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Brytho-Hellenic (view source)

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynik (to kaen)
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'le:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Kaen
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Kaen
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
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|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map          = Elas_mini.gif
|map          = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption    = New Greece or "Elas to Kaen"
|mapcaption    = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso2 = ely
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==General information==
==General information==


'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynik'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Kaen''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|-
|-
|a
|a
|[a] / [ǝ]
|[a]
|in unstressed syllables, above all in the last syllable, it tends to be pronounced as a schwa
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|-
|b
|b
|[b]
|[b]
| -
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|-
|d
|d
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|dh
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''', '''u''' or '''w'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes in patterns '''a-a''', '''o-o''', '''u-u''', '''o-u''', '''u-a''', '''u-o''' and other combinations between '''w''', '''o''' and '''a'''
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes in patterns '''a-a''', '''a-o''', '''a-u''', '''o-a''', '''o-o''', '''o-u''', '''u-a''', '''u-o''', '''u-u'''
|-
|-
|e
|e
|[ɛ]
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it is always pronounced open
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|-
|f
|f
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|-
|-
|g
|g
|[g] / [x] / [h]
|[g]
|when it comes before or after other consonants it is pronounced [g], between vowels it is pronounced [x], even if some speakers tend to pronounce it as [h] in this position
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|-
|h
|h
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|[i] / [j]
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''kite''
|-
|-
|l
|l
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|-
|-
|u
|u
|[i]
|[u] / [w]
| -
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|-
|v
|v
|[v]
|[v]
| -
| -
|-
|w
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel; when it is followed by '''l''' or '''r''' it can have either a consonantal or vocalic value, to distinguish it, it is written '''ŵ''' when it has a vocalic value; in the diphthong '''wy''' it can be either the vocalic (it is written '''ŵy''') or consonantal element (it is written wŷ)
|-
|-
|y
|y
|[i] / [e]
|[i:]
|in monosyllabic words it is read as [i], in polysyllabic words it is read [i] if in the last syllable, otherwise [e]; in the diphthong '''yw''' it can be either the vocalic (it is written '''ŷw''') or consonantal element (it is written yŵ)
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}
|}


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===Diphthongs and digraphs===
===Diphthongs and digraphs===


In Brythohellenic there are 18 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:
In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|-
|''ae''
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|[ai̯]
|-
|-
|''aw''
|''au''
|[au̯]
|[au̯]
|-
|-
|''ei'', ''eu'', ''ey''
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯]
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|-
|''ew''
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|''ie''
|''ie''
|[jɛ]
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|-
|''io''
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|-
|''iw''
|''iu''
|[ju]
|[ju]
|-
|-
|''oe''
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|-
|''uw''
|''ua''
|[iu̯]
|-
|''wa''
|[wa]
|[wa]
|-
|-
|''we''
|''ue''
|[wɛ]
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|-
|''wi''
|''ui''
|[wi]
|[wi]
|-
|-
|''wo''
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|-
|''ŵy'' / ''wŷ''
|''uy''
|[ui̯] / [wi] - [we]
|[wi:]
|-
|-
|''ŷw'' / ''yŵ''
|''yu''
|[iu̯] - [eu̯] / [ju]
|[i:u̯]
|}
|}


Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''dh'' and ''th'' are considered true letters.
The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''ethïu''', I eat, is read as [ɛ'θiu], it is thus a three-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.


===Stress===
===Stress===
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* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''kaen''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanadh''', "death".
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanadh''', "death".


These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''aelŵr''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''aelŵroe''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".
These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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===Nouns, gender and number===
===Nouns, gender and number===


Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynik has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:


* '''oe''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ae''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.


However there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''w''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gae'''; the plural of '''ŵr''', "water", is '''wdhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:


