||qkv||qkv||qkv||lkv||rkv||'''KV''' | |||
|- | |||
|v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||'''NL''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||'''NR''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||'''QJ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||'''QV''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |pp||v̄ph||v̄ph||mph||mph||mph||v̄ph||v̄ph||'''PH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |v̄th||tt||v̄th||nth||nth||nth||v̄th||v̄th||'''TH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |v̄kh||v̄kh||kk||qkh||qkh||qkh||v̄kh||v̄kh||'''KH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||'''MH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |v̄th||v̄th||v̄th||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||'''NH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||'''QH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | pm || tm|| km||mm||mm|| mm|| lm|| rm||'''M''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | pn|| tn|| kn||nn|| nn|| nn|| ln|| rn||'''N''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | pq || tq|| kq|| qq|| qq|| qq|| lq|| rq|| '''Q''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | v̄lh|| v̄tl|| v̄lh||v̄nl|| v̄nl|| v̄nl|| ll|| ll||'''L''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄lj||v̄lj||'''LJ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄lv||v̄lv||'''LV''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| v̄rh|| v̄tr|| v̄rh|| | |v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄rj||v̄rj||'''RJ''' | ||
|- | |||
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄rv||v̄rv||'''RV''' | |||
|- | |||
| v̄rh|| v̄tr|| v̄rh|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| rr|| rr||'''R''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|v̄lh||v̄tl||v̄lh||nlh||nlh||nlh||v̄lh||v̄lh||'''LH''' | |v̄lh||v̄tl||v̄lh||nlh||nlh||nlh||v̄lh||v̄lh||'''LH''' | ||
Line 388: | Line 404: | ||
|v̄rh||v̄tr||v̄rh||nrh||nrh||nrh||v̄rh||v̄rh||'''RH''' | |v̄rh||v̄tr||v̄rh||nrh||nrh||nrh||v̄rh||v̄rh||'''RH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| v̄jh || v̄jh|| v̄kj|| | | v̄jh || v̄jh|| v̄kj||v̄qj|| v̄qj|| v̄qj|| lj|| rj||'''J''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| | | v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| lv|| rv|| '''V''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj|| | |v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||qjh||qjh||qjh||v̄jh||v̄jh||'''JH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv|| | |v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||qvh||qvh||qvh||v̄vh||v̄vh||'''VH''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||v̄mh||v̄nh|| | |v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||v̄mh||v̄nh||v̄qh||v̄lh||v̄rh||'''H''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 407: | Line 423: | ||
c) The notation v̄ indicates the preceding vowel is lengthened. | c) The notation v̄ indicates the preceding vowel is lengthened. | ||
2) If a | 2) If suffixation results in a consonant cluster with three consonants before sandhi can be applied then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first consonant in that cluster. | ||
=====Vocalic Sandhi===== | =====Vocalic Sandhi===== | ||
Line 417: | Line 433: | ||
! I!! U!! E!! A!! Ī!! Ū!! Ē!! Ā!! | ! I!! U!! E!! A!! Ī!! Ū!! Ē!! Ā!! | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''I''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -q-|| -q-|| -q-||-q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''U''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''E''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''A''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ī''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ū''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ē''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ā''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 440: | Line 456: | ||
b) First vowel of vowel cluster runs across top of table, second vowel of vowel cluster runs down right of table. | b) First vowel of vowel cluster runs across top of table, second vowel of vowel cluster runs down right of table. | ||
c) The notation | c) The notation -g- indicates an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted between the two vowels. | ||
d) The notation -j- indicates an epenthetic /j/ is inserted between the two vowels. | |||
e) The notation -v- indicates an epenthetic /w/ is inserted between the two vowels. | |||
f) If the first vowel is long then it is reduced to its corresponding short vowel. | |||
g) If the second vowel is either of /i, eɪ/ then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel if it follows /j/. | |||
h) If the second vowel is either of /u, oʊ/ then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel if it follows /w/. | |||
