Avalonian

Introduction

Avalonian (c) Rebecca Ashling 2019-2021. I assert that the Avalonian conlang presented here is my intellectual property and confirm that Linguifex may post this material on their site.

Avalonian (Aval: Nakwatti Telkug) is a polysynthetic language of the affixal, scopal subtype. It has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment with ergative morphology and canonical VSOX word order.

It is the majority language of the Avalonian Isles (Aval: Telku) and has approximately 36.8 million speakers. The Stannic Commonwealth of Avalon (Mag: Karatti Thaknat Anakte Telkug) comprises the entirety of the fictional islands of Lāki (OTL: Newfoundland), Rutterye (OTL: Nova Scotia peninsula) and Winnumit (OTL: Cape Breton Island).

In this timeline, Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island and the Nova Scotia peninsula ended up in the eastern side of the Atlantic after the breakup of Pangea and became the Avalonian Isles. The archipelago lies south-west of Ireland.

Inspiration

Avalonian grammar and morphology were inspired by the Inuktitut language. Its phonology was inspired by Finnish and Welsh.

Ethnography

The Avalonians are members of the oft-perscuted European Pygmy phenotype which is believed to have originated in the ancient Hercynian forest zone of central Europe some 8,000 years ago. The preferred self-designation by members of the European Pygmy phenotype is Hercynians (Aval: Lūki Herkiqyat).

Phonology

Orthoɡraphy

General Remarks On Orthography

Avalonian had no native script until the arrival of Irish monks in the 10th Century. The Latin alphabet (Aval: Ulyekatti Rumag) has undergone many changes and revisions over the centuries. The current version was adopted in 1908.

Avalonian spelling in Ulyekatti Rumag is a deep orthography which reflects the language's etymological history and phonological processes such as sandhi. The letters ⟨b, c, d, f, j, o, q, s, v, x, z⟩ are not used, even to spell foreign names.

Avalonian Alphabet

Latin Letter	IPA Value
⟨a⟩	/ɔ/
⟨ā⟩	/ɑʊ/
⟨e⟩	/ɛ/
⟨ē⟩	/aɪ/
⟨g⟩	/ŋ/
⟨gh⟩	/ɣ/
⟨h⟩	/h/
⟨i⟩	/i/
⟨ī⟩	/eɪ/
⟨k⟩	/k/
⟨kh⟩	/x/
⟨kw⟩	/kxʷ/
⟨ky⟩	/kxʲ/
⟨l⟩	/l/
⟨lh⟩	/ɬ/
⟨m⟩	/m/
⟨mh⟩	/v/
⟨n⟩	/n/
⟨nh⟩	/z/
⟨p⟩	/p/
⟨ph⟩	/f/
⟨r⟩	/ɹ̠/
⟨rh⟩	/ʃ/
⟨t⟩	/t/
⟨th⟩	/s/
⟨tl⟩	/tɬ/
⟨tr⟩	/tʃ/
⟨u⟩	/u/
⟨ū⟩	/oʊ/
⟨w⟩	/w/
⟨wh⟩	/xʷ/
⟨y⟩	/j/
⟨yh⟩	/xʲ/

Consonants

Avalonian has a total of 25 consonants which according to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Stucture is an average inventory. The most striking features of the inventory, according to WALS, is the presence of lateral obstruents and the initial velar nasal. The consonants are displayed in the table below:

	Labial	Central Alveolar	Lateral Alveolar	Palato-Alveolar	Palatal	Plain Velar	Labialised Velar	Glottal
Plosive	/p/	/t/				/k/
Affricate			/tɬ/	/tʃ/	/kxʲ/		/kxʷ/
Voiceless Fricative	/f/	/s/				/x/
Voiced Fricative	/v/	/z/				/ɣ/
Nasal	/m/		/n/			/ŋ/
Voiced Liquid			/l/	/ɹ̠/
Voiceless Liquid			/ɬ/	/ʃ/
Voiced Semivowel					/j/		/w/
Voiceless Semivowel					/xʲ/		/xʷ/
Aspirate								/h/

Vowels

Avalonian has a total of 8 vowels, 4 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. According to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures Magellanican has 4 vowel qualities which is a small inventory. Magellanican has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 2.75 which according to WALS is an average ratio. Avalonian is unusual for not possessing any low vowels such as /a/. Diphthongs are treated as phonological long vowels. The vowels are displayed in the table below:

	Short Front	Long Front	Short Back	Long Back
High	/i/	/eɪ/	/u/	/oʊ/
Mid	/ɛ/	/aɪ/	/ɔ/	/ɑʊ/

Allophony

1) /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] in word-initial position.