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|-
|-
!lidh
!lidh
|lidhoe
|lidhoi
|masculine
|masculine
|stone
|stone
!pwd
!pud
|pwdas
|pudas
|masculine
|masculine
|foot
|foot
|-
|-
!kŵr
!kur
|kŵrae
|kurai
|feminine
|feminine
|land
|land
!ŵran
!uran
|wranoe
|uranoi
|masculine
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|sky, heaven
|-
|-
!kryvid
!cryvid
|kryvidas
|cryvidas
|feminine
|feminine
|shoe
|shoe
!fws
!fus
|fwdhas
|fudhas
|masculine
|masculine
|light
|light
|-
|-
!sŵy
!suy
|sŵae
|suai
|feminine
|feminine
|life
|life
!lws
!lus
|lwsae
|lusai
|feminine
|feminine
|language
|language
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|masculine
|masculine
|animal
|animal
!bivyl
!bivel
|bivloe
|bivloi
|masculine
|masculine
|book
|book
|-
|-
!ef
!erudh
|afae
|erudhas
|feminine
|masculine
|love
|love
!alwvik
!aluvec
|alwvikae
|aluvecai
|masculine
|masculine
|fox
|fox
|-
|-
!koeran
!coiran
|koeranoe
|coiranoi
|masculine
|masculine
|lord
|lord
!koeren
!coiren
|koeranae
|coiranai
|feminine
|feminine
|lady
|lady
|-
|-
!enyr
!enyr
|annyr
|anras
|masculine
|masculine
|man
|man
!gunys
!ginys
|gunae
|ginai
|feminine
|feminine
|woman
|woman
|-
|-
!pur
!pir
|puroe
|piroi
|masculine
|masculine
|fire
|fire
!kefel
!cefel
|kefalae
|cefalai
|feminine
|feminine
|head
|head
|-
|-
!tov
!tov
|tovoe
|tovoi
|masculine
|masculine
|place
|place
!kron
!cron
|kronoe
|cronoi
|masculine
|masculine
|time
|time
|-
|-
!odhyr
!odher
|odhroe
|odhroi
|masculine
|masculine
|morning
|morning
!yver
!yver
|yverae
|yverai
|feminine
|feminine
|day
|day
|-
|-
!dyl
!dyl
|dylae
|dylai
|feminine
|feminine
|afternoon
|afternoon
!efer
!efer
|eferae
|eferai
|feminine
|feminine
|evening
|evening
|-
|-
!nuth
!nith
|nuthas
|nithas
|feminine
|feminine
|night
|night
!hilyn
!hilyn
|hilynae
|hilynai
|feminine
|feminine
|moon
|moon
|-
|-
!seldh
!celdh
|seldhoe
|celdhoi
|masculine
|masculine
|priest
|priest
!sildh
!cildh
|seldhae
|celdhai
|feminine
|feminine
|priestess
|priestess
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|masculine
|masculine
|tree
|tree
!kadh
!cadh
|kadhas
|cadhas
|masculine
|masculine
|hand
|hand
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|eye
|eye
|-
|-
!kedhydh
!cedhydh
|kedhydhas
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|masculine
|teacher
|teacher
!fil
!fil
|filoe
|filoi
|masculine
|masculine
|friend
|friend
|-
|-
!ethyr
!ether
|ethroe
|ethroi
|masculine
|masculine
|enemy
|enemy
!edhaer
!edhair
|edhaeroe
|edhairoi
|masculine
|masculine
|lover
|lover
|-
|-
!kuwn
!cïun
|kunoe
|cinoi
|masculine
|masculine
|dog
|dog
!kom
!com
|komoe
|comoi
|masculine
|masculine
|world
|world
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|-
|-
!derwen
!derwen
|darwen
|daruen
|darwenae
|daruenai
|feminine
|feminine
|oak
|oak
|-
|-
!derwydd
!derwydd
|darwydh
|daruidh
|darwydhas
|daruidhas
|masculine
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|priest, magician, druid
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!bryn
!bryn
|bryn
|bryn
|brynae
|brynai
|feminine
|feminine
|hill
|hill
|-
|-
!nifwl
!nifwl
|nivwl
|nivul
|nivloe
|nivuloi
|masculine
|masculine
|mist, fog
|mist, fog
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!llyn
!llyn
|lyn
|lyn
|lynoe
|lynoi
|masculine
|masculine
|lake
|lake
|-
|-
!gwellt
!gwellt
|gweldh
|guell
|gweldhas
|guellas
|feminine
|feminine
|grass
|grass
|-
|-
!ofydd
!ofydd
|ovydh
|evidh
|ovydhas
|evidhas
|masculine
|masculine
|ovate
|ovate
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|-
|-
!awen
!awen
|awen
|auen
|awenae
|auenai
|feminine
|feminine
|inspiration
|inspiration
|-
|-
!bleydh
!bleydh
|bleudh
|bleidh
|bleudhas
|bleidhas
|masculine
|masculine
|wolf
|wolf
|-
|-
!lowarth
!lowarth
|lowarth
|louarth
|lowarthas
|louarthas
|feminine
|feminine
|paradise
|paradise
|-
|-
!calon
!calon
|kalen
|calen
|kalenae
|calenai
|feminine
|feminine
|heart
|heart
|}
|}


Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''gwedh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guedh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''awid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''awen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daevon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Awenae''' is also used to mean '''Mwsae''', plural of '''Mws''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".


====Formation of feminine====
====Formation of feminine====
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Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:


* '''-yr''' (pl. ''-(y)rae''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydhyr''' (plural: ''melbydhrae'');
* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anae''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ethyr''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranae''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanae'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ae''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafae''); '''maw''' (= "sorcerer") > '''mew''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mawae'').
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').


Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''seldh''' > '''sildh''' (plural: ''seldhae'').
Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celdh''' > '''cildh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').


