Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions

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==History==
* '''Monophthongisation of diphthongs'''
** ''ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː''
* '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels'''
** short vowels lowered
** long vowels shortened
* '''Lenition of intervocalic stops, ''m'' & ''s'''''
** voiceless stops ''p, t, k'' > voiced ''b, d, g''
** voiced stops ''b, d, g'' > voiced fricatives ''v, ð'' (later ''z''), ''ɣ''
** ''m'' > ''ṽ''
** ''s'' > ''h''
* '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C'''
** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū''
** the change indicates that short ''e'' was /ɛ/ and short ''o'' was /ɔ/. The short high vowels ''i'' and ''u'' may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.
* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/''a'''''
** ''ɛː > ia''
** ''ē > ie''
* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'' and ''-h-'''''
** ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)''
** ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels
** medial ''-h-'' (from ''s'') becomes ''j'' before front vowels (''i, e'' etc), ''w'' before ''u'' and is lost before ''a, o''.
*** ''esa, eso'' > ''iːa, iːo''
*** ''ese, esi'' > ''ɛːe, ɛːi''
** final ''-h-'' (from ''s'') is lost
* '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w''
** the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by ''β''
** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C
** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C
* '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC'''
** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-''
* '''Loss of vowel quantity'''
** all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system.
** ''aː, ɛː, ɔː'' merge with their short counterparts, ''a, ɛ, ɔ''
** ''eː, oː'' create new short vowels ''e, o''
** ''iː, uː'' create new short vowels ''i, u'' alongside existing ''ɪ, ʊ''
** the new vowel system:
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"|  
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;">ɪ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;">ʊ</div>
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">e</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">o</div>
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;">ə</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɔ</div>
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
* '''Merger of near-high vowels'''
** ''ɪ > e'' and ''ʊ > o''
** the sequence ''ɪj''V becomes ''ij''V (later ''ia'')
* '''Iotisation'''
** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant
** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ''
** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m''
** ''βj'' remains word-initially but becomes ''j'' medially.
** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
* '''Merger of semivowels
** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uv'', ''vu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u''
** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
** ''ovi'' > ''oi''
* '''Syncope'''
** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
* '''Palatalisation'''
** consonants preceding ''i'' are palatalised
** ''t, d'' > ''ts, dz''
** ''n, l, r'' > ''ń, ĺ, ŕ''
====Examples====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Brythonic
| wesanteinos
| brigantiːnos
|-
! Monopthongisation
| wesanteːnos
| brigantiːnos
|-
! Vowel reduction
| wesanteːnəs
| brigantiːnəs
|-
! Lenition
| wehanteːnəs
| briɣantiːnəs
|-
! Comp. Lengthening
| wehaːteːnəs
| briɣaːtiːnəs
|-
! Diphthonisation
| wehaːtienəs
|
|-
! Vocalisation of ɣ, h
| wiːaːtienə
| brijaːtiːnə
|-
! Merger of v, ṽ, w
| βiːaːtienə
|
|-
! Methathesis of ''r''
|
|
|-
! Loss of vowel quantity
| βiatienə
| brijatinə
|-
! Merger of high vowels
|
|
|-
! Iotisation
| βiaćenə
|
|-
! Merger of semivowels
| βjaćenə
| bŕatinə
|-
! Syncope
| βjaćnə
| bŕatnə
|-
! Palatalisation
|
|
|-
! Bźatga
| ''vjaćna''
| ''bźatna''
|}
==Vowels==
==Vowels==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| rowspan="2;" | a || a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | au || rowspan="4;" | aCʲ || rowspan="4;" | ja || rowspan="4;" | va
| rowspan="2;" | a || a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | au || rowspan="4;" | aCʲ || rowspan="4;" | ja || rowspan="4;" | va
|-
|-
| rowspan="3;" | ā
| ā
|-
|-
! ā
! ā
| rowspan="2;" | ā
| rowspan="2;" | ā || rowspan="2;" | ā
|-
|-
! au
! au
|-
|-
! ai
! ai
| ɛː || rowspan="2;" | ia<sup>1</sup> <br /> ɛː<sup>2</sup> || ʲa || ja || rowspan="3;" | eu || rowspan="3;" | eCʲ || rowspan="4;" | je || rowspan="3;" | ve
| ɛː || rowspan="2;" | ia<sup>1</sup> <br /> ɛː<sup>2</sup> || ʲa || ja || rowspan="3;" | jau || rowspan="3;" | eCʲ || rowspan="4;" | je || vja
|-
|-
! rowspan="2;" | e  
! rowspan="2;" | e  
| rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;"  | e || rowspan="2;"  | e  
| rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;"  | e || rowspan="2;"  | e || rowspan="2;" | ve
|-
|-
| e
| e
Line 36: Line 226:
|-
|-
! rowspan="2;" | o
! rowspan="2;" | o
| rowspan="2;" | o || o || rowspan="2;" | o || rowspan="2;" | o ||  rowspan="6;" | ou || rowspan="2;" | oCʲ || rowspan="2;" | jo || rowspan="2;" | vo
| rowspan="2;" | o || o || rowspan="4;" | o || rowspan="4;" | o ||  rowspan="6;" | ou || rowspan="4;" | oCʲ || rowspan="4;" | jo || rowspan="4;" | vo
|-
|-
| ɔː
| ɔː
|-
|-
! eu
! eu
| rowspan="3;" | ō || rowspan="3;" | ō || rowspan="4;" | ô || rowspan="4;" | vo || rowspan="6;" | uCʲ || rowspan="6;" | ju || rowspan="6;" | u
| rowspan="2;" | ɔː || rowspan="2;" | ɔː
|-
! ou
|-
|-
! oi
|-
|-
! ou
! oi
| ō || ō || rowspan="2;" | ô || rowspan="2;" | vo || rowspan="4;" | uCʲ || rowspan="2;" | jô || rowspan="2;" | vô
|-
|-
! rowspan="2;" | u
! rowspan="2;" | u
| rowspan="2;" | u || u
| rowspan="2;" | u || u
|-
|-
| rowspan="2;" | ū || rowspan="2;" | u || rowspan="2;" | u || u
| rowspan="2;" | ū || rowspan="2;" | u || u || rowspan="2;" | u || rowspan="2;" | ju || rowspan="2;" | u
|-
|-
! ū
! ū