2) /p, t, k/ are realised as [b, d, ɡ] in coda position before a voiced fricative or nasal onset.

3) /tɬ, tʃ, kxʲ, kxʷ/ are realised as [tɬʰ, tʃʰ, kxʲʰ, kxʷʰ/ in word-initial position.

4) /m, n, ŋ/ are realised as [b, d, ɡ] in onset position after a coda liquid.

5) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position before a voiceless onset.

6) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʒ] in coda position elsewhere.

7) /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [pf, ts, kx].

8) /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].

9) /ll, ɹ̠ɹ̠/ are realised as [dɮ, dʒ].

10) /ɹ̠j, ɹ̠w/ are realised as [ʒ, ʒw].

11) In closed syllables /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ].

Prosody

1) Words in Avalonian bear primary stress on the initial syllable.

2) Avalonian words bear secondary stress on every odd-numbered syllable following the initial syllable.

3) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, the rhythm type is trochaic.

4) To an English speaker, Avalonian would appear to be spoken with a slower tempo than English is.

Phonotactics

1) The syllable template is (C)V(C). According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, this is a moderately complex syllable structure.

3) Permitted syllable coda consonants are /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ̠/.

4) Consonant clusters may not have more than two segments.

5) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

6) Permitted consonant clusters as per the table below:

P	T	K	M	N	G	L	R
√	√	√	√			√	√	P
√	√	√		√		√	√	T
√	√	√			√	√	√	K
√		√		√			√	TL
√		√		√		√		TR
√	√				√	√	√	KY
√	√				√	√	√	KW
	√	√	√					PH
√		√		√				TH
√	√				√			KH
√	√	√						MH
√	√	√						NH
√	√	√						GH
√	√	√	√			√	√	M
√	√	√		√		√	√	N
√	√	√			√	√	√	G
				√		√		L
				√			√	R
				√				LH
				√				RH
					√	√	√	Y
					√	√	√	W
					√			YH
					√			WH
								H

a) Latin orthography used for clarity.

b) First consonant of consonant cluster runs along be top of table, second consonant of consonant cluster runs down riɡht of table.

c) √ in a cell means the indicated consonant cluster is permitted.

8) /i, eɪ/ may not follow /j/.

9) /u, oʊ/ may not follow /w/.

10) /eɪ, aɪ/ may not precede /j/.

11) /oʊ, ɑʊ/ may not precede /w/.

12) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables.

13) Vowel clusters do not occur.

14) Canonical morpheme syllabification templates:

a) Roots: (C)V(C)- or (C)(C)V(C)CV(C)-

b) Suffixes: -(C)(C)V(C) or -(C)V(C)CV(C)

c) Particles: (C)V(C) or (C)(C)V(C)CV(C)

15) Monosyllabic roots are uncommon and mainly comprise pronouns and certain common nouns and verbs.

16) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel.

17) Roots originating through foreign borrowings may exceed two syllables.

Morphophonemics

Internal Sandhi

1) Consonant clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:

P	T	K	M	N	G	L	R
pp	tp	kp	mp	mp	mp	lp	rp	P
pt	tt	kt	nt	nt	nt	lt	rt	T
pk	tk	kk	gk	gk	gk	lk	rk	K
ptl	v̄tl	ktl	ntl	ntl	ntl	ll	rtl	TL
ptr	v̄tr	ktr	ntr	ntr	ntr	ltr	rr	TR
pky	tky	v̄ky	gky	gky	gky	lky	rky	KY
pkw	tkw	v̄kw	gkw	gkw	gkw	lkw	rkw	KW
pp	tph	kph	mph	mph	mph	lp	rp	PH
pth	tt	kth	nth	nth	nth	lt	rt	TH
pkh	tkh	kk	gkh	gkh	gkh	lk	rk	KH
pmh	tmh	kmh	v̄mh	v̄mh	v̄mh	lm	rm	MH
pnh	tnh	knh	v̄nh	v̄nh	v̄nh	ln	rn	NH
pgh	tgh	kgh	v̄gh	v̄gh	v̄gh	lg	rg	GH
pm	tm	km	mm	mm	mm	lm	rm	M
pn	tn	kn	nn	nn	nn	ln	rn	N
pg	tg	kg	gg	gg	gg	lg	rg	G
v̄lh	v̄tl	v̄lh	nl	nl	nl	ll	ll	L
v̄rh	v̄tr	v̄rh	nr	nr	nr	rr	rr	R
v̄lh	v̄tl	v̄lh	nlh	nlh	nlh	v̄lh	v̄lh	LH
v̄rh	v̄tr	v̄rh	nrh	nrh	nrh	v̄rh	v̄rh	RH
v̄yh	v̄yh	v̄ky	gy	gy	gy	ly	ry	Y
v̄wh	v̄wh	v̄kw	gw	gw	gw	lw	rw	W
v̄yh	v̄yh	v̄ky	gyh	gyh	gyh	lky	rky	YH
v̄wh	v̄wh	v̄kw	gwh	gwh	gwh	lkw	rkw	WH
v̄ph	v̄th	v̄kh	v̄mh	v̄nh	v̄gh	v̄lh	v̄rh	H

NOTES:

a) Latin script used for clarity.

b) First consonant of consonant cluster runs across top of table, second consonant of consonant cluster runs down riɡht of table.

c) The notation v̄ indicates the preceding vowel is lengthened.

2) If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation then the first consonant of that cluster is deleted.

3) If a vowel cluster results from suffixation then an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted between the vowels.

4) If /eɪ, aɪ/ precedes /j/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [i, ɛ].

5) If /oʊ, ɑʊ/ precedes /w/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [u, ɔ].

6) The effects of internal sandhi are indicated in the orthography.

External Sandhi

1) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause.

2) There are two types of inter-word junctures:

a) word-final vowel + word-initial consonant

b) word-final consonant + word-initial consonant

3) Vowel + consonant junctures do not result in any changes.

4)

) The effects of external sandhi are not indicated in the orthography.

Morphology

General Remarks On Morpholoɡy

1) The morphological cateɡories used in Avalonian are summarised in the table below:

Category	Description	Inflected?
Noun	Nouns, pronouns, numerals	Yes
Verb	Verbs, many adjectives, adpositions	Yes
Suffix	These express adjunction, verbal modality, inflection or derivation	No
Particle	Conjunctions, some adverbs, interjections	No

2) Avalonian is an affixal polysynthetic lanɡuaɡe and only one root per word is permitted.

3) Compoundinɡ of roots does not occur.

4) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, Avalonian has a predominant preference for suffixinɡ.

Nominal Morphology

General Remarks On Nominal Morphology

1) Nouns indicate distinct entities. Nouns are inflected for number, possessor, demonstration or case.

2) Maximal nominal structure:

nominal or verbal root + derivational suffix(es) + number suffix + possessive suffix + demonstrative suffix + case suffix

Number

1) Avalonian has a singulative-plurative number system

2) Nouns are divided into four number classes:

a) Class 1 nouns are countable. They have an inherent singular number. They take the plurative suffix -kkal to form the plural.

b) Class 2 nouns are countable. They have an inherent plural number. They take the singulative suffix -me (-m) to form the singular. NB: -m is a word-final allomorph of -me employed after a short vowel.

c) Class 3 nouns are countable but have no inherent number. This class comprises all countable monosyllabic nouns and many countable loan words. They must take the singulative suffix in the singular and the plurative suffix in the plural.

d) Class 4 nouns are non-countable. They may optionally take singulative to indicate a small part of the whole or the plurative to indicate many parts of the whole.

4) The number classes are summarised in the table below:

Number Class	Countable	Takes Singulative?	Takes Plurative?
Class 1	yes	no	yes
Class 2	yes	yes	no
Class 3	yes	yes	yes
Class 4	no	optional	optional

Case

1) Case marks relationships between noun and noun or noun and verb.