===Articles===
===Articles===


Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''aelŵr''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''gunaes''' means both "some women" and "women".
Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to hwvadh''', "the body"; '''to lwsae''', "the languages"; '''to nysoe''', "the islands", and so on.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvadh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.


When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynik the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:
When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:


* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to surin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoe''' > '''nysoe to euwedhoe''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").


Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:
Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:


* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Kaen''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd kalin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").


¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Kaen'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Paladh''.
¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Paladh''.


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===


Elynik adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:
Some adjectives:
Line 639: Line 638:
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
!iwŷdh
!ivydh
|iwŷdhoe
|ivydhoi
|iwŷdhae
|ivydhai
|good
|good
!penyr
!penyr
|penyroe
|penyroi
|penyrae
|penyrai
|bad
|bad
|-
|-
!elyv
!elev
|elvoe
|elvoi
|elvae
|elvai
|happy
|happy
!lur
!lir
|luroe
|liroi
|lurae
|lirai
|sad
|sad
|-
|-
!egrin
!egrin
|egrinoe
|egrinoi
|egrinae
|egrinai
|tall / high
|tall / high
!thaval
!thaval
|thavaloe
|thavaloi
|thavalae
|thavalai
|short
|short
|-
|-
!kalin
!calin
|kalinoe
|calinoi
|kalinae
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aegyr
!aiger
|aegroe
|aigroi
|aegrae
|aigrai
|ugly
|ugly
|-
|-
!meal
!meal
|mealoe
|mealoi
|mealae
|mealai
|big / great
|big / great
!migrin
!migrin
|migrinoe
|migrinoi
|migrinae
|migrinai
|little / small
|little / small
|-
|-
!paladh
!paladh
|paladhoe
|paladhoi
|paladhae
|paladhai
|old
|old
!yvik
!yvic
|yvikoe
|yvicoi
|yvikae
|yvicai
|young
|young
|-
|-
!thenar
!thenar
|thenaroe
|thenaroi
|thenarae
|thenarai
|strong
|strong
!athin
!athin
|athinoe
|athinoi
|athinae
|athinai
|weak
|weak
|-
|-
!thervin
!thervin
|thervinoe
|thervinoi
|thervinae
|thervinai
|hot
|hot
!surin
!sirin
|surinoe
|sirinoi
|surinae
|sirinai
|cold
|cold
|-
|-
!fover
!fover
|foveroe
|foveroi
|foverae
|foverai
|terrible
|terrible
!plys
!plys
|plysoe
|plysoi
|plysae
|plysai
|near / close
|near / close
|-
|-
!tyledhin
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoe
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinae
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
|far / distant
!semyk
!semyc
|semykoe
|semycoi
|semykae
|semycai
|tired
|tired
|}
|}
Line 732: Line 731:
Some usage examples:
Some usage examples:


* '''migrin''' + '''aelŵr''' > ''aelŵr migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyk''' + '''koeren evon''' > ''koeren evon semyk'' (= "my tired lady").
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").


====Comparative====
====Comparative====


The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''wa''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:
The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:


* ''Andh '''wa''' kalin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.
* ''Andh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.


In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-wn''', ex.:
In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:


* ''Andh '''kaldhwn''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.
* ''Andh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.


The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''wdhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:  
The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:  


* ''Andh '''wdhys''' kalin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,
* ''Andh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,


The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''mŷon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:
The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:


* ''Andh '''mŷon''' kalin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.
* ''Andh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.


=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====
=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====
Line 764: Line 763:
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
|-
!iwŷdh
!ivydh
|aredhwn
|aredhun
!penyr
!penyr
|yswn
|ysun
|-
|-
!kalin
!calin
|kaldhwn
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
!red (= "easy")
|rawn
|raun
|-
|-
!migrin
!migrin
|medhwn
|medhun
!meal
!meal
|myswn
|mysun
|-
|-
!polus (= "many/much")
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhwn
|pledhun
!alwyn (= "painful/agonizing")
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhwn
|aldhun
|}
|}


Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:
Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:


* ''Ys hi aredhwn y ew'' - You are better than me.
* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.


The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhwnoe'' vs. ''aredhwnae''.
The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.


====Superlative====
====Superlative====
Line 795: Line 794:
The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:
The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:


* ''Andh to '''plyd''' kalin '''en''' to kom'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.
* ''Andh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.


In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':
In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':


* ''Andh to '''kalyd''' '''evan''' to kom'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.
* ''Andh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.


