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Balearic Hebrew: Difference between revisions
→Meanings & Use of Finite Verbs
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{{Infobox language | |||
|creator = [[User:Godisawoman|Godisawoman]] | |||
|nativename = 𐤁𐤀𐤋𐤉𐤀𐤓𐤉𐤕 𐤎𐤅𐤐𐤅 <br/>sufu balyarīt | |||
|image = File:Balearicislands-location.jpg | |||
|setting = Alternate Earth | |||
|name = Balearic Hebrew | |||
|pronunciation = /su.'fu bal.ja.'ri:t/ | |||
|states = Spain | |||
|speakers = 800,000 | |||
|date = 2023 | |||
|familycolor=afroasiatic | |||
|fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] | |||
|fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] | |||
|fam3=[[w:Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] | |||
|fam4=[[w:Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]] | |||
|fam5=[[w:Canaanite languages|Canaanite]] | |||
|fam6=[[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]] | |||
|script=[[w:Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] | |||
|- | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''Balearic Hebrew''' | |||
(Paleo-Hebrew scipt: 𐤁𐤀𐤋𐤉𐤀𐤓𐤉𐤕 𐤎𐤅𐤐𐤅 ''sufu balyarīt'') is a Canaanite Semitic language descended from a variety of Hebrew spoken in the northern kingdom of ancient Israel between the 10th century and the 8th century BCE. Formed from the speech of ancient Israelites who migrated to the Phoenician speaking Balearic islands, the language therefore has a Canaanite core, evolving between the 8th and 2nd centuries BCE. Roman occupation brought in considerable Latin influence, which would only strengthen as more settlers speaking Iberian Romance languages such as Old Spanish and Catalan came to the islands. | |||
The language emerged from contact between diverse peoples in Antiquity. Although its vocabulary largely derives from ancient Hebrew, words that deal with subjects such as law, war, and politics tend to be of Latin derivation. The grammar preserves to an extent ancient Semitic verb paradigms, and has changed alongside Classical Latin influence. | |||
== History == | |||
Phoenician colonists encouraged Hebrew migration to the islands, and many more emigrated around 720 BCE after the destruction of the Kingdom of Samaria. Eventually, Hebrew speakers outnumbered Phoenician speakers, though the two closely related languages facilitated communication. | |||
After the Second Punic War, the islands came under Roman control. Roman Latin speakers settled on the islands, considerably influencing the speech of the majority Jewish population. This period saw the reduction of many Biblical phonological and grammatical structures, as the language leaned toward the Latin spoken by the new settlers. Despite the Roman occupation, the islands enjoyed considerable autonomy and were a flourishing economic center of the Republic, exporting agricultural produce, cattle, rabbits, snails, and a red dye favored by Roman painters. The speakers of this dialect of Hebrew also clung to the alphabet of their Phoenician and Israelite ancestors, never switching to the Assyrian script used by their counterparts in the Levant. | |||
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the islands fell under the control of the Umayyad Dynasty, and subsequently lived under Islamic political control until the 13th century. The islands' population fell drastically as crusaders fought the less tolerant Almoravid dynasty, destroying harbors and reducing the islands as a regional sea power. After the Reconquista, the islands became a major center of economic and military power for the kingdom of Aragón, and Balearic Hebrew was the major language of the province, until the islands' conquest by the Ottomans. | |||
In 1492, the Edict of Expulsion caused many Spanish Jews to emigrate to the Ottoman-controlled islands. The Jewish population fluctuated, but still remained the major demographic force in the region up until the modern period. Now, there are nearly a million speakers of Balearic Hebrew, and a similar amount of Jews on the islands. | |||
== Writing System == | == Writing System == | ||
{| class=" | {| class="wikitable nowrap" style="text-align: center;" | ||
!Name | !Name | ||
!ʔulif | !ʔulif | ||
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|b | |b | ||
|g | |g | ||
|d | |d | ||
|h | |h | ||
|u | |u | ||
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|ħ | |ħ | ||
|tˤ <ṭ> | |tˤ <ṭ> | ||
|j / i < | |j <y> / i <ī> | ||
|k | |k | ||
|l | |l | ||
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|t | |t | ||
|} | |} | ||
Balearic Hebrew uses a modified version of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. The language is written right to left, with little punctuation. Like other Semitic abjads, vowels are generally unwritten. The only exceptions being the "strong" vowels, ''a, ī, u''. '' | Balearic Hebrew uses a modified version of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. The language is written right to left, with little punctuation. Like other Semitic abjads, vowels are generally unwritten. The only exceptions being the "strong" vowels, ''a, ī, u''. ''e'' is also sometimes written, using the ancient letter for ''ayin''. Some writing has no vowels indicated at all. | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Fricative | ||
|f | |f | ||
| | | | ||
|s | |s | ||
|sˤ<sup> | |sˤ<sup>1</sup> | ||
|ʃ | |ʃ | ||
| | | | ||
|ħ | |ħ | ||
|h | |h | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Trill | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Trill | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
<sup> | <sup>1</sup>The emphatic fricative has various pronunciations due to Iberian influence. Besides the pharyngealized pronunciation, it is most often pronounced as a denti-alveolar voiceless affricate /ts/, as in Modern Hebrew. | ||
Various consonants characteristic of the Biblical era have been lost. | Various consonants characteristic of the Biblical era have been lost. | ||
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=== Uses of ''kī'' === | === Uses of ''kī'' === | ||
The word ''kī'' is very versatile. Most generally, it expresses a causal relationship between two ideas, similar to English "because" or "for." For example, '''''kī''' kūtabta | The word ''kī'' is very versatile. Most generally, it expresses a causal relationship between two ideas, similar to English "because" or "for." For example, '''''kī''' kūtabta lūbīrrattī-kū,'' means "because you wrote, I am blessing you." | ||
With the subjunctive in the clause introduced after ''kī'', the conjunction expresses purpose or a goal. In this context, it is translated as "so that" or "in order to." | With the subjunctive in the clause introduced after ''kī'', the conjunction expresses purpose or a goal. In this context, it is translated as "so that" or "in order to." | ||
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Additionally, ''ʔašir'' can stand alone and form a jussive or cohortative meaning with the subjunctive form. For example, ''ʔašir nīktūb'' means "let us write." | Additionally, ''ʔašir'' can stand alone and form a jussive or cohortative meaning with the subjunctive form. For example, ''ʔašir nīktūb'' means "let us write." | ||
== Particles == | == Particles == | ||
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The preterite is used to indicate the following: | The preterite is used to indicate the following: | ||
*'''An action completed in the past''': This use expresses an action that is viewed as a completed event. It is often accompanied by adverbial expressions of time, such as ''ʔitmūl''. | *'''An action completed in the past''': This use expresses an action that is viewed as a completed event. It is often accompanied by adverbial expressions of time, such as ''ʔitmūl''. | ||
''ʔitmūl mūṣattī hafiraħ'' = "Yesterday, I found the flower" | ''ʔitmūl mūṣattī ʔit hafiraħ'' = "Yesterday, I found the flower" | ||
*'''Perfect actions''': Aligning with English perfect constructions, actions in the past with present relevance. | *'''Perfect actions''': Aligning with English perfect constructions, actions in the past with present relevance. | ||
''hatū šūmanta ʔoto'' = "Now you have heard him" | ''hatū šūmanta ʔoto'' = "Now you have heard him" | ||
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| -- | | -- | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Semitic languages]] | |||
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] | |||