Revision as of 12:47, 4 February 2020

History

  • Monophthongisation of diphthongs
    • ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː
  • Reduction of pretonic & final vowels
    • short vowels lowered
    • long vowels shortened
  • Lenition of intervocalic stops, m & s
    • voiceless stops p, t, k > voiced b, d, g
    • voiced stops b, d, g > voiced fricatives v, ð (later z), ɣ
    • m >
    • s > h
  • Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before nC
    • a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū
    • the change indicates that short e was /ɛ/ and short o was /ɔ/. The short high vowels i and u may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.
  • Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/a
    • ɛː > ia
    • ē > ie
  • Vocalisation of ɣ and -h-
    • ɣ > w after o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)
    • ɣ > j after other vowels
    • medial -h- (from s) becomes j before front vowels (i, e etc), w before u and is lost before a, o.
      • esa, eso > iːa, iːo
      • ese, esi > ɛːe, ɛːi
    • final -h- (from s) is lost
  • Merger of v, ṽ and w
    • the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by β
    • vocalisation of βC > uC
    • metathesis of Cβ as uC
  • Metathesis of VrC > rVC
    • new mr- > br-, nr- > dr-
  • Loss of vowel quantity
    • all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system.
    • aː, ɛː, ɔː merge with their short counterparts, a, ɛ, ɔ
    • eː, oː create new short vowels e, o
    • iː, uː create new short vowels i, u alongside existing ɪ, ʊ
    • the new vowel system:
  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u
ɪ
ʊ
e
o
ə
ɛ
ɔ
a
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
  • Merger of near-high vowels
    • ɪ > e and ʊ > o
    • the sequence ɪjV becomes ijV (later ia)
  • Iotisation
    • semi-vowel j merges with adjacent consonant
    • tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ
    • does not affect bilabials p, b, m
    • βj remains word-initially but becomes j medially.
    • note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
  • Merger of semivowels
    • sequences ij, ji, uv, vu merge into a single vowel i or u
    • iV > jV, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
    • ovi > oi
  • Syncope
    • intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
  • Palatalisation
    • consonants preceding i are palatalised
    • t, d > ts, dz
    • n, l, r > ń, ĺ, ŕ

Examples

Brythonic wesanteinos brigantiːnos
Monopthongisation wesanteːnos brigantiːnos
Vowel reduction wesanteːnəs brigantiːnəs
Lenition wehanteːnəs briɣantiːnəs
Comp. Lengthening wehaːteːnəs briɣaːtiːnəs
Diphthonisation wehaːtienəs
Vocalisation of ɣ, h wiːaːtienə brijaːtiːnə
Merger of v, ṽ, w βiːaːtienə
Methathesis of r
Loss of vowel quantity βiatienə brijatinə
Merger of high vowels
Iotisation βiaćenə
Merger of semivowels βjaćenə bŕatinə
Syncope βjaćnə bŕatnə
Palatalisation
Bźatga vjaćna bźatna

Vowels

PC Brythonic + Length General Initial -w, -lC, -bC -jC j- w-
a a a a a au aCʲ ja va
ā
ā ā ā
au
ai ɛː ia1
ɛː2
ʲa ja jau eCʲ je vja
e e e e ve
e
ei ē ie1
ē2
ʲe je ʲeu iCʲ vje
ê eu i
i i i
ī i i ju vi
ī ī
o o o o o ou oCʲ jo vo
ɔː
eu ɔː ɔː
ou
oi ō ō ô vo uCʲ
u u u
ū u u u ju u
ū ū u
  1. before a back vowel in next syllable
  2. before a front vowel in next syllable

Consonants

PC Initial +j +i Medial +j +i Geminate
p (kʷ) p pj b bj p
t t ć ŝ d ģ t
k c ć g ģ c
b (gʷ) b bj v j b
d d ģ z ź d
g g ģ j/v j g
m m mj v j m
n n ń ń n ń ń n
l l ĺ ĺ l ĺ ĺ l
r r ź ź r ź / ŕ ź / ŕ r
s s ś ś - j s
j j-, -
w v, - v j

Consonant Clusters

Inital Medial
tl ĺ zl
tn zn
tr tr dr
tri, trj ć ģ
kl ĺ ĺ
kn ń ń
kr cr gr
ks ś
kt ć
dl ĺ zl
dm zv
dn zn
dr dr zr
gl ĺ ĺ
gn ń ń
gr gr ź
lp, lt, lk up, ut, uc
lb, ld, lg v, l, v
mp, nt, nk ~p, ~t, ~k
mb, nd, ng ~b, ~d, ~g
rp, rt, rk rVp, rVt, rVk
rb, rd, rg rVv, rVz, rVv
sɸ, sw zv v
st śt s
sti, stj ść ś
stl, str sl, sr sl, sr
sk śc śc
ski, skj ść ść
skl, skr sl, sr sl, sr
sm, sn zn _m, _n
smi, sni źńi
sl, sr zl, zr _l, _r
sli, sri źĺi, źi