=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====
=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====
Line 813: Line 812:
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
|-
!iwŷdh
!ivydh
|aredhwn
|aredhun
|aryd
|aryd
!penyr
!penyr
|yswn
|ysun
|ykyd
|ycyd
|-
|-
!kalin
!calin
|kaldhwn
|caldhun
|kalyd
|calyd
!red
!red
|rawn
|raun
|rad
|rad
|-
|-
!migrin
!migrin
|medhwn
|medhun
|elegyd
|elegyd
!meal
!meal
|myswn
|mysun
|meyd
|meyd
|-
|-
!polus
!polis
|pledhwn
|pledhun
|plyd
|plyd
!alwŷn
!aluyn
|aldhwn
|aldhun
|alwŷd
|aluyd
|}
|}


Line 851: Line 850:
|-
|-
!paladh
!paladh
|wa paladh / paladh'''wn'''
|va paladh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd paladh / paladh'''yd'''
|plyd paladh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
|-
!lur
!lir
|wa lur / lur'''wn'''
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lur / lur'''yd'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
|-
!egrin
!egrin
|wa egrin / egrin'''wn'''
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
|-
!plys
!plys
|wa plys / plys'''wn'''
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}
|}


The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoe''', '''arydae'''.
The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.


====Numerals====
====Numerals====
Line 882: Line 881:
|-
|-
!0
!0
|wden
|uden
| -
| -
!1
!1
|eis
|eis
|prwdh
|prudh
|-
|-
!2
!2
|dios
|dios
|deudher
|deidher
!3
!3
|trys
|trys
Line 907: Line 906:
!7
!7
|eft
|eft
|eudodh
|eidodh
|-
|-
!8
!8
|oth
|oth
|owodh
|ovodh
!9
!9
|enag
|enag
Line 945: Line 944:
|-
|-
!18
!18
|othwdeg
|othudeg
|othwdegadh
|othudegadh
!19
!19
|enadeg
|enadeg
Line 952: Line 951:
|-
|-
!20
!20
|iwaen
|ivain
|iwaed
|ivaid
!21
!21
|iwaen sun eis
|ivain sin eis
|iwaed sun prwdh
|ivaid sin prudh
|-
|-
!22
!22
|iwaen sun dios
|ivain sin dios
|iwaed sun deudher
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
!30
|iwaen-deg
|ivain-deg
|iwaendegadh
|ivaindegadh
|-
|-
!31
!31
|iwaen-deg sun eis
|ivain-deg sin eis
|iwaendegadh sun prwdh
|ivaindegadh sin prudh
!40
!40
|dioewaen
|dioivain
|dioewaed
|dioivaid
|-
|-
!50
!50
|dioewaen-deg
|dioivain-deg
|dioewaendegadh
|dioivaindegadh
!60
!60
|triwaen
|trivain
|triwaed
|trivaid
|-
|-
!70
!70
|triwaen-deg
|trivain-deg
|triwaen-degadh
|trivaindegadh
!80
!80
|tetharwaen
|tetharvain
|tetharwaed
|tetharvaid
|-
|-
!90
!90
|tetharwaen-deg
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharwaendegadh
|tetharvaindegadh
!100
!100
|egadh
|egadh
Line 1,005: Line 1,004:
|-
|-
!200
!200
|diagesioe/ae
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
|diagesiod
!300
!300
|trygesioe/ae
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|trygesiod
|-
|-
!400
!400
|tethragesioe/ae
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
|tethragesiod
!500
!500
|pennagesioe/ae
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|pennagesiod
|-
|-
!600
!600
|esagesioe/ae
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
|esagesiod
!700
!700
|eftagesioe/ae
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|eftagesiod
|-
|-
!800
!800
|othagesioe/ae
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
|othagesiod
!900
!900
|enagesioe/ae
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|enagesiod
|-
|-
!1000
!1000
|hilioe/ae
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
|hiliod
!2000
!2000
|diahilioe/ae
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|diahiliod
|-
|-
!3000
!3000
|tryhilioe/ae
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
|tryhiliod
!4000
!4000
|tethrahilioe/ae
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|tethrahiliod
|-
|-
!5000
!5000
|pennahilioe/ae
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
|pennahiliod
!6000
!6000
|esahilioe/ae
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|esahiliod
|-
|-
!7000
!7000
|eftahilioe/ae
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
|eftahiliod
!8000
!8000
|othahilioe/ae
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|othahiliod
|-
|-
!10000
!10000
|mirioe/ae
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
|miriod
!11000
!11000
|mirioe/ae sun hilioe/ae
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sun hiliod
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
|-
!20000
!20000
|dimirioe/ae
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
|dimiriod
!100000
!100000
|egadh-hilioe
|egadh-hilioi
|egadh-hiliod
|egadh-hiliod
|-
|-
!500000
!500000
|pennagesioe-hilioe
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioe-hiliod
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
!1000000
|kryn
|kryn
Line 1,082: Line 1,081:
|-
|-
!2000000
!2000000
|dios krynoe
|dios krynoi
|deudher krynod
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryn
Llyn
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