2) If /eɪ, aɪ/ precedes /j/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [i, ɛ]. | 2) If /eɪ, aɪ/ precedes /j/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [i, ɛ]. | ||
Line 454: | Line 478: | ||
2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause. | 2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause. | ||
3) | 3) Between a word-final consonant and a word-initial consonant, an epenthetic /i/ is inserted. | ||
4) | 4) Between a word-final vowel and a word-initial vowel, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Line 508: | Line 530: | ||
====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||
1) Avalonian nouns have | 1) Avalonian nouns have two systems of number: | ||
a) Singular | a) Singular-Plural | ||
b) | b) Collective-Singulative | ||
2) Nouns within the singular-plural class are inherently singular and take the plural suffix to denote multiple instances. | |||
3) Nouns within the collective-singulative class are inherently plural and take the singulative suffix to denote a single instance. | |||
4) Avalonian grammatical numbers are summarised in the table below: | |||
4 | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 530: | Line 548: | ||
| Singular || SG|| -∅ | | Singular || SG|| -∅ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Collective|| COL|| -∅ | ||
|- | |||
| Plural || PL|| -ra (-r) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Singulative||SGV||-me (-m) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 548: | Line 568: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Absolutive || ABS ||-∅|| a) Marks citation form of noun | | Absolutive || ABS ||-∅|| a) Marks citation form of noun | ||
b) Indicates | b) Indicates O argument of a transitive verb | ||
c) Marks | c) Marks S argument of an intransitive verb | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ergative || ERG || -nu (-n)||a) | | Ergative || ERG || -nu (-n)||a) Marks A argument of a transitive verb | ||
b) Indicates the possessor | b) Indicates the possessor | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Equative||EQU||-te (-t)||a) Marks subject complement of the copula | ||
b) Indicates similarity of manner or appearance | |||
c) Marks composition | |||
d) Indicates source of comparison | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Dative||DAT||-hē||a) Marks beneficiary or recipient | ||
b) Indicates intention | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Instrumental||INST||-tik||a) Marks tool or instrument | ||
b) Indicates proximate causation | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Comitative||COM|| -kve|| | |Comitative||COM|| -kve ||a) Marks accompaniment | ||
b) Indicates collaboration or common effort towards a goal | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Locative||LOC||-ki (-k)|| | |Locative||LOC||-ki (-k)||a) Marks location in space or time | ||
b) Indicates the possessor in 'have' constructions | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Allative||ALL||-va|| | |Allative||ALL||-va||a) Marks motion towards | ||
b) Indicates until | |||
c) Marks goal | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Ablative||ABL||-jā | |Ablative||ABL||-jā||a) Marks motion away from | ||
b) Indicates since | |||
c) Indicates aversion or opposition | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Perlative||PERL||-am|| | |Perlative||PERL||-am|| a) Marks motion through or along | ||
b) Indicates duration or simultaneity | |||
c) Marks mode or means of transportation or transmission | |||
d) Indicates topic of conversation | |||
e) Marks ultimate causation | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 619: | Line 669: | ||
=====Demonstrative Pronouns===== | =====Demonstrative Pronouns===== | ||
1) Pronominal demonstratives are | 1) Pronominal demonstratives are formed by adding the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the appropriate pronoun. | ||
2) Adnominal demonstratives are | 2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffices. | ||
3) Adnominal demonstrative | 3) Adnominal demonstrative suffices are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis. | ||
4) The | 4) The adnominal demonstrative suffices are displayed in the table below: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||''' | |'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||'''Adnominal Demonstrative Suffix | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker | | Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker|| -in | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Medial||MED||Near hearer | |Medial||MED||Near hearer||-uk | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer | |Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||-at | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Emphatic Pronouns===== | =====Emphatic Pronouns===== | ||
