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Brytho-Hellenic: Difference between revisions

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Brytho-Hellenic (view source)

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Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:


* '''oe''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ø''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ae''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''æ''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.


Unfortunately there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''w''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gae'''; the plural of '''ŵr''', "water", is '''wdhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Unfortunately there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''w''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gæ'''; the plural of '''ŵr''', "water", is '''wdhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:


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!'''Meaning'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
!lidd
!lidh
|liddoe
|lidhø
|masculine
|masculine
|stone
|stone
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|-
|-
!kŵr
!kŵr
|kŵrae
|kŵræ
|feminine
|feminine
|land
|land
!ŵran
!ŵran
|wranoe
|wranø
|masculine
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|sky, heaven
|-
|-
!kryfid
!kryvid
|kryfidas
|kryvidas
|feminine
|feminine
|shoe
|shoe
!ffws
!fws
|ffwddas
|fwdhas
|masculine
|masculine
|light
|light
|-
|-
!biodd
!sŵy
|bioddoe
|sŵæ
|masculine
|feminine
|life
|life
!lws
!lws
|lwsae
|lwsæ
|feminine
|feminine
|language
|language
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|masculine
|masculine
|animal
|animal
!bifyl
!bivyl
|bifloe
|bivlø
|masculine
|masculine
|book
|book
|-
|-
!ef
!ef
|afae
|afæ
|feminine
|feminine
|love
|love
!alwfik
!alwvik
|alwfikae
|alwvikæ
|masculine
|masculine
|fox
|fox
|-
|-
!koeran
!køran
|koeranoe
|køranø
|masculine
|masculine
|lord
|lord
!koeren
!køren
|koeranae
|køranæ
|feminine
|feminine
|lady
|lady
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|man
|man
!gunys
!gunys
|gunae
|gunæ
|feminine
|feminine
|woman
|woman
|-
|-
!pur
!pur
|puroe
|purø
|masculine
|masculine
|fire
|fire
!keffel
!kefel
|keffalae
|kefalæ
|feminine
|feminine
|head
|head
|-
|-
!tof
!tov
|tofoe
|tovø
|masculine
|masculine
|place
|place
!kron
!kron
|kronoe
|kronø
|masculine
|masculine
|time
|time
|-
|-
!oddyr
!odhyr
|oddroe
|odhrø
|masculine
|masculine
|morning
|morning
!yfer
!yver
|yferae
|yveræ
|feminine
|feminine
|day
|day
|-
|-
!dyl
!dyl
|dylae
|dylæ
|feminine
|feminine
|afternoon
|afternoon
!effer
!efer
|efferae
|eferæ
|feminine
|feminine
|evening
|evening
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|night
|night
!hilyn
!hilyn
|hilynae
|hilynæ
|feminine
|feminine
|moon
|moon
|-
|-
!seldd
!seldh
|selddoe
|seldhø
|masculine
|masculine
|priest
|priest
!sildd
!sildh
|selddae
|seldhæ
|feminine
|feminine
|priestess
|priestess
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|masculine
|masculine
|tree
|tree
!kadd
!kadh
|kaddas
|kadhas
|masculine
|masculine
|hand
|hand
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|masculine
|masculine
|star
|star
!omadd
!omadh
|omaddas
|omadhas
|masculine
|masculine
|eye
|eye
|-
|-
!keddydd
!kedhydh
|keddyddas
|kedhydhas
|masculine
|masculine
|teacher
|teacher
!ffil
!fil
|ffiloe
|filø
|masculine
|masculine
|friend
|friend
|-
|-
!ethyr
!ethyr
|ethroe
|ethrø
|masculine
|masculine
|enemy
|enemy
!eddaer
!edhær
|eddaeroe
|edhærø
|masculine
|masculine
|lover
|lover
|-
|-
!kuwn
!kuwn
|kunoe
|kunø
|masculine
|masculine
|dog
|dog
!kom
!kom
|komoe
|komø
|masculine
|masculine
|world
|world
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!derwen
!derwen
|darwen
|darwen
|darwenae
|darwenæ
|feminine
|feminine
|oak
|oak
|-
|-
!derwydd
!derwydd
|darwydd
|darwydh
|darwyddas
|darwydhas
|masculine
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|priest, magician, druid
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!bryn
!bryn
|bryn
|bryn
|brynae
|brynæ
|feminine
|feminine
|hill
|hill
|-
|-
!nifwl
!nifwl
|nifyl
|nivwl
|nifloe
|nivlø
|masculine
|masculine
|mist, fog
|mist, fog
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!llyn
!llyn
|lyn
|lyn
|lynoe
|lynø
|masculine
|masculine
|lake
|lake
|-
|-
!gwellt
!gwellt
|gweldd
|gweldh
|gwelddas
|gweldhas
|feminine
|feminine
|grass
|grass
|-
|-
!ofydd
!ofydd
|ofydd
|ovydh
|ofyddas
|ovydhas
|masculine
|masculine
|ovate
|ovate
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!awen
!awen
|awen
|awen
|awenae
|awenæ
|feminine
|feminine
|inspiration
|inspiration
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!bleydh
!bleydh
|bleudh
|bleudh
|bleuddas
|bleudhas
|masculine
|masculine
|wolf
|wolf
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!calon
!calon
|kalen
|kalen
|kalenae
|kalenæ
|feminine
|feminine
|heart
|heart
|}
|}


Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''gwedd''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''gwedh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''awid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''awid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''awen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daefon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Awenae''' is also used to mean '''Mwsae''', plural of '''Mws''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".
Even the word '''awen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''dævon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Awenæ''' is also used to mean '''Mwsæ''', plural of '''Mws''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".


====Formation of feminine====
====Formation of feminine====
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Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:


* '''-yr''' (pl. ''-(y)rae''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydd'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydd''' (= "singer") > '''melbyddyr''' (plural: ''melbyddrae'');
* '''-yr''' (pl. ''-(y)ræ''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydhyr''' (plural: ''melbydhræ'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anae''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ethyr''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranae''); '''ffil''' > '''ffilen''' (plural: ''ffilanae'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anæ''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ethyr''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranæ''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanæ'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ae''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaff''' (= "deer") > '''eleff''' (plural: ''elaffae''); '''maw''' (= "sorcerer") > '''mew''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mawae'').
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-æ''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafæ''); '''maw''' (= "sorcerer") > '''mew''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mawæ'').


Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''seldd''' > '''sildd''' (plural: ''selddae'').
Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''seldh''' > '''sildh''' (plural: ''seldhæ'').


===Articles===
===Articles===
Llyn
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