Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions
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==History== | |||
* '''Monophthongisation of diphthongs''' | |||
** ''ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː'' | |||
* '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels''' | |||
** short vowels lowered | |||
** long vowels shortened | |||
* '''Lenition of intervocalic stops, ''m'' & ''s''''' | |||
** voiceless stops ''p, t, k'' > voiced ''b, d, g'' | |||
** voiced stops ''b, d, g'' > voiced fricatives ''v, ð'' (later ''z''), ''ɣ'' | |||
** ''m'' > ''ṽ'' | |||
** ''s'' > ''h'' | |||
* '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C''' | |||
** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū'' | |||
** the change indicates that short ''e'' was /ɛ/ and short ''o'' was /ɔ/. The short high vowels ''i'' and ''u'' may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/. | |||
* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/''a''''' | |||
** ''ɛː > ia'' | |||
** ''ē > ie'' | |||
* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'' and ''-h-''''' | |||
** ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)'' | |||
** ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels | |||
** medial ''-h-'' (from ''s'') becomes ''j'' before front vowels (''i, e'' etc), ''w'' before ''u'' and is lost before ''a, o''. | |||
*** ''esa, eso'' > ''iːa, iːo'' | |||
*** ''ese, esi'' > ''ɛːe, ɛːi'' | |||
** final ''-h-'' (from ''s'') is lost | |||
* '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w'' | |||
** the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by ''β'' | |||
** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C | |||
** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C | |||
* '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC''' | |||
** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-'' | |||
* '''Loss of vowel quantity''' | |||
** all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system. | |||
** ''aː, ɛː, ɔː'' merge with their short counterparts, ''a, ɛ, ɔ'' | |||
** ''eː, oː'' create new short vowels ''e, o'' | |||
** ''iː, uː'' create new short vowels ''i, u'' alongside existing ''ɪ, ʊ'' | |||
** the new vowel system: | |||
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;" | |||
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" | |||
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close''' | |||
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"> | |||
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"| | |||
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div> | |||
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;">ɪ</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;">ʊ</div> | |||
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">e</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">o</div> | |||
<!-- MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;">ə</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɔ</div> | |||
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<!-- OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div> | |||
|} | |||
</div></div> | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-close''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open''' | |||
|} | |||
* '''Merger of near-high vowels''' | |||
** ''ɪ > e'' and ''ʊ > o'' | |||
** the sequence ''ɪj''V becomes ''ij''V (later ''ia'') | |||
* '''Iotisation''' | |||
** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant | |||
** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ'' | |||
** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m'' | |||
** ''βj'' remains word-initially but becomes ''j'' medially. | |||
** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change. | |||
* '''Merger of semivowels | |||
** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uv'', ''vu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u'' | |||
** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant | |||
** ''ovi'' > ''oi'' | |||
* '''Syncope''' | |||
** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster. | |||
* '''Palatalisation''' | |||
** consonants preceding ''i'' are palatalised | |||
** ''t, d'' > ''ts, dz'' | |||
** ''n, l, r'' > ''ń, ĺ, ŕ'' | |||
====Examples==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! Brythonic | |||
| wesanteinos | |||
| brigantiːnos | |||
|- | |||
! Monopthongisation | |||
| wesanteːnos | |||
| brigantiːnos | |||
|- | |||
! Vowel reduction | |||
| wesanteːnəs | |||
| brigantiːnəs | |||
|- | |||
! Lenition | |||
| wehanteːnəs | |||
| briɣantiːnəs | |||
|- | |||
! Comp. Lengthening | |||
| wehaːteːnəs | |||
| briɣaːtiːnəs | |||
|- | |||
! Diphthonisation | |||
| wehaːtienəs | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Vocalisation of ɣ, h | |||
| wiːaːtienə | |||
| brijaːtiːnə | |||
