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{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:Godisawoman|Godisawoman]]
|nativename = 𐤁𐤀𐤋𐤉𐤀𐤓𐤉𐤕‎ 𐤎𐤅𐤐𐤅 <br/>sufu balyarīt
|image = File:Balearicislands-location.jpg
|setting = Alternate Earth
|name = Balearic Hebrew
|pronunciation = /su.'fu bal.ja.'ri:t/
|states = Spain
|speakers = 800,000
|date = 2023
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=[[w:Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
|fam4=[[w:Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]]
|fam5=[[w:Canaanite languages|Canaanite]]
|fam6=[[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]]
|script=[[w:Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
|-
|notice=IPA
}}
'''Balearic Hebrew'''
(Paleo-Hebrew scipt: 𐤁𐤀𐤋𐤉𐤀𐤓𐤉𐤕‎ 𐤎𐤅𐤐𐤅 ‎‎‎‎''sufu balyarīt'') is a Canaanite Semitic language descended from a variety of Hebrew spoken in the northern kingdom of ancient Israel between the 10th century and the 8th century BCE. Formed from the speech of ancient Israelites who migrated to the Phoenician speaking Balearic islands, the language therefore has a Canaanite core, evolving between the 8th and 2nd centuries BCE. Roman occupation brought in considerable Latin influence, which would only strengthen as more settlers speaking Iberian Romance languages such as Old Spanish and Catalan came to the islands.
The language emerged from contact between diverse peoples in Antiquity. Although its vocabulary largely derives from ancient Hebrew, words that deal with subjects such as law, war, and politics tend to be of Latin derivation. The grammar preserves to an extent ancient Semitic verb paradigms, and has changed alongside Classical Latin influence.
== History ==
Phoenician colonists encouraged Hebrew migration to the islands, and many more emigrated around 720 BCE after the destruction of the Kingdom of Samaria. Eventually, Hebrew speakers outnumbered Phoenician speakers, though the two closely related languages facilitated communication.
After the Second Punic War, the islands came under Roman control. Roman Latin speakers settled on the islands, considerably influencing the speech of the majority Jewish population. This period saw the reduction of many Biblical phonological and grammatical structures, as the language leaned toward the Latin spoken by the new settlers. Despite the Roman occupation, the islands enjoyed considerable autonomy and were a flourishing economic center of the Republic, exporting agricultural produce, cattle, rabbits, snails, and a red dye favored by Roman painters. The speakers of this dialect of Hebrew also clung to the alphabet of their Phoenician and Israelite ancestors, never switching to the Assyrian script used by their counterparts in the Levant. 
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the islands fell under the control of the Umayyad Dynasty, and subsequently lived under Islamic political control until the 13th century. The islands' population fell drastically as crusaders fought the less tolerant Almoravid dynasty, destroying harbors and reducing the islands as a regional sea power. After the Reconquista, the islands became a major center of economic and military power for the kingdom of Aragón, and Balearic Hebrew was the major language of the province, until the islands' conquest by the Ottomans.
In 1492, the Edict of Expulsion caused many Spanish Jews to emigrate to the Ottoman-controlled islands. The Jewish population fluctuated, but still remained the major demographic force in the region up until the modern period. Now, there are nearly a million speakers of Balearic Hebrew, and a similar amount of Jews on the islands.
== Writing System ==
{| class="wikitable nowrap" style="text-align: center;"
!Name
!ʔulif
!bet
!gīmil
!dulit
!hag
!bub
!sen
!ħet
!ṭet
!yod
!kuf
!lumid
!min
!nun
!sumak
!hen
!fag
!ṣudī
!reš
!šin
!tub
|-
!Balearic Hebrew Letter
|𐤀
|𐤁
|𐤂
|𐤃
|𐤄
|𐤅
|𐤆
|𐤇
|𐤈
|𐤉
|𐤊
|𐤋
|𐤌
|𐤍
|𐤎
|𐤏
|𐤐
|𐤑
|𐤓
|𐤔
|𐤕
|-
!Square Hebrew (Ktav Ashuri) letter
|א
|ב
|ג
|ד
|ה
|ו
|ז
|ח
|ט
|י
|כ
|ל
|מ
|נ
|ס
|ע
|פ
|צ
|ר
|ש
|ת
|-
!Pronounciation
|ʔ / a
|b
|g
|d
|h
|u
|s
|ħ
|tˤ <ṭ>
|j <y> / i <ī>
|k
|l
|m
|n
|s
|e
|f
|sˤ <ṣ>
|r
|ʃ <š>
|t
|}
Balearic Hebrew uses a modified version of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. The language is written right to left, with little punctuation. Like other Semitic abjads, vowels are generally unwritten. The only exceptions being the "strong" vowels, ''a, ī, u''. ''e'' is also sometimes written, using the ancient letter for ''ayin''. Some writing has no vowels indicated at all.
== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
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|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Fricative
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Fricative
!voiceless
|f
|f
|
|
|s
|s
|sˤ<sup>2</sup>
|sˤ<sup>1</sup>
|ʃ
|ʃ
|
|
|ħ
|ħ
|h
|h
|-
!voiced
|
|ð<sup>1</sup>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Trill
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Trill
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|
|
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup> In Balearic Hebrew, /ð/ is considered a phoneme despite having a confusing allophonic relationship with /d/ and /r/.


