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* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns. | * '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns. | ||
Unfortunately there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of ''' | Unfortunately there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''w''as'''; the plural of '''gy''', "earth", is '''gae'''; the plural of '''ŵr''', "water", is '''ŵddas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few. | ||
Here is a list of nouns with plural form: | Here is a list of nouns with plural form: | ||
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!'''Meaning''' | !'''Meaning''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !lidd | ||
| | |liddoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|stone | |stone | ||
! | !pwd | ||
| | |pwdas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|foot | |foot | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !kŵr | ||
| | |kŵrae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|land | |land | ||
! | !ŵran | ||
| | |wranoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|sky, heaven | |sky, heaven | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !kryfid | ||
| | |kryfidas | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|shoe | |shoe | ||
! | !ffws | ||
| | |ffwddas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|light | |light | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !biodd | ||
| | |bioddoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|life | |life | ||
! | !lws | ||
| | |lwsae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|language | |language | ||
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|masculine | |masculine | ||
|animal | |animal | ||
! | !bifyl | ||
| | |bifloe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|book | |book | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !ef | ||
| | |afae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|love | |love | ||
! | !alwfik | ||
| | |alwfikae | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|fox | |fox | ||
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|masculine | |masculine | ||
|lord | |lord | ||
! | !koeren | ||
|koeranae | |koeranae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|lady | |lady | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !enyr | ||
|annyr | |annyr | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|man | |man | ||
! | !gunyh | ||
| | |gunaes | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|woman | |woman | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !pur | ||
| | |puroe | ||
| | |masculine | ||
|fire | |fire | ||
! | !keffel | ||
| | |keffalae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|head | |head | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !tof | ||
| | |tofoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|place | |place | ||
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|time | |time | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !oddyr | ||
| | |oddroe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|morning | |morning | ||
! | !yfer | ||
| | |yferae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|day | |day | ||
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|feminine | |feminine | ||
|afternoon | |afternoon | ||
! | !effer | ||
| | |efferae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|evening | |evening | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !nuth | ||
| | |nuthas | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|night | |night | ||
! | !hilyn | ||
| | |hilynae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|moon | |moon | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !seldd | ||
| | |selddoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|priest | |priest | ||
! | !sildd | ||
| | |selddae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|priestess | |priestess | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !dennyr | ||
| | |dennyras | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|tree | |tree | ||
! | !kadd | ||
| | |kaddas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|hand | |hand | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !etyr | ||
| | |eteras | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|star | |star | ||
! | !omadd | ||
| | |omaddas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|eye | |eye | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !keddydd | ||
| | |keddyddas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|teacher | |teacher | ||
! | !ffil | ||
| | |ffiloe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|friend | |friend | ||
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|masculine | |masculine | ||
|enemy | |enemy | ||
! | !eddaer | ||
| | |eddaeroe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|lover | |lover | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !kuwn | ||
| | |kunoe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|dog | |dog | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!derwen | !derwen | ||
| | |darwen | ||
|darwenae | |darwenae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!derwydd | !derwydd | ||
| | |darwydd | ||
| | |darwyddas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|priest, magician, druid | |priest, magician, druid | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!nifwl | !nifwl | ||
| | |nifyl | ||
| | |nifloe | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|mist, fog | |mist, fog | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!gwellt | !gwellt | ||
| | |gweldd | ||
| | |gwelddas | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
|grass | |grass | ||
|- | |- | ||
!ofydd | !ofydd | ||
| | |ofydd | ||
| | |ofyddas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|ovate | |ovate | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!awen | !awen | ||
| | |awen | ||
|awenae | |awenae | ||
|feminine | |feminine | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!bleydh | !bleydh | ||
| | |bleudh | ||
| | |bleuddas | ||
|masculine | |masculine | ||
|wolf | |wolf | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes ''' | Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''gwedd''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain. | ||
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''awid''', has got the meaning of "artist". | Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''awid''', has got the meaning of "artist". | ||
Even the word ''' | Even the word '''awen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daefon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Awenae''' is also used to mean '''Mwsae''', plural of '''Mws''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse". | ||
====Formation of feminine==== | ====Formation of feminine==== | ||
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Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes: | Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes: | ||
* '''-yr''' (pl. ''-(y)rae''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''- | * '''-yr''' (pl. ''-(y)rae''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydd'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydd''' (= "singer") > '''melbyddyr''' (plural: ''melbyddrae''); | ||
* '''- | * '''-en''' (pl. ''-anae''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ethyr''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranae''); '''ffil''' > '''ffilen''' (plural: ''ffilanae''); | ||
* '''- | * '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ae''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaff''' (= "deer") > '''eleff''' (plural: ''elaffae''); '''maw''' (= "sorcerer") > '''mew''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mawae''). | ||
Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: ''' | Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''seldd''' > '''sildd''' (plural: ''selddae''). | ||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== |
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