Avalonian is a pro-drop language so any use of pronouns in the role of A, S or O arguments marks emphasis. | |||
=====Reflexive Pronouns===== | =====Reflexive Pronouns===== | ||
1) Avalonian | 1) Avalonian lacks reflexive pronouns. | ||
2) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an O argument, both pronominal markers on the verb must have the same person and number. | |||
3) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an X argument, the pronoun must have the same person and number as the ergative pronominal marker in the case of a transitive verb or the absolutive pronominal marker in the case of an intransitive marker | |||
=====Interrogative Pronouns===== | =====Interrogative Pronouns===== | ||
1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: | 1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: je 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number. | ||
2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: | 2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: jek 'where?', jekve 'with whom?' | ||
3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: - | 3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -jet 'whose?'. | ||
4) Suffixing - | 4) Suffixing -je to a noun gives the sense of 'which?'. | ||
5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb. | 5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb. | ||
6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, | 6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, the appropriate pronominal marker takes plural number. | ||
=====Indefinite Pronouns===== | =====Indefinite Pronouns===== | ||
Line 686: | Line 725: | ||
There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement. | There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement. | ||
====Possessive Constructions==== | ====Possessive Constructions==== | ||
Line 717: | Line 744: | ||
|0||thera | |0||thera | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1|| | |1||pat | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2|| | |2||pik | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3|| | |3||ilur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|4|| | |4||kvevher | ||
|- | |- | ||
|5||pārha | |5||pārha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|6|| | |6||hi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7|| | |7||haphi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|8|| | |8||hārhi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|9|| | |9||navan | ||
|- | |- | ||
|10||ampar | |10||ampar | ||
Line 739: | Line 766: | ||
|11||amparpat | |11||amparpat | ||
|- | |- | ||
|12|| | |12||amparpik | ||
|- | |- | ||
|13|| | |13||amparilur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|14|| | |14||ampalkvevher | ||
|- | |- | ||
|15||amparpārha | |15||amparpārha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|16|| | |16||ampārhi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|17|| | |17||ampārhaphi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|18|| | |18||ampārhārhi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|19|| | |19||amparnavan | ||
|- | |- | ||
|20|| | |20||aki | ||
|- | |- | ||
|40|| | |40||pikaki | ||
|- | |- | ||
|60|| | |60||iluraki | ||
|- | |- | ||
|80|| | |80||kvevheraki | ||
|- | |- | ||
|100|| | |100||elun | ||
|- | |- | ||
|200|| | |200|| pik elun | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1.000|| milya | |1.000|| milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1.965||milya | |1.965||milya navan elun iluraki pārha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3.000|| | |3.000||ilur milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|10.000|| ampar milya | |10.000|| ampar milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|50.000|| | |50.000|| pikaki ampar milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|100.000|| | |100.000|| elun milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|600.000|| | |600.000|| hi elun milya | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1.000.000|| milyan | |1.000.000|| milyan | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7.000.000|| | |7.000.000|| haphi milyan | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 803: | Line 830: | ||
====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology==== | ====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology==== | ||
1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, O | 1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, and O arguments, aspect and mood. | ||
2) Maximal verbal structure: | 2) Maximal verbal structure: | ||
verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + | verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + ergative pronominal suffix + absolutive pronominal suffix | ||