<sup>2</sup>The emphatic fricative has various pronunciations due to Iberian influence. Besides the pharyngealized pronunciation, it is most often pronounced as a denti-alveolar voiceless affricate /ts/, as in Modern Hebrew.
<sup>1</sup>The emphatic fricative has various pronunciations due to Iberian influence. Besides the pharyngealized pronunciation, it is most often pronounced as a denti-alveolar voiceless affricate /ts/, as in Modern Hebrew.


Various consonants characteristic of the Biblical era have been lost.  
Various consonants characteristic of the Biblical era have been lost.  
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=== Uses of ''kī'' ===
=== Uses of ''kī'' ===
The word ''kī'' is very versatile. Most generally, it expresses a causal relationship between two ideas, similar to English "because" or "for." For example, '''''kī''' kūtabta lūkūtabtī-kū,'' means "because you wrote, I am blessing you."
The word ''kī'' is very versatile. Most generally, it expresses a causal relationship between two ideas, similar to English "because" or "for." For example, '''''kī''' kūtabta lūbīrrattī-kū,'' means "because you wrote, I am blessing you."


With the subjunctive in the clause introduced after ''kī'', the conjunction expresses purpose or a goal. In this context, it is translated as "so that" or "in order to."
With the subjunctive in the clause introduced after ''kī'', the conjunction expresses purpose or a goal. In this context, it is translated as "so that" or "in order to."
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Additionally, ''ʔašir'' can stand alone and form a jussive or cohortative meaning with the subjunctive form. For example, ''ʔašir nīktūb'' means "let us write."
Additionally, ''ʔašir'' can stand alone and form a jussive or cohortative meaning with the subjunctive form. For example, ''ʔašir nīktūb'' means "let us write."
== Particles ==
== Particles ==


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These demonstratives can function either as pronouns or as attributive adjectives.  
These demonstratives can function either as pronouns or as attributive adjectives.  


Additionally, to introduce a personal relative clause, the medial demonstratives are used, not necessarily requiring an antecedent. For example, ''ʔūkal hakesū sot tūrattī'' means "he ate the cheese which I surrendered," with ''sot'' serving as the introduction to that relative clause.  
Additionally, to introduce a personal relative clause, the medial demonstratives are used, not necessarily requiring an antecedent. For example, ''ʔūkal hakehū sot tūrattī'' means "he ate the cheese which I surrendered," with ''sot'' serving as the introduction to that relative clause.


