Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions

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(***)
(4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
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** ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)''
** ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)''
** ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels
** ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels
** medial ''-h-'' (from ''s'') becomes ''j'' between vowels
** medial ''-h-'' (from ''s'') becomes ''j'' before front vowels (''i, e'' etc), ''w'' before ''u'' and is lost before ''a, o''.
*** ''esa, eso'' > ''iːa, iːo''
*** ''ese, esi'' > ''ɛːe, ɛːi''
** final ''-h-'' (from ''s'') is lost
** final ''-h-'' (from ''s'') is lost
* '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w''
* '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w''
Line 118: Line 120:
** ''t, d'' > ''ts, dz''
** ''t, d'' > ''ts, dz''
** ''n, l, r'' > ''ń, ĺ, ŕ''
** ''n, l, r'' > ''ń, ĺ, ŕ''
====Examples====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Brythonic
| wesanteinos
| brigantiːnos
|-
! Monopthongisation
| wesanteːnos
| brigantiːnos
|-
! Vowel reduction
| wesanteːnəs
| brigantiːnəs
|-
! Lenition
| wehanteːnəs
| briɣantiːnəs
|-
! Comp. Lengthening
| wehaːteːnəs
| briɣaːtiːnəs
|-
! Diphthonisation
| wehaːtienəs
|
|-
! Vocalisation of ɣ, h
| wiːaːtienə
| brijaːtiːnə
|-
! Merger of v, ṽ, w
| βiːaːtienə
|
|-
! Methathesis of ''r''
|
|
|-
! Loss of vowel quantity
| βiatienə
| brijatinə
|-
! Merger of high vowels
|
|
|-
! Iotisation
| βiaćenə
|
|-
! Merger of semivowels
| βjaćenə
| bŕatinə
|-
! Syncope
| βjaćnə
| bŕatnə
|-
! Palatalisation
|
|
|-
! Bźatga
| ''vjaćna''
| ''bźatna''
|}


==Vowels==
==Vowels==
Line 127: Line 197:
| rowspan="2;" | a || a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | au || rowspan="4;" | aCʲ || rowspan="4;" | ja || rowspan="4;" | va
| rowspan="2;" | a || a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | au || rowspan="4;" | aCʲ || rowspan="4;" | ja || rowspan="4;" | va
|-
|-
| rowspan="3;" | ā
| ā
|-
|-
! ā
! ā
| rowspan="2;" | ā
| rowspan="2;" | ā || rowspan="2;" | ā
|-
|-
! au
! au
|-
|-
! ai
! ai
| ɛː || rowspan="2;" | ia<sup>1</sup> <br /> ɛː<sup>2</sup> || ʲa || ja || rowspan="3;" | eu || rowspan="3;" | eCʲ || rowspan="4;" | je || rowspan="3;" | ve
| ɛː || rowspan="2;" | ia<sup>1</sup> <br /> ɛː<sup>2</sup> || ʲa || ja || rowspan="3;" | jau || rowspan="3;" | eCʲ || rowspan="4;" | je || vja
|-
|-
! rowspan="2;" | e  
! rowspan="2;" | e  
| rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;"  | e || rowspan="2;"  | e  
| rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;"  | e || rowspan="2;"  | e || rowspan="2;" | ve
|-
|-
| e
| e
Line 156: Line 226:
|-
|-
! rowspan="2;" | o
! rowspan="2;" | o
| rowspan="2;" | o || o || rowspan="2;" | o || rowspan="2;" | o ||  rowspan="6;" | ou || rowspan="2;" | oCʲ || rowspan="2;" | jo || rowspan="2;" | vo
| rowspan="2;" | o || o || rowspan="4;" | o || rowspan="4;" | o ||  rowspan="6;" | ou || rowspan="4;" | oCʲ || rowspan="4;" | jo || rowspan="4;" | vo
|-
|-
| ɔː
| ɔː
|-
|-
! eu
! eu
| rowspan="3;" | ō || rowspan="3;" | ō || rowspan="4;" | ô || rowspan="4;" | vo || rowspan="6;" | uCʲ || rowspan="6;" | ju || rowspan="6;" | u
| rowspan="2;" | ɔː || rowspan="2;" | ɔː
|-
|-
! oi
! ou
|-
|-
! ou
|-
! oi
| ō || ō || rowspan="2;" | ô || rowspan="2;" | vo || rowspan="4;" | uCʲ || rowspan="2;" | jô || rowspan="2;" | vô
|-
|-
! rowspan="2;" | u
! rowspan="2;" | u
| rowspan="2;" | u || u
| rowspan="2;" | u || u
|-
|-
| rowspan="2;" | ū || rowspan="2;" | u || rowspan="2;" | u || u
| rowspan="2;" | ū || rowspan="2;" | u || u || rowspan="2;" | u || rowspan="2;" | ju || rowspan="2;" | u
|-
|-
! ū
! ū

