Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions

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* '''Monophthongisation of diphthongs'''
* '''Monophthongisation of diphthongs'''
** ''ai > ɛː; ei > ē; oi, eu, ou > ō, au > ā''
** ''ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː''
* '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels'''
* '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels'''
** short vowels lowered
** short vowels lowered
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** voiced stops ''b, d, g'' > voiced fricatives ''v, ð'' (later ''z''), ''ɣ''
** voiced stops ''b, d, g'' > voiced fricatives ''v, ð'' (later ''z''), ''ɣ''
** ''m'' > ''ṽ''
** ''m'' > ''ṽ''
** ''s'' > ''h'' (lost word-finally; ''j'' intervocalic)
** ''s'' > ''h''
* '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C'''
* '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C'''
** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū''
** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū''
** the change indicates that short ''e'' was /ɛ/ and short ''o'' was /ɔ/. The short high vowels ''i'' and ''u'' may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.
* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/''a'''''
* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/''a'''''
** ''ɛː > ia''
** ''ɛː > ia''
** ''ē > ie''
** ''ē > ie''
* '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w'' as ''β''''
* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'' and ''-h-'''''
** ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)''
** ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels
** medial ''-h-'' (from ''s'') becomes ''j'' between vowels
** final ''-h-'' (from ''s'') is lost
* '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w''
** the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by ''β''
** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C
** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C
** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C
** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C
* '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC'''
* '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC'''
** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-''
** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-''
** e.g. ''markos > mrakə > braca''
* '''Loss of vowel quantity'''
* '''Loss of vowel quantity'''
** all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system:
** all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system.
** ''aː, ɛː, ɔː'' merge with their short counterparts, ''a, ɛ, ɔ''
** ''eː, oː'' create new short vowels ''e, o''
** ''iː, uː'' create new short vowels ''i, u'' alongside existing ''ɪ, ʊ''
** the new vowel system:


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{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
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* '''Merger of near-high vowels'''
* '''Merger of near-high vowels'''
** ''ɪ > e'' and ''ʊ > o''  
** ''ɪ > e'' and ''ʊ > o''  
** the sequence ''ɪj''V becomes ''ij''V (later ''ia'')
* '''Iotisation'''
* '''Iotisation'''
** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant
** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant
** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ''
** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ''
** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m, v, w''
** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m''
* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'''''
** ''βj'' remains word-initially but becomes ''j'' medially.
** becomes ''j'' after ''i, e, ɛ''
** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
** becomes ''w'' after other vowels, merging with ''v''
* '''Merger of semivowels
** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uv'', ''vu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u''
** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
** ''ovi'' > ''oi''
* '''Syncope'''
* '''Syncope'''
** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
 
* '''Palatalisation'''
 
** consonants preceding ''i'' are palatalised
 
** ''t, d'' > ''ts, dz''
** ''n, l, r'' > ''ń, ĺ, ŕ''


==Vowels==
==Vowels==

Revision as of 11:12, 4 February 2020

History

  • Monophthongisation of diphthongs
    • ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː
  • Reduction of pretonic & final vowels
    • short vowels lowered
    • long vowels shortened
  • Lenition of intervocalic stops, m & s
    • voiceless stops p, t, k > voiced b, d, g
    • voiced stops b, d, g > voiced fricatives v, ð (later z), ɣ
    • m > ṽ
    • s > h
  • Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before nC
    • a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū
    • the change indicates that short e was /ɛ/ and short o was /ɔ/. The short high vowels i and u may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.
  • Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/a
    • ɛː > ia
    • ē > ie
  • Vocalisation of ɣ and -h-
    • ɣ > w after o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)
    • ɣ > j after other vowels
    • medial -h- (from s) becomes j between vowels
    • final -h- (from s) is lost
  • Merger of v, ṽ and w
    • the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by β
    • vocalisation of βC > uC
    • metathesis of Cβ as uC
  • Metathesis of VrC > rVC
    • new mr- > br-, nr- > dr-
  • Loss of vowel quantity
    • all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system.
    • aː, ɛː, ɔː merge with their short counterparts, a, ɛ, ɔ
    • eː, oː create new short vowels e, o
    • iː, uː create new short vowels i, u alongside existing ɪ, ʊ
    • the new vowel system:
  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u
ɪ
ʊ
e
o
ə
ɛ
ɔ
a
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
  • Merger of near-high vowels
    • ɪ > e and ʊ > o
    • the sequence ɪjV becomes ijV (later ia)
  • Iotisation
    • semi-vowel j merges with adjacent consonant
    • tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ
    • does not affect bilabials p, b, m
    • βj remains word-initially but becomes j medially.
    • note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
  • Merger of semivowels
    • sequences ij, ji, uv, vu merge into a single vowel i or u
    • iV > jV, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
    • ovi > oi
  • Syncope
    • intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
  • Palatalisation
    • consonants preceding i are palatalised
    • t, d > ts, dz
    • n, l, r > ń, ĺ, ŕ

Vowels

PC Brythonic + Length General Initial -w, -lC, -bC -jC j- w-
a a a a a au aCʲ ja va
ā
ā ā
au
ai ɛː ia1
ɛː2		 ʲa ja eu eCʲ je ve
e e e e
e
ei ē ie1
ē2		 ʲe je ʲeu iCʲ vje
ê eu i vê
i i i
ī i i ju vi
ī ī
o o o o o ou oCʲ jo vo
ɔː
eu ō ō ô vo uCʲ ju u
oi
ou
u u u
ū u u u
ū ū u
  1. before a back vowel in next syllable
  2. before a front vowel in next syllable

Consonants

PC Initial +j +i Medial +j +i Geminate
p (kʷ) p pj b bj p
t t ć ŝ d ģ ẑ t
k c ć g ģ c
b (gʷ) b bj v j b
d d ģ ẑ z ź d
g g ģ j/v j g
m m mj v j m
n n ń ń n ń ń n
l l ĺ ĺ l ĺ ĺ l
r r ź ź r ź / ŕ ź / ŕ r
s s ś ś - j s
j j-, -
w v, - v j

Consonant Clusters

Inital Medial
tl ĺ zl
tn zn
tr tr dr
tri, trj ć ģ
kl ĺ ĺ
kn ń ń
kr cr gr
ks ś
kt ć
dl ĺ zl
dm zv
dn zn
dr dr zr
gl ĺ ĺ
gn ń ń
gr gr ź
lp, lt, lk up, ut, uc
lb, ld, lg v, l, v
mp, nt, nk ~p, ~t, ~k
mb, nd, ng ~b, ~d, ~g
rp, rt, rk rVp, rVt, rVk
rb, rd, rg rVv, rVz, rVv
sɸ, sw zv v
st śt s
sti, stj ść ś
stl, str sl, sr sl, sr
sk śc śc
ski, skj ść ść
skl, skr sl, sr sl, sr
sm, sn zn _m, _n
smi, sni źńi
sl, sr zl, zr _l, _r
sli, sri źĺi, źi
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