=== Indefinite Pronouns ===
=== Indefinite Pronouns ===
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The sixth category, 1st Nun or Lamed, causes vowel changes in the subjunctive and imperative conjugations, as well as in the H-stem and N-stem. In these instances, where some sort of prefix is attached to the verb radical, the /n/ or /l/ of the verb root drops and causes vowel changes. Like the 1st Chet irregulars, the vowel is almost always changed to an /a/. In the N-stem construction, the /a/ is conserved. For example, the root ''l-h-ṭ'', menaing to burn, in the 3rd person masculine singular H-stem preterite is ''hahīṭ'', instead of expected *''hīlhīṭ''. Unlike the 1st Chet category, the present marker ''lū'' is never changed by these irregularities.
The sixth category, 1st Nun or Lamed, causes vowel changes in the subjunctive and imperative conjugations, as well as in the H-stem and N-stem. In these instances, where some sort of prefix is attached to the verb radical, the /n/ or /l/ of the verb root drops and causes vowel changes. Like the 1st Chet irregulars, the vowel is almost always changed to an /a/. In the N-stem construction, the /a/ is conserved. For example, the root ''l-h-ṭ'', menaing to burn, in the 3rd person masculine singular H-stem preterite is ''hahīṭ'', instead of expected *''hīlhīṭ''. Unlike the 1st Chet category, the present marker ''lū'' is never changed by these irregularities.


The seventh category, 1st Yod, causes vowel changes. The /j/ drops out of the stem as well. If the preceding vowel is  <a>, it is changed to <e>. If it is <ū>, it is changed to <o>. Thus, the first person singular N-stem preterite of the verb ''y-t-r'', to be useless, is ''notartī'', instead of expected *''natartī.'' If such a change would cause two vowels to come into contact with each other, they merge to <ī> if there is an <i>, and if there is not, then <o>,
The seventh category, 1st Yod, causes vowel changes. The /j/ drops out of the stem as well. If the preceding vowel is  <a>, it is changed to <e>. If it is <ū>, it is changed to <o>. Thus, the first person singular N-stem preterite of the verb ''y-t-r'', to be useless, is ''notartī'', instead of expected *''natartī.'' If such a change would cause two vowels to come into contact with each other, they merge to ''ī'' if there is an ''i'', and if there is not, then they merge to ''o''.


The last category, verbs that have the stops /t/, /d/, /k/, or /g/ as their last letter, cause only gemination. These stops drop out of the stem but cause the consonant immediately following them to geminate in compensation. For example, the root ''b-r-g'', meaning to create, in the second masculine singular ''qal'' preterite form is ''būratta'', instead of expected ''*būragta.''
The last category, verbs that have the stops /t/, /d/, /k/, or /g/ as their last letter, cause only gemination. These stops drop out of the stem but cause the consonant immediately following them to geminate in compensation. For example, the root ''b-r-g'', meaning to create, in the second masculine singular ''qal'' preterite form is ''būratta'', instead of expected ''*būragta.''
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The preterite is used to indicate the following:
The preterite is used to indicate the following:
*'''An action completed in the past''': This use expresses an action that is viewed as a completed event. It is often accompanied by adverbial expressions of time, such as ''ʔitmūl''.
*'''An action completed in the past''': This use expresses an action that is viewed as a completed event. It is often accompanied by adverbial expressions of time, such as ''ʔitmūl''.
''ʔitmūl mūṣattī hafiraħ'' = "Yesterday, I found the flower"
''ʔitmūl mūṣattī ʔit hafiraħ'' = "Yesterday, I found the flower"
*'''Perfect actions''': Aligning with English perfect constructions, actions in the past with present relevance.
*'''Perfect actions''': Aligning with English perfect constructions, actions in the past with present relevance.
''hatū šūmanta ʔoto'' = "Now you have heard him"
''hatū šūmanta ʔoto'' = "Now you have heard him"
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|}
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
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