2) Avalonian cases are summarised in the table below:

Case	Abbreviation	Suffix (Allomorph)	Functions
Absolutive	ABS	-∅	a) Marks citation form of noun b) Indicates definite O argument of a transitive verb c) Marks definite S argument of an intransitive verb
Ergative	ERG	-gu (-g)	a) Indicates definite A argument of a transitive verb b) Indicates the possessor
Dative	DAT	-hē	a) Marks indefinite A argument of a transitive verb b) Indicates beneficiary of action c) Used with a gerund indicates purpose or intent
Instrumental	INST	-tik	a) Marks indefinite O argument of a transitive verb b) Indicates indefinite S argument of an intransitive verb c) Marks use of tool or instrument d) Indicates proximal cause
Equative	EQU	-te (-t)	a) Indicates similarity in function, manner or behaviour b) Indicates similarity to, likeness to c) Made or consisting of a particular substance d) Indicates the souce of comparison.
Comitative	COM	-kwe	a) Marks physical proximity or social connection to someone b) Indicates collaborative effort with someone in a joint activity c) Marks reciprocicity d) Indicates possessor when copula used in 'have' construction
Locative	LOC	-ki (-k)	a) Indicates place where b) Marks time when
Allative	ALL	-wa	a) Marks motion towards b) Indicates time until c) Marks destination or goal d) Indicates change of state to
Ablative	ABL	-yā	a) Indicates motion away from b) Marks time since c) Indicates the source or origin d) Marks aversion to or opposition to e) Indicates the source of comparison f) Marks change of state from
Perlative	PERL	-am	a) Marks motion across, along, through or by way of b) Indicates duration c) Marks mode or means of transport or transmission d) Indicates reason, motive or ultimate cause e) Marks topic of conversation

NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

1) Avalonian personal pronouns and their associated possessive suffixes are summarised in the table below:

Person	Abbreviation	Pronoun	Possessive Suffix
1st Person Singular	1SG	ni	-nti
2nd Person Singular	2SG	ki	-kti
3rd Person Singular	3SG	ti	-tti
4th Person Sinɡular	4SG	pi	-pti
5th Person Singular	5SG	li	-lti
1st Person Paucal Exclusive	1PC EXCL	nuk	-ntuk
1st Person Paucal Inclusive	1PC INCL	nikuk	-niktuk
2nd Person Paucal	2PC	kuk	-ktuk
3rd Person Paucal	3PC	tuk	-ttuk
4th Person Paucal	4PC	puk	-ptuk
5th Person Paucal	5PC	luk	-ltuk
1st Person Plural Exclusive	1PL EXCL	nat	-ntat
1st Person Plural Inclusive	1PL INCL	nikat	-niktat
2nd Person Plural	2PL	kat	-ktat
3rd Person Plural	3PL	tat	-ttat
4th Person Plural	4PL	pat	-ptat
5th Person Plural	5PL	lat	-ltat

2) Clusivity is a relatively recent innovation in Avalonian and thus the inclusive pronouns and their possessive suffixes differ somewhat in form from the other paucal and plural pronouns.

3) Personal pronouns take case in the same manner as nouns.

Demonstrative Pronouns

1) Pronominal demonstratives are identical to the 3rd, 4th and 5th person pronouns.

2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffixes, believed derived from compounds of the 3rd, 4th, 5th person pronouns and the sole Old Jamilhin demonstrative ken.

3) Adnominal demonstrative suffixes are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis.

4) The demonstratives are displayed in the table below:

Distance	Abbreviation	Locus Of Application	Person	Demonstrative Suffix
Proximal	PROX	Near speaker	3rd	-tken
Medial	MED	Near hearer	4th	-pken
Distal	DIST	Away from speaker and hearer	5th	-lken

Emphatic Pronouns

These are no dedicated emphatic pronouns, but as verbs mark A, S and O arguments and Avalonian is pro-drop, the use of the pronouns correlating with these can be used for emphasis.

Reflexive Pronouns

These are no dedicated reflexive pronouns in Avalonian. Using the verbal absolutive pronominal suffix in the same number and person as the verbal ergative pronominal suffix is sufficient to convey reflexivity.

Interrogative Pronouns

1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: je 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number.

2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: jek 'where?', jep 'with whom?'

3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -jet 'whose?'.

4) Suffixing -je to a noun gives the sense of 'which?'.