|- | |||
! Merger of v, ṽ, w | |||
| βiːaːtienə | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Methathesis of ''r'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Loss of vowel quantity | |||
| βiatienə | |||
| brijatinə | |||
|- | |||
! Merger of high vowels | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Iotisation | |||
| βiaćenə | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Merger of semivowels | |||
| βjaćenə | |||
| bŕatinə | |||
|- | |||
! Syncope | |||
| βjaćnə | |||
| bŕatnə | |||
|- | |||
! Palatalisation | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Bźatga | |||
| ''vjaćna'' | |||
| ''bźatna'' | |||
|} | |||
==Vowels== | ==Vowels== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
Line 7: | Line 197: | ||
| rowspan="2;" | a || a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | au || rowspan="4;" | aCʲ || rowspan="4;" | ja || rowspan="4;" | va | | rowspan="2;" | a || a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | au || rowspan="4;" | aCʲ || rowspan="4;" | ja || rowspan="4;" | va | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ā | |||
|- | |- | ||
! ā | ! ā | ||
| rowspan="2;" | ā | | rowspan="2;" | ā || rowspan="2;" | ā | ||
|- | |- | ||
! au | ! au | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ai | ! ai | ||
| ɛː || rowspan="2;" | ia<sup>1</sup> <br /> ɛː<sup>2</sup> || ʲa || ja || rowspan="3;" | | | ɛː || rowspan="2;" | ia<sup>1</sup> <br /> ɛː<sup>2</sup> || ʲa || ja || rowspan="3;" | jau || rowspan="3;" | eCʲ || rowspan="4;" | je || vja | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2;" | e | ! rowspan="2;" | e | ||
| rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;" | e | | rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;" | ve | ||
|- | |- | ||
| e | | e | ||
Line 36: | Line 226: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2;" | o | ! rowspan="2;" | o | ||
| rowspan="2;" | o || o || rowspan=" | | rowspan="2;" | o || o || rowspan="4;" | o || rowspan="4;" | o || rowspan="6;" | ou || rowspan="4;" | oCʲ || rowspan="4;" | jo || rowspan="4;" | vo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ɔː | | ɔː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! eu | ! eu | ||
| rowspan=" | | rowspan="2;" | ɔː || rowspan="2;" | ɔː | ||
|- | |||
! ou | |||
|- | |- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! oi | ||
| ō || ō || rowspan="2;" | ô || rowspan="2;" | vo || rowspan="4;" | uCʲ || rowspan="2;" | jô || rowspan="2;" | vô | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2;" | u | ! rowspan="2;" | u | ||
| rowspan="2;" | u || u | | rowspan="2;" | u || u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2;" | ū || rowspan="2;" | u || rowspan="2;" | u || u | | rowspan="2;" | ū || rowspan="2;" | u || u || rowspan="2;" | u || rowspan="2;" | ju || rowspan="2;" | u | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ū | ! ū |
Revision as of 12:47, 4 February 2020
History
- Monophthongisation of diphthongs
- ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː
- Reduction of pretonic & final vowels
- short vowels lowered
- long vowels shortened
- Lenition of intervocalic stops, m & s
- voiceless stops p, t, k > voiced b, d, g
- voiced stops b, d, g > voiced fricatives v, ð (later z), ɣ
- m > ṽ
- s > h
- Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before nC
- a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū
- the change indicates that short e was /ɛ/ and short o was /ɔ/. The short high vowels i and u may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.
- Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/a
- ɛː > ia
- ē > ie
- Vocalisation of ɣ and -h-
- ɣ > w after o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)
- ɣ > j after other vowels
- medial -h- (from s) becomes j before front vowels (i, e etc), w before u and is lost before a, o.
- esa, eso > iːa, iːo
- ese, esi > ɛːe, ɛːi
- final -h- (from s) is lost
- Merger of v, ṽ and w
- the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by β
- vocalisation of βC > uC
- metathesis of Cβ as uC
- Metathesis of VrC > rVC
- new mr- > br-, nr- > dr-
- Loss of vowel quantity
- all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system.
- aː, ɛː, ɔː merge with their short counterparts, a, ɛ, ɔ
- eː, oː create new short vowels e, o
- iː, uː create new short vowels i, u alongside existing ɪ, ʊ
- the new vowel system:
Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | ||
Close |
| |||||
Near-close | ||||||
Close-mid | ||||||
Mid | ||||||
Open-mid | ||||||
Near-open | ||||||
Open |
- Merger of near-high vowels
- ɪ > e and ʊ > o
- the sequence ɪjV becomes ijV (later ia)
- Iotisation
- semi-vowel j merges with adjacent consonant
- tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ
- does not affect bilabials p, b, m
- βj remains word-initially but becomes j medially.