====Verbal Argument Suffixes==== | ====Verbal Argument Suffixes==== | ||
Line 814: | Line 840: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''Person''' ||'''Abbreviation'''|| '''Absolutive Suffix (Allomorph)'''|| '''Ergative Suffix''' | ||
|- | |||
| 1st Person Singular|| 1SG || -ni (-n)||-nti | |||
|- | |||
|2nd Person Singular||2SG||-ki (-k)||-kti | |||
|- | |||
| 3rd Person Singular|| 3SG||-ti (-t)||-tti | |||
|- | |||
|4th Person Singular||4SG||-pi (-p)||-pti | |||
|- | |||
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||-nuk||-ntuk | |||
|- | |||
|1st Person Paucal Inclusive||1PC INCL||-nikuk||-niktuk | |||
|- | |||
|2nd Person Paucal||2PC||-kuk||-ktuk | |||
|- | |||
|3rd Person Paucal||3PC||-tuk||-ntuk | |||
|- | |||
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||-puk||-ptuk | |||
|- | |||
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||-nat||-ntat | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |1st Person Plural Inclusive||1PL INCL||-nikat||-niktat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |2nd Person Plural||2PL||-kat||-ktat | ||
|3rd Person Plural||3PL||-tat||-ttat | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |4th Person Plural||4PL||-pat||-ptat | ||
|} | |} | ||
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel. | NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel. | ||
==== | ====Topicalisation==== | ||
1) Avalonian lacks true grammatical voice although it does have a system of topicalisation in lieu. | |||
2) | 2) In transitive verbs, topicalisation is indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''Prominent Topic'''||'''Ergative Suffix?'''||'''Absolutive Suffix?'''||'''Case Of Topic Argument''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |None||Yes||Yes||ERG or ABS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |A argument||Yes||No||DAT | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |O argument||No||Yes||INST | ||
|} | |} | ||
4) Topicalised A or O arguments are fronted to before the verb. | |||
5) The S arguments of intransitive verbs never mark topic as they are either the topic or an X argument is elevated to topic. | |||
6) Topicalised X argument phrases are fronted to before the verb. | |||
7) Relativised verbs may not have topicalised arguments. | |||
====Mood and Modality==== | ====Mood and Modality==== | ||
Line 903: | Line 950: | ||
====The Gerund==== | ====The Gerund==== | ||
1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is | 1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is added in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes | ||
2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can. | 2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can. | ||
====Participles==== | |||
Avalonian lacks participles and uses a relativised verb. | |||
====Adverbs==== | ====Adverbs==== | ||
Line 924: | Line 975: | ||
===Other Parts Of Speech=== | ===Other Parts Of Speech=== | ||
====Adjectives==== | |||
1) Avalonian lacks true adjectives. | |||
2) Forms conveying advectival functions occur in three classes: | |||
a) A closed class of nominal suffixes with adjectival meanings. | |||
b) A noun taking the equative case and following the referent. | |||
c) A relativised verb. | |||
====Adpositions==== | ====Adpositions==== | ||
1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions. | 1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions. | ||
Line 961: | Line 1,024: | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
1) The canonical word order of Avalonian is VSOX. This is detailed as follows: | |||
verb phrase + agent phrase or subject phrase + object phrase + oblique phrase | |||
2) Topicalisation or wh-fronting may front one of the agent , the subject, the object or the oblique phrases to before the verb. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
Line 974: | Line 1,044: | ||
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian''' | |'''English'''||'''Avalonian''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|amber || | |amber ||verhu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|apple||hakar | |apple||hakar | ||
|- | |- | ||
|automobile || | |automobile ||karpat | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Avalonian Isles ||Telku | |Avalonian Isles ||Telku | ||
Line 984: | Line 1,054: | ||
|Avalonian Penny ||tenar | |Avalonian Penny ||tenar | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Avalonian Pound (currency)|| | |Avalonian Pound (currency)||lirhu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Avalonians ||kammir | |Avalonians ||kammir | ||
Line 1,032: | Line 1,102: | ||
|cat ||kattu | |cat ||kattu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|cheese || | |cheese ||kathan | ||
|- | |- | ||
|cheetah ||trita | |cheetah ||trita | ||
Line 1,042: | Line 1,112: | ||