5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb.

6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, that verb takes plural agreement.

Relative Pronouns

Magellanican lacks relative pronouns and therefore uses a strategy of gap relativatisation.

Indefinite Pronouns

There is one indefinite pronoun: wahu 'somebody, something'. When placed before a noun it indicates the concept of 'any'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.

Negative Pronouns

There is one negative pronoun: tahu 'nobody, nothing'. When placed before a noun marks the concept of 'none'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.

Universal Pronouns

There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.

Adjectives

1) Avalonian has no true adjectives.

2) There are three types of adjective-equivalents:

a) Several derivational suffixes with an adjectival meaning attached to the noun.

b) A noun in equative case suffix following the noun they modify.

c) Relativised verbs following the noun.

Possessive Constructions

1) If only pronouns are involved as the possessor then the possessum is marked with the appropriate possessive suffix.

2) If a noun is involved as the possessor then the possessum is marked with the appropriate suffix, most commonly 3rd or 4th person, and the possessor takes the ergative case.

Numerals

1) Avalonian uses a hybrid vigesimal-decimal system.

2) The numerals of Avalonian are listed in the table below: u

	Numeral
0	thera
1	pat
2	pik
3	irru
4	lur
5	parte
6	thī
7	hephi
8	rāthu
9	patrāthu
10	ampar
11	amparpat
12	amparpik
13	amparirru
14	ampallur
15	amparparte
16	amparti
17	amparhephi
18	amparrāthu
19	amparpatrāthu
20	ak
40	pikyak
60	irrugak
80	lurak
100	ennu
200	pikennu
1.000	milya
1.965	milya patrāthugennu irrugak parte
3.000	irrumilja
10.000	amparmilja
50.000
100.000
600.000
1.000.000
7.000.000

3) Numeral strings precede from left to right, highest exponent numerals first.

4) Numerals from 21 to 99 are formed by the appropriate vigesimal numeral plus the appropriate numeral from 1 to 19.

5) The decimal numerals from 100 and over are prefixed with a number from 1-9 as a multiplier.

6) Cardinal numerals precede the noun.

7) Ordinal numerals follow the noun and take the equative case. They take final position in the noun modifier string.

8) The numeral system bears a close resemblence to those used in Basque and Iberian. It is believed that it was loaned from a relative of Basque or Iberian spoken in pre-Celtic Gallaecia which places the latest limit on the loan at before 1300 BCE. The Avalonian Isles were a rich source of tin at the time which likely explains the borrowing.

Verbal Morphology

General Remarks On Verbal Morphology

1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S and O arguments, aspect, valency and mood.

2) Maximal verbal structure:

verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + ergative pronominal suffix + absolutive pronominal suffix

Verbal Pronominal Suffixes

Person	Absolutive Suffix (Allomorph)	Ergative Suffix
1st Person Singular	-ni (-n)	-nti
2nd Person Singular	-ki(-k)	-kti
3rd Person Singular	-ti(-t)	-tti
4th Person Sinɡular	-pi (-p)	-pti
5th Person Singular	-li (-l)	-lti
1st Person Paucal Exclusive	-nuk	-ntuk
1st Person Paucal Inclusive	-qkuk	-niktuk
2nd Person Paucal	-kuk	-ktuk
3rd Person Paucal	-tuk	-ttuk
4th Person Paucal	-puk	-ptuk
5th Person Paucal	-luk	-ltuk
1st Person Plural Exclusive	-nat	-ntat
1st Person Plural Inclusive	-nkat	-niktat
2nd Person Plural	-kat	-ktat
3rd Person Plural	-tat	-ttat
4th Person Plural	-pat	-ptat
5th Person Plural	-lat	-ltat

NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.

Voice

1) Transitive verbs in Avalonian have three voices:

a) Active

b) Antipassive

c) Passive

2) These are indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:

Voice	Abbreviation	Ergative Suffix?	Absolutive Suffix?	Promoted Argument	Case Of Demoted Argument	Function
Active	ACT	Yes	Yes	N/A	N/A	No topicalisation of either argument
Antipassive	ANTIP	Yes	No	ERG	DAT	Topicalisation of A argument
Passive	PAS	No	Yes	ABS	INST	Topicalisation of O argument

3) Intransitive verbs do not indicate voice as their S argument is the only topic of the sentence.

