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Balog: Difference between revisions
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===Clause Apposition=== | ===Clause Apposition=== | ||
As shown above, an intransitive clause such as 'the tree falls over,' can easily be expressed in Balog by means of a single clause. However, the strictly monovalent (intransitive) nature of all verbs in Balog prevents clauses from containing objects or adjuncts. The equivalent of sentences in other languages that contain an object must be multiclausal in Balog, with each argument being associated with its own verb. Typically, the agent of an action is the subject of a clause giving information about the manner of the action, very frequently indicating the body part or tool used whereas the patient is the subject of a verb conveying more semantic information. In the following examples, clauses are separated with commas, although this is not usually done. | |||
: {| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="6" | '''B'avvaŋ, magaz iddauz'''. | |||
|- | |||
| '''''b''''' || '''''a(:)-''''' || '''''vaŋ,''''' || '''''magaz''''' || '''''i(:)-''''' || '''''dauz''''' | |||
|- | |||
| use.hand || DEF(B)- || hunt, || fall.over || DEF(E)- || be.tree | |||
|- | |||
| VP|| SC|| VP, || VP|| SC|| VP | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="6" | ''The hunter pushes the tree over by hand.''<br>''The hunter pushed the tree over by hand.'' | |||
|} | |||
Clauses that are placed next to each other in apposition, without any linking conjunction, are interpreted as causally and pragmatically related to one another. The conjunctive adverb ''tšqe'' "and unrelatedly" can be used to prevent this as well as to introduce new topics. | |||
===Complementiser=== | ===Complementiser=== | ||
The propositional subject markers '''''ä(ä)-''''', '''''äqä(ä)-''''' and '''''ähä(ä)-''''' function as a complementiser akin to "that", attaching to the beginning of the predicate of a clause and marking it as the subject of the matrix clause. '''''Ä(ä)-''''' and '''''ähä(ä)-''''' are frequently used with the former referring to definite facts and events and the latter referring to the generalised idea. The following examples should elucidate the difference. | The propositional subject markers '''''ä(ä)-''''', '''''äqä(ä)-''''' and '''''ähä(ä)-''''' function as a complementiser akin to "that", attaching to the beginning of the predicate of a clause and marking it as the subject of the matrix clause. '''''Ä(ä)-''''' and '''''ähä(ä)-''''' are frequently used with the former referring to definite facts and events and the latter referring to the generalised idea. The following examples should elucidate the difference. | ||