Revision as of 12:47, 4 February 2020

History

  • Monophthongisation of diphthongs
    • ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː
  • Reduction of pretonic & final vowels
    • short vowels lowered
    • long vowels shortened
  • Lenition of intervocalic stops, m & s
    • voiceless stops p, t, k > voiced b, d, g
    • voiced stops b, d, g > voiced fricatives v, ð (later z), ɣ
    • m > ṽ
    • s > h
  • Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before nC
    • a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū
    • the change indicates that short e was /ɛ/ and short o was /ɔ/. The short high vowels i and u may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.
  • Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/a
    • ɛː > ia
    • ē > ie
  • Vocalisation of ɣ and -h-
    • ɣ > w after o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)
    • ɣ > j after other vowels
    • medial -h- (from s) becomes j before front vowels (i, e etc), w before u and is lost before a, o.
      • esa, eso > iːa, iːo
      • ese, esi > ɛːe, ɛːi
    • final -h- (from s) is lost
  • Merger of v, ṽ and w
    • the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by β
    • vocalisation of βC > uC
    • metathesis of Cβ as uC
  • Metathesis of VrC > rVC
    • new mr- > br-, nr- > dr-
  • Loss of vowel quantity
    • all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system.
    • aː, ɛː, ɔː merge with their short counterparts, a, ɛ, ɔ
    • eː, oː create new short vowels e, o
    • iː, uː create new short vowels i, u alongside existing ɪ, ʊ
    • the new vowel system:
  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u
ɪ
ʊ
e
o
ə
ɛ
ɔ
a
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
  • Merger of near-high vowels
    • ɪ > e and ʊ > o
    • the sequence ɪjV becomes ijV (later ia)
  • Iotisation
    • semi-vowel j merges with adjacent consonant
    • tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ
    • does not affect bilabials p, b, m
    • βj remains word-initially but becomes j medially.
    • note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
  • Merger of semivowels
    • sequences ij, ji, uv, vu merge into a single vowel i or u
    • iV > jV, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
    • ovi > oi
  • Syncope
    • intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
  • Palatalisation
    • consonants preceding i are palatalised
    • t, d > ts, dz
    • n, l, r > ń, ĺ, ŕ

Examples

Brythonic wesanteinos brigantiːnos
Monopthongisation wesanteːnos brigantiːnos
Vowel reduction wesanteːnəs brigantiːnəs
Lenition wehanteːnəs briɣantiːnəs
Comp. Lengthening wehaːteːnəs briɣaːtiːnəs
Diphthonisation wehaːtienəs
Vocalisation of ɣ, h wiːaːtienə brijaːtiːnə
Merger of v, ṽ, w βiːaːtienə
Methathesis of r
Loss of vowel quantity βiatienə brijatinə
Merger of high vowels
Iotisation βiaćenə
Merger of semivowels βjaćenə bŕatinə
Syncope βjaćnə bŕatnə
Palatalisation
Bźatga vjaćna bźatna

Vowels

PC Brythonic + Length General Initial -w, -lC, -bC -jC j- w-
a a a a a au aCʲ ja va
ā
ā ā ā
au
ai ɛː ia1
ɛː2		 ʲa ja jau eCʲ je vja
e e e e ve
e
ei ē ie1
ē2		 ʲe je ʲeu iCʲ vje
ê eu i vê
i i i
ī i i ju vi
ī ī
o o o o o ou oCʲ jo vo
ɔː
eu ɔː ɔː
ou
oi ō ō ô vo uCʲ jô vô
u u u
ū u u u ju u
ū ū u
  1. before a back vowel in next syllable
  2. before a front vowel in next syllable

Consonants

PC Initial +j +i Medial +j +i Geminate
p (kʷ) p pj b bj p
t t ć ŝ d ģ ẑ t
k c ć g ģ c
b (gʷ) b bj v j b
d d ģ ẑ z ź d
g g ģ j/v j g
m m mj v j m
n n ń ń n ń ń n
l l ĺ ĺ l ĺ ĺ l
r r ź ź r ź / ŕ ź / ŕ r
s s ś ś - j s
j j-, -
w v, - v j

Consonant Clusters

Inital Medial
tl ĺ zl
tn zn
tr tr dr
tri, trj ć ģ
kl ĺ ĺ
kn ń ń
kr cr gr
ks ś
kt ć
dl ĺ zl
dm zv
dn zn
dr dr zr
gl ĺ ĺ
gn ń ń
gr gr ź
lp, lt, lk up, ut, uc
lb, ld, lg v, l, v
mp, nt, nk ~p, ~t, ~k
mb, nd, ng ~b, ~d, ~g
rp, rt, rk rVp, rVt, rVk
rb, rd, rg rVv, rVz, rVv
sɸ, sw zv v
st śt s
sti, stj ść ś
stl, str sl, sr sl, sr
sk śc śc
ski, skj ść ść
skl, skr sl, sr sl, sr
sm, sn zn _m, _n
smi, sni źńi
sl, sr zl, zr _l, _r
sli, sri źĺi, źi
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