Mood and Modality

1) Avalonian has four formally marked moods. These are listed in the table below:

Mood	Abbrevation	Suffix	Function
Indicative	IND	-∅	Declarative statements
Interrogative	INT	-kī	Polar Questions
Conditional	COND	-ntu	"If" statements
Coordinative	COORD	-tkā	Marks an action going on at the same time as another action.

2) Other distinctions of modality are conveyed by several derivational suffixes.

Negation

1) Negation is indicated by the particle taa. This precedes the verb.

2) taa can occur independently, having the meaning 'no!' or 'don't!".

The Imperative And Prohibitive

1) The imperative indicates that an order to perform an action is made. The base form of the verb marks the imperative.

2) The prohibitive marks that an order to not perform an action is made. The prohibitive is formed by placing the negative particle va before the base form of the verb.

Tense

Avalonian lacks tense as a grammatical category. However, tense-like functions are provided by several derivational suffixes.

Aspect

1) Avalonian has two aspects. These are listed in the table below:

Name	Abbreviation	Suffix	Function
Imperfective	IPFV	-∅	Indicates an ongoing action
Perfective	PFV	-lle	Marks a completed action

2) Other aspectual distinctions can be conveyed by several derivational suffixes.

The Gerund

1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is adde in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes

2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.

Adverbs

1) Avalonian lacks true adverbs.

2) Forms conveying adverbial meanings appear in three classes:

a) A noun in equative case following a verb.

b) Several derivational suffixes with adverbial meanings attached to the verb.

Relativisation

1) Avalonian lacks relative pronouns and uses gap relativisation.

2) A relativised clause follows the noun it modifies.

Other Parts Of Speech

Adpositions

1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions.

2) It does have three classes of adposition-equivalents:

a) The non-core cases which have adpositional functions but are often quite general in their application.

b) Relativised stative verbs with an adpositional sense which are more specific in application than cases.

c) Suffixes on the verb.

Derivational Suffixes

1) There are hundreds of derivational suffixes in Avalonian and they fall into the following types:

a) Denominalisers

b) Deverbalisers

c) Attributive

d) Adverbial

e) Miscellaneous

2) Denominalisers turn a noun into a verb.

3) Derverbalisers turn a verb into a noun.

4) Attributives add a descriptive sense to nouns and verbs.

4) Adverbials impart various temporal and locative meanings to verbs

5) Miscellaneous suffixes change the meaning of nouns and verbs without changing their classes.