- note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
- Merger of semivowels
- sequences ij, ji, uv, vu merge into a single vowel i or u
- iV > jV, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
- ovi > oi
- Syncope
- intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
- Palatalisation
- consonants preceding i are palatalised
- t, d > ts, dz
- n, l, r > ń, ĺ, ŕ
Examples
Brythonic | wesanteinos | brigantiːnos |
---|---|---|
Monopthongisation | wesanteːnos | brigantiːnos |
Vowel reduction | wesanteːnəs | brigantiːnəs |
Lenition | wehanteːnəs | briɣantiːnəs |
Comp. Lengthening | wehaːteːnəs | briɣaːtiːnəs |
Diphthonisation | wehaːtienəs | |
Vocalisation of ɣ, h | wiːaːtienə | brijaːtiːnə |
Merger of v, ṽ, w | βiːaːtienə | |
Methathesis of r | ||
Loss of vowel quantity | βiatienə | brijatinə |
Merger of high vowels | ||
Iotisation | βiaćenə | |
Merger of semivowels | βjaćenə | bŕatinə |
Syncope | βjaćnə | bŕatnə |
Palatalisation | ||
Bźatga | vjaćna | bźatna |
Vowels
PC | Brythonic | + Length | General | Initial | -w, -lC, -bC | -jC | j- | w- |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | a | a | a | au | aCʲ | ja | va |
ā | ||||||||
ā | ā | ā | ||||||
au | ||||||||
ai | ɛː | ia1 ɛː2 |
ʲa | ja | jau | eCʲ | je | vja |
e | e | e | e | ve | ||||
e | ||||||||
ei | ē | ie1 ē2 |
ʲe | je | ʲeu | iCʲ | vje | |
ê | eu | i | vê | |||||
i | i | i | ||||||
ī | i | i | ju | vi | ||||
ī | ī | |||||||
o | o | o | o | o | ou | oCʲ | jo | vo |
ɔː | ||||||||
eu | ɔː | ɔː | ||||||
ou | ||||||||
oi | ō | ō | ô | vo | uCʲ | jô | vô | |
u | u | u | ||||||
ū | u | u | u | ju | u | |||
ū | ū | u |
- before a back vowel in next syllable
- before a front vowel in next syllable
Consonants
PC | Initial | +j | +i | Medial | +j | +i | Geminate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p (kʷ) | p | pj | b | bj | p | ||
t | t | ć | ŝ | d | ģ | ẑ | t |
k | c | ć | g | ģ | c | ||
b (gʷ) | b | bj | v | j | b | ||
d | d | ģ | ẑ | z | ź | d | |
g | g | ģ | j/v | j | g | ||
m | m | mj | v | j | m | ||
n | n | ń | ń | n | ń | ń | n |
l | l | ĺ | ĺ | l | ĺ | ĺ | l |
r | r | ź | ź | r | ź / ŕ | ź / ŕ | r |
s | s | ś | ś | - | j | s | |
j | j-, - | ||||||
w | v, - | v | j |
Consonant Clusters
Inital | Medial | |
---|---|---|
tl | ĺ | zl |
tn | zn | |
tr | tr | dr |
tri, trj | ć | ģ |
kl | ĺ | ĺ |
kn | ń | ń |
kr | cr | gr |
ks | ś | |
kt | ć | |
dl | ĺ | zl |
dm | zv | |
dn | zn | |
dr | dr | zr |
gl | ĺ | ĺ |
gn | ń | ń |
gr | gr | ź |
lp, lt, lk | up, ut, uc | |
lb, ld, lg | v, l, v | |
mp, nt, nk | ~p, ~t, ~k | |
mb, nd, ng | ~b, ~d, ~g | |
rp, rt, rk | rVp, rVt, rVk | |
rb, rd, rg | rVv, rVz, rVv | |
sɸ, sw | zv | v |
st | śt | s |
sti, stj | ść | ś |
stl, str | sl, sr | sl, sr |
sk | śc | śc |
ski, skj | ść | ść |
skl, skr | sl, sr | sl, sr |
sm, sn | zn | _m, _n |
smi, sni | źńi | |
sl, sr | zl, zr | _l, _r |
sli, sri | źĺi, źi |