|coal||munra | |coal||munra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|cockerel, rooster || | |cockerel, rooster ||haljak | ||
|- | |- | ||
|cow || | |cow ||pigi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|celebration||lipta | |celebration||lipta | ||
Line 1,071: | Line 1,141: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|darkness ||vallu | |darkness ||vallu | ||
|- | |||
|ditch||lhata | |||
|- | |- | ||
|dog ||kipmik | |dog ||kipmik | ||
Line 1,094: | Line 1,166: | ||
|finger-ring||nakha | |finger-ring||nakha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|fire || | |fire, flames ||qhārhu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|flower || | |flower ||lvetta | ||
|- | |- | ||
|foot (anatomy)||īhak | |foot (anatomy)||īhak | ||
Line 1,111: | Line 1,183: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|garden||rhūha | |garden||rhūha | ||
|- | |||
|garlic||rhema | |||
|- | |- | ||
|gay person ||kī | |gay person ||kī | ||
Line 1,125: | Line 1,199: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|good fortune||anak | |good fortune||anak | ||
|- | |||
|grain||qalle | |||
|- | |- | ||
|grandfather||anra | |grandfather||anra | ||
Line 1,152: | Line 1,228: | ||
|human being ||hamin | |human being ||hamin | ||
|- | |- | ||
|human right, | |human right, need for autonomy||mēran | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ice||hilku | |ice||hilku | ||
Line 1,220: | Line 1,296: | ||
|people, folk, nation ||lūki | |people, folk, nation ||lūki | ||
|- | |- | ||
|pig|| | |pig||urti | ||
|- | |- | ||
|pillow||ajen | |pillow||ajen | ||
Line 1,232: | Line 1,308: | ||
|rabbit||keppa | |rabbit||keppa | ||
|- | |- | ||
|rain|| | |rain||bakan | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ram, male sheep ||anri | |ram, male sheep ||anri | ||
Line 1,241: | Line 1,317: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|road||vige | |road||vige | ||
|- | |||
|rock||karra | |||
|- | |- | ||
|room||kanra | |room||kanra | ||
Line 1,269: | Line 1,347: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|stallion ||halluk | |stallion ||halluk | ||
|- | |||
|star||kakhā | |||
|- | |- | ||
|stone (substance)|| karra | |stone (substance)|| karra | ||
Line 1,276: | Line 1,356: | ||
|sun||rhahā | |sun||rhahā | ||
|- | |- | ||
|sword || | |sword ||ghiqak | ||
|- | |- | ||
|tavern||pūni | |tavern||pūni | ||
Line 1,306: | Line 1,386: | ||
|wheel||raha | |wheel||raha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|wind || | |wind ||hvethut | ||
|- | |- | ||
|wolf ||lhajhu | |wolf ||lhajhu | ||
Line 1,331: | Line 1,411: | ||
|be beneath, be under||uggu | |be beneath, be under||uggu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|be between||janu | |be between, be among||janu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|be brave|| tathak | |be brave|| tathak | ||
Line 1,341: | Line 1,421: | ||
|be diseased||narun | |be diseased||narun | ||
|- | |- | ||
|be English|| | |be English||hākha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|be free, have freedom||elē | |be free, have freedom||elē | ||
|- | |- | ||
|be good||iktū | |be good||iktū | ||
|- | |||
|be green||latha | |||
|- | |- | ||
|be important||qaran | |be important||qaran | ||
Line 1,368: | Line 1,450: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|bully, dog, harry||nipmin | |bully, dog, harry||nipmin | ||
|- | |||
|burn something||lhirhak | |||
|- | |- | ||
|carouse||tijam | |carouse||tijam | ||
Line 1,413: | Line 1,497: | ||
|jump, leap||phatte | |jump, leap||phatte | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kill|| | |kill||utpa | ||
|- | |||
|know||iktē | |||
|- | |- | ||
|laugh||lalha | |laugh||lalha | ||
Line 1,452: | Line 1,538: | ||
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian''' | |'''English'''||'''Avalonian''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|agentive nominaliser||- | |agentive nominaliser||-juk | ||
|- | |- | ||
|allow, let, permit||- | |allow, let, permit||-hvim | ||
|- | |- | ||
|always||- | |always||-utkū | ||
|- | |- | ||
|be big||-pkak | |be big||-pkak | ||
Line 1,474: | Line 1,560: | ||
|be red, be dressed in red, be red-haired||-rutta | |be red, be dressed in red, be red-haired||-rutta | ||
|- | |- | ||
|be required to||mimmi | |be required to||-mimmi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|be white, be dressed in white, be fair-haired||-karik | |be white, be dressed in white, be fair-haired||-karik | ||
Line 1,507: | Line 1,593: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|possibly||-nē | |possibly||-nē | ||
|- | |||
|result of a process||-thul | |||
|- | |- | ||
|so it is said||-kpenta | |so it is said||-kpenta | ||
Line 1,535: | Line 1,623: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|under||-nnu | |under||-nnu | ||
|- | |||
|undo, negate||-nhir | |||
|- | |- | ||
|very||-pkak | |very||-pkak |
edits