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Avalonian (view source)

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Avalonian does show much evidence of borrowing from an unknown Vasconic language although there is little or no evidence of reciprocal ancient Avalonian loans in Aquitanian or Basque.
Avalonian does show much evidence of borrowing from an unknown Vasconic language although there is little or no evidence of reciprocal ancient Avalonian loans in Aquitanian or Basque.


There is also some evidence of borrowing from the putative Goidelic substrate languages. An example of this would be hārhaq 'crab'.
There is also some evidence of borrowing from the putative Goidelic substrate languages. An example of this would be partaq 'crab'.


==Inspiration==
==Inspiration==
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10) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables.
10) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables.


11) Vowel clusters do not occur.
11) Long vowels may only occur before /f, s, x, v, z, ɣ, h/ or in morpheme-final position.


12) Canonical syllabification templates for native roots:
12) Vowel clusters do not occur.


13) Native roots are most often disyllabic.


C₁VC₁VC₂
14) Monosyllabic roots are uncommon and mainly comprise pronouns and certain common nouns and verbs.


C₁VC₂C₁V
15) Roots with more than two syllables are foreign loans and their syllabic templates generally become nativised over time.


VC₂C₁VC₂
16) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel.
 
C₃VC₁V
 
C₁VC₃V
 
C₁V̄C₄V
 
C₁VC₁V̄
 
V̄C₄VC₂
 
V̄C₄V̄
 
Notes:
 
a) C₁ = any one of /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ̠, j, w, h/
 
b) C₂ = any one of /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ̠/
 
c) C₃ = any one of /tɬ, tʃ, kxʲ, kxʷ, dɮ, dʒ, ɡɣʲ, ɡɣʷ, f, s, x, v, z, ɣ, lʲ, lʷ, ʒʲ, ʒʷ, ɬ, ʃ, xʲ, xʷ/
 
d) C₄ = any one of /f, s, x, v, z, ɣ, ɬ, ʃ, h/
 
e) V = any short vowel
 
f) V̄ = any long vowel
 
 
13) Monosyllabic roots are uncommon and mainly comprise pronouns and certain common nouns and verbs.
 
14) Roots with more than two syllables are foreign loans and their syllabic templates generally become nativised over time.
 
15) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel.


===Morphophonemics===
===Morphophonemics===
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2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause.
2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause.


3) External sandhi affects only word-initial and word-final /m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ̠/ and vowels.
3) Between a word-final consonant and a word-initial consonant, an epenthetic /i/ is inserted.


4) Any juncture between adjacent words involving these consonants and vowels are treated as if it was a consonant or vowel cluster within a word.
4) Between a word-final vowel and a word-initial vowel, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted.
 
5) External sandhi otherwise occurs as per internal sandhi.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====
=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====


1) Pronominal demonstratives are identical to the 3rd, 4th and 5th person pronouns.
1) Pronominal demonstratives are formed by adding the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the appropriate pronoun.


2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffixes, believed derived from compounds of the 3rd, 4th, 5th person pronouns and the sole Old Avalonian demonstrative ken.
2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffices.


3) Adnominal demonstrative suffixes are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis.
3) Adnominal demonstrative suffices are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis.


4) The demonstratives are displayed in the table below:
4) The adnominal demonstrative suffices are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||'''Person'''||'''Demonstrative Suffix
|'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||'''Adnominal Demonstrative Suffix
|-
|-
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker||3rd|| -tken
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker|| -in
|-
|-
|Medial||MED||Near hearer||4th||-pken
|Medial||MED||Near hearer||-uk
|-
|-
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||5th||-lken
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||-at
|}
|}


=====Emphatic Pronouns=====
=====Emphatic Pronouns=====
Avalonian is a pro-drop language so any use of pronouns in the role of A, S or O arguments marks emphasis.


=====Reflexive Pronouns=====
=====Reflexive Pronouns=====


1) Avalonian has three reflexive pronouns plus their possessive forms as per the table below:
1) Avalonian lacks reflexive pronouns.


{| class="wikitable"
2) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an O argument, both pronominal markers on the verb must have the same person and number.
|-
! Name!! Abbreviation!! Pronoun||Possessive Form
|-
| Reflexive Singular|| RFLX SG|| li||-lti
|-
| Reflexive Paucal|| RFLX PC|| luk||-ltuk
|-
| Reflexive Plural|| RFLX PL|| lat||-ltat
|}


2) Reflexive pronouns are used when the agent or subject is also the object or oblique.
3) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an X argument, the pronoun must have the same person and number as the ergative pronominal marker in the case of a transitive verb or the absolutive pronominal marker in the case of an intransitive marker


=====Interrogative Pronouns=====
=====Interrogative Pronouns=====


1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: ye 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number.
1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: je 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number.