Lexicon

Nouns

English	Avalonian
amber (4)	werhu
apple (1)	hakar
automobile (1)	karmat
Avalonian Isles (4)	Telku
Avalonians (2)	kammiri
banana (1)	mhanana
bear (1)	kaarha
beer (4)	kurmi
beryl	larhin
billy goat (1)	aker
bird (2)	hari
black tea (3)	trā
blackbird (1)	haha
boar (1)	tarka
boat (1)	kilja
borax	qitte
boy (1)	tunni
bread (4)	aki
brother (1)	larin
bridge (1)	hilta
bull (1)	ēhen
butter (4)	empan
cat (1)	kattu
cheese (4)	kathan
cheetah (1)	trita
chicken, hen (2)	yara
chip, French fry (3)	trip
coal	munra
cockerel, rooster (1)	kalyak
cows (2)	pegi
celebration	lipta
child (1)	lāphi
chocolate (4)	trakalat
coffee (4)	kaphe
community	kara
copper	wēke
cost, price	lhitu
crab (2)	partag
cultivated field (1)	heli
dagger	qelha
darkness	walru
dog-badger (marsupial)	wekpek
dog (3)	tar
doll (1)	numwak
ducks (2)	lakka
dwarf (mythological)	takal
eel	ninrak
elf	qejak
face	lurti
father	atta
fellow (1)	nihan
finger	karak
finger-ring	kerpun
fire (4)	ghārhu
flower (1)	wetta
football (1)	phutpal
fort (1)	rīkhi
forest	nuna
fox (1)	hintak
garden	rhuuha
gay person (1)	kī
girl (1)	lirha
glass (substance) (4)	lagya
goats (2)	anū
gold (4)	urre
good fortune	qanak
grandfather	qanra
grandmother	qawha
green tea (3)	tē
heartbeat	tumtum
horns (2)	walaruk
horse (1)	halti
horse-tapir (marsupial)	tunta
house (1)	enlu
ice	hilku
idiot	nalla
Indian Ocean	Qinnik
iron (4)	harna
island	haari
king	tanek
lady (1)	anter
language	nawha
letter	quljek
life	muuqe
liquor	traju
liver	jepil
lord	antā
mammoth (marsupial)	munnu
man (1)	janak
mice (2)	lukat
milk (4)	enhe
money (2)	thalir
month	jelle
moon	jelle
mountain	kaja
mother	amma
night	natar
nitre	qirkun
orange	naran
otter (1)	hirta
pasture (1)	larre
people, folk, nation (2)	lūki
pigs (2)	urte
pillow	qajen
pistol	qelho jarhat
plough (1)	kalte
puppet (2)	keppē
rabbits (2)	kebba
rain	wakan
ram, male sheep (1)	anri
rifle	qelhat jarhat
road	wiqe
salt (4)	rhūne
sea (1)	yēthā
shadow (2)	yēthal
sheep (2)	arti
silver (4)	hirra
sister	kaluu
sky	lahi
slave, thrall (1)	nhaka
social group	qara
soft drink (4)	kigkatpitkal
spear	qelhat
spouse	melki
stallion (1)	kalluk
stone (substance)	tulke
sugar (4)	thukar
sun	rhahaa
sword (1)	rhigak
tavern	puuni
temple	turup
thing	latpu
thumb (1)	kulhu
tin (metal) (4)	thakna
trans person (1)	tranthi
tree	rhugē
vampire (European) (1)	wampir
voice (1)	nawha
water (4)	ninta
wind (4)	whertu
wolf (2)	lheyha
woman (1)	kimet
world (1)	hanra
words (2)	qulyek
zebras (2)	theper

Verbs

English	Avalonian
be awake	alwin
be beautiful	wata
be brave	tathak
be cold	hekal
be diseased	narun
be English	haakha
be free, have freedom	elē
be good	qiktuu
be important	qaran
be kind	taara
be thirsty	arwaa
be wicked	marha
bind	netak
bite	kalka
blame	kāma
bully, dog, harry	nipmin
carouse	tijam
choose	kiimi
die	hirhu
discuss	kenja
dream	alar
drink	kigkat
drive, strike	rhanka
eat	matu
enjoy	tajak
examine	nara
exist	na
fade	miki
fight	jhunni
flee	quktee
go	palka
hate	waren
hear	lhaathi
help	qalma
howl	nawa
hunt	rhikar
jump, leap	phatte
kill	qutkwa
laugh	lalha
learn	qitta
like	tajak
love	kimje
merit	qirhu
return	tuli
see	hintu
sleep	qikna
tell	penta
urinate	qurhuk
wander	wilte
wane	miki
weave	kumuu

Suffixes

English	Avalonian
agentive nominaliser	-yuk
allow, let, permit	-vhim
always	-qutkuu
be big	-pkak
be filled with	-havit
be good	-tara
be grey, be dressed in grey, be grey-haired, be old	-litta
be hungry	-karā
be lean, be skinny, be underfed	-tīla
be red, be dressed in red, be red-haired	-rutta
be white, be dressed in white, be fair-haired	-karik
can	-nnus
cute, sickly sweet, small, twee	-tkal
for a time	-tpi
forever	-qyup
from mud, using mud	-maru
group of things	-kalve
have a nostalgic quality	-yāri
have an urge to	-kavhit
intend to	-nnep
instrumental nominaliser	-tpet
just now	-tukhe
must	-mithu
need	-lyū
oblique nominaliser	-kmhit
possibly	-nē
so it is said	-kpenta
still, nonetheless	-jū
subjective/objective nominaliser	-pin
through, piercing	-knut
to be	-mmek
to cause	-tuva
to do	-tuva
to have	-min
to make	-tuva
to regret	-qevē
to seem	-luthi
tomorrow	-yerhe
truly	-qathan
under	-nnu
very	-pkak
yesterday	-lanti

Particles

English	Avalonian
and	yam
but	yam
many (emphatic)	rim