Behru cesik: Difference between revisions

[[File:Behruname.jpg|thumb|Béhru cesik shúune viine yoone hok.]]

The four stems of the root cet, meaning to speak, are: cet, crwiit, cidaa, and cocash(y).

The basic stem has the Independant personal agreement endings added to it, for example, the basic stem of cet, is well, cet, and the conjugated forms are: cedúu: I speak, cedabi: we(ex.) speak, cedaji: we(inc.) speak, cedaak: you (singular) speak, cedaak: you(paucal) speak, cedage: you(plural) speak, etc. However, these endings are not added onto the stem directly, some sound changes must be done first, according to the rules listed below.

The fully conjugated form of the verb must have two syllables after the verb stem.

''(verb-stem final vowels are considered to be after the verb stem, not a part of it)''

If not, lengthen the first vowel after the verb stem

If you want to say "I speak" (in an independant clause, of course, as we are studying the Independant forms of a verb), you take the basic stem of the verb to speak(cet, and add the 1st person subject ending (intransitive of course), ú, making cedú (not cetú, remember sandhi rule 12, it caused that t to change to a d.). However, that is not actually the correct form, due to Ivc(independant verb conjugation) rule 1: all ivc forms must have at least 3 syllables. Ivc rule one says "lengthen the second syllable", thus, lengthen the second syllable. So, lengthen the second syllable of "cedú" to "cedúu". If you want to say "you(singular) flee", you add "k" to the basic stem of to flee, "shúnda", forming "shúndak", and then apply rule 1, forming "shúndaak". Remember, the final "a" in "shúnda" is considered to be after the verb stem, not a part of it, which is why it is lengthened by rule 1.

However, ivc rule 1 isn't that simple. You might assume that in order to say we(ex.) speak, you would add cet and bi to make cedbi, and then apply rule 1 on the second syllable to make it cedbii(3 syllables). However the true form of we (ex.) speak is "cedabi", not "cedbii". You will learn why in ivc rule one clause 2

Do not lengthen the second syllable if it follows a consonant cluster created by the end of the verb stem and the beginnning of a personal ending. Instead, insert an epenthetic vowel appropriate to the verb stem between the stem and ending.

That was allot to take in, wasn't it? It will seem simpler with examples. For examples, the form "cedbi" would have ivc 1 clause 2 applied to it because a: it is only 2 syllables long (ced+bi), and, the cluster "db was created by the t(changed to a d) at the end of the verb stem "cet" + the b at the beginning of the personal ending "bi". Thus, you'd add the epenthetic vowel appropriate to "cet" (a), between stem and ending, producing "cedabi" (cet+a+bi).

You can usually tell the epenthetic vowel by the final vowel of the weak stem form, for example, the weak stem of "cet" is "cida<u>a</u>", so the epenthetic vowel is "a". However, this does not always work, for example, "we swim" would be "vábebi", even though the weak stem of váp is "vábii", suggesting that "we swim" would instead be "vábibi". These irregularities just have to be learned by rote. However, we are still not done with ivc rule 1.

If, after the application of Clause 2, the verb ending is still not 2 syllables long, lengthen the epenthetic vowel inserted by Clause 2.

This rule would apply in cases like when you want to say "you(singular) speak". You add the ending "k" to "cet", forming "cetk". you then apply clause two to "cetk", forming "cetak". However, there is still only one syllable after the stem even after the applucation of clause two. Clause three says to lengthen the epenthetic vowel inserted by clause two, thus "cetak" becomes "cedaak". "kómtk" (you float) becomes "kómtak" beomces "kómtaak", "vápk" (you swim)becomes "vápek", becomes "vábiik", etc. (the e in vabek lengthens to "ii", not "ee", this alway happens, as there is no "ee" sound in Behru).

Disyllabic endings become monosyllabic after verb stems ending in a vowel.

This rule is in much the same vein as ivc rule 1, it keeps the verb ending at two syllables, as the final vowel in the verb stem takes up a syllable, forcing the ending to give up a syllable in its place. For example, "they go", is "zíihnloon" (zíin+hloon), however, "they flee", is "shúndahlon", "hloon" giving up a vowel to become "hlon" to accomodate the final a in "shúnda".

"you heal us", is "hnaaldasa"("hnaal+dasa), "you hit us", is "cábatsa", etc. The shortened verb endings are listed to the left of long endings in the polypersonal agreement endings chart.

Ivc  rule 3 applies only to verb stems ending in liquids (n,m,ng,r, and l)., and overrides any other ivc rules of a lower number that could be applied.

For verbs edning in an "r", add "zh", "cíir-óxa"(he watches thou) becomes "cérzhóxa"

Verb stems that would be affected by ivc rule 3 are unnafected by clauses 2 and 3 of ivc rule 1

The first vowel of the verb ending is lengthened if the ending is not 2 syllables long If the verb stem ends in n, m, ng, l, or r. Thus, "yuul-bi" (we walk), which has a one syllable ending, is changed to "yuulbii", "cíin-tó" (I see thee) is changed to "cíintóo".

If the verb stem ends in n, m, ng, l, or r, the endings -k and -k are changed to -kaa and -kii.

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! scope="row"|2nd person

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! scope="row"|3rd person

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! scope="col"|zo

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! scope="col"|hen

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! scope="col"|hik

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! scope="col"|ya

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! scope="col"|co

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! scope="col"|láng

|}

==The copulas==

General quantity suffixes -hok: every,all -mok: none -hot: some -huk: most -muk: few

==Honorifics==

''{{NUMBEROFVIEWS}}''

[[Category:Behru cesik]][[Category:Lexica]]