2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: yek 'where?', yekwe 'with whom?'
2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: jek 'where?', jekve 'with whom?'


3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -yet 'whose?'.
3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -jet 'whose?'.


4) Suffixing -ye to a noun gives the sense of 'which?'.
4) Suffixing -je to a noun gives the sense of 'which?'.


5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb.
5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb.


6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, that verb takes plural agreement.
6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, the appropriate pronominal marker takes plural number.
 
=====Relative Pronouns=====
 
Avalonian has the dedicated reflexive pronoun la.


=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
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There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
====Adjectives====
1) Avalonian has no true adjectives.
2) There are three types of adjective-equivalents:
a) A closed set of adjectival suffixes attached to the noun.
b) A noun in oblique case preceded by the relativised verb mhe 'to seem'.
c) Relativised adjectival verbs following the noun.


====Possessive Constructions====
====Possessive Constructions====
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|0||thera
|0||thera
|-
|-
|1||pate
|1||pat
|-
|-
|2||pika
|2||pik
|-
|-
|3||irru
|3||ilur
|-
|-
|4||lar
|4||kvevher
|-
|-
|5||pārha
|5||pārha
|-
|-
|6||he
|6||hi
|-
|-
|7||hāhi
|7||haphi
|-
|-
|8||rāthu
|8||hārhi
|-
|-
|9||patrāthu
|9||navan
|-
|-
|10||ampar
|10||ampar
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|11||amparpat
|11||amparpat
|-
|-
|12||amparpika
|12||amparpik
|-
|-
|13||amparirru
|13||amparilur
|-
|-
|14||ampallar
|14||ampalkvevher
|-
|-
|15||amparpārha
|15||amparpārha
|-
|-
|16||ampārhē
|16||ampārhi
|-
|-
|17||ampārhāhi
|17||ampārhaphi
|-
|-
|18||amparrāthu
|18||ampārhārhi
|-
|-
|19||amparpatrāthu
|19||amparnavan
|-
|-
|20||ake
|20||aki
|-
|-
|40||pikāke
|40||pikaki
|-
|-
|60||irrūke
|60||iluraki
|-
|-
|80||larake
|80||kvevheraki
|-
|-
|100||annu
|100||elun
|-
|-
|200|| pika annu
|200|| pik elun
|-
|-
|1.000|| milya
|1.000|| milya
|-
|-
|1.965||milya patrāthu annu irrūke pārha
|1.965||milya navan elun iluraki pārha
|-
|-
|3.000||irru milya
|3.000||ilur milya
|-
|-
|10.000|| ampar milya
|10.000|| ampar milya
|-
|-
|50.000|| pikāke ampar milya
|50.000|| pikaki ampar milya
|-
|-
|100.000|| annu milya
|100.000|| elun milya
|-
|-
|600.000|| he annu milya
|600.000|| hi elun milya
|-
|-
|1.000.000|| milyan
|1.000.000|| milyan
|-
|-
|7.000.000|| hāhi milyan
|7.000.000|| haphi milyan
|}
|}


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====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology====
====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology====


1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, O and X arguments, aspect, valency and mood.
1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, and O arguments, aspect and mood.


2) Maximal verbal structure:
2) Maximal verbal structure:


verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + agentive suffix + subjective or objective suffix +
verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + ergative pronominal suffix + absolutive pronominal suffix
oblique suffix


====Verbal Argument Suffixes====
====Verbal Argument Suffixes====
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| '''Argument''' || '''Singular Suffix(Allomorph)'''|| '''Paucal Suffix'''||'''Plural Suffix'''
| '''Person''' ||'''Abbreviation'''|| '''Absolutive Suffix (Allomorph)'''|| '''Ergative Suffix'''
|-
| 1st Person Singular|| 1SG || -ni (-n)||-nti
|-
|2nd Person Singular||2SG||-ki (-k)||-kti
|-
| 3rd Person Singular|| 3SG||-ti (-t)||-tti
|-
|4th Person Singular||4SG||-pi (-p)||-pti
|-
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||-nuk||-ntuk
|-
|1st Person Paucal Inclusive||1PC INCL||-nikuk||-niktuk
|-
|2nd Person Paucal||2PC||-kuk||-ktuk
|-
|3rd Person Paucal||3PC||-tuk||-ntuk
|-
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||-puk||-ptuk
|-
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||-nat||-ntat
|-
|-
| Agentive|| -ki (-k) || -kuk||-kat
|1st Person Plural Inclusive||1PL INCL||-nikat||-niktat
|-
|-
|Subjective or Objective||-ti (-ti)||-tuk||-tat
|2nd Person Plural||2PL||-kat||-ktat
|3rd Person Plural||3PL||-tat||-ttat
|-
|-
| Oblique|| -ni (-n)||-nuk||-nat
|4th Person Plural||4PL||-pat||-ptat
|}
|}


NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.


====Voice====
====Topicalisation====
 
1) Transitive verbs in Avalonian have three voices:
 
a) Active
 
b) Antipassive


c) Passive
1) Avalonian lacks true grammatical voice although it does have a system of topicalisation in lieu.


2) These are indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:
2) In transitive verbs, topicalisation is indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|'''Voice'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Ergative Suffix?'''||'''Absolutive Suffix?'''||'''Promoted Argument'''||'''Case Of Demoted Argument'''||'''Function'''
|'''Prominent Topic'''||'''Ergative Suffix?'''||'''Absolutive Suffix?'''||'''Case Of Topic Argument'''
|-
|-
|Active||ACT||Yes||Yes||N/A||N/A||No topicalisation of either argument
|None||Yes||Yes||ERG or ABS
|-
|-
|Antipassive||ANTIP||Yes||No||ERG||DAT||Topicalisation of A argument
|A argument||Yes||No||DAT
|-
|-
|Passive||PAS||No||Yes||ABS||INST||Topicalisation of O argument
|O argument||No||Yes||INST
|}
|}


3) Intransitive verbs do not indicate voice as their S argument is the only topic of the sentence.
4) Topicalised A or O arguments are fronted to before the verb.
 
5) The S arguments of intransitive verbs never mark topic as they are either the topic or an X argument is elevated to topic.
 
6) Topicalised X argument phrases are fronted to before the verb.
 
7) Relativised verbs may not have topicalised arguments.


====Mood and Modality====
====Mood and Modality====
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====The Gerund====
====The Gerund====


1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is adde in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes
1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is added in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes


2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.
2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.
====Participles====
Avalonian lacks participles and uses a relativised verb.


====Adverbs====
====Adverbs====
Line 1,008: Line 975:


===Other Parts Of Speech===
===Other Parts Of Speech===
====Adjectives====
1) Avalonian lacks true adjectives.
2) Forms conveying advectival functions occur in three classes:
a) A closed class of nominal suffixes with adjectival meanings.
b) A noun taking the equative case and following the referent.
c) A relativised verb.
====Adpositions====
====Adpositions====
1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions.
1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions.
Line 1,045: Line 1,024:
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
1) The canonical word order of Avalonian is VSOX. This is detailed as follows:
verb phrase + agent phrase or subject phrase + object phrase + oblique phrase
2) Topicalisation or wh-fronting may front one of the agent , the subject, the object or the oblique phrases to before the verb.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
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|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|-
|amber ||warhu
|amber ||verhu
|-
|-
|apple||hakar
|apple||hakar
|-
|-
|automobile ||harpat
|automobile ||karpat
|-
|-
|Avalonian Isles ||Telku
|Avalonian Isles ||Telku
Line 1,068: Line 1,054:
|Avalonian Penny ||tenar
|Avalonian Penny ||tenar
|-
|-
|Avalonian Pound (currency)||līrhu
|Avalonian Pound (currency)||lirhu
|-
|-
|Avalonians ||kammir
|Avalonians ||kammir
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|cat ||kattu
|cat ||kattu
|-
|-
|cheese ||kāhan
|cheese ||kathan
|-
|-
|cheetah ||trita
|cheetah ||trita
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|finger-ring||nakha
|finger-ring||nakha
|-
|-
|fire ||ghārhu
|fire, flames ||qhārhu
|-
|-
|flower ||vetta
|flower ||lvetta
|-
|-
|foot (anatomy)||īhak
|foot (anatomy)||īhak
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|-
|-
|road||vige
|road||vige
|-
|rock||karra
|-
|-
|room||kanra
|room||kanra
Line 1,510: Line 1,498:
|-
|-
|kill||utpa
|kill||utpa
|-
|know||iktē
|-
|-
|laugh||lalha
|laugh||lalha
Rebecca Ashling
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