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Chlouvānem/Exterior and interior verbs (view source)

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===Transitive-intransitive and active-middle pairs===
===Transitive-intransitive and active-middle pairs===
One of the most common distinction is one of an active/middle or transitive/intransitive pair, e.g. with ''jāṃrake'' "to stop, halt":
One of the most common distinction is one of an active/middle or transitive/intransitive pair, e.g. with ''jāṃrake'' "to stop, halt":
: ''lili jādū jāṃrute''
{{Gloss
:: I stop Jādāh. (exterior verb)
| phrase = lili jādū jāṃrute.
: ''lili jāṃriru''
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. Jādāh-<small>ACC</small>. stop.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
:: I stop, cease to move. (interior verb)
| translation = I stop Jādāh.
 
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = lili jāṃriru.
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. stop.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = I stop. ~ I cease to move.
}}
The middle voice may be semantically different in its focus from the corresponding exterior patient-trigger (third example), e.g. with ''ruthake'' "to bake, cook in an oven":
The middle voice may be semantically different in its focus from the corresponding exterior patient-trigger (third example), e.g. with ''ruthake'' "to bake, cook in an oven":
: ''lili švodhaih rithute''
{{Gloss
:: I bake the pastries. (exterior, agentive)
| phrase = lili švodhaih rithute.
: ''švodhe ruthirāhe''
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. pastry-<small>ACC.PL</small>. bake.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
:: The pastries are cooking in the oven. (interior)
| translation = I bake the pastries.
: ''švodhe rithāhai''
}}
:: Someone is baking the pastries. = It is the pastries someone is baking. (exterior, patient-trigger, no explicit agent)
{{Gloss
 
| phrase = švodhe ruthirāhe.
| gloss = pastry.<small>DIR.PL</small>. bake.<small>IND.PRES-3PL.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = The pastries are cooking in the oven.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = švodhe rithāhai.
| gloss = pastry.<small>DIR.PL</small>. bake.<small>IND.PRES-3PL.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| translation = Someone is baking the pastries. ~ It is the pastries someone is baking.
}}
Another prototypical example is ''gṇyauke'', which means "to give birth" in its exterior forms and "to be born, to come to life" in its interior ones.
Another prototypical example is ''gṇyauke'', which means "to give birth" in its exterior forms and "to be born, to come to life" in its interior ones.
====Volition====
====Volition====
In many verbs, the interior conjugation is used for actions which lack volition or are caused by uncontrollable third parties. This is, often, an extension of middle voice meanings:
For many verbs, the interior conjugation is used for actions which lack volition or are caused by uncontrollable third parties. This is, often, an extension of middle voice meanings:
: ''geiras valdē''
{{Gloss
:: The door is opened [by someone]. (exterior, patient-trigger)
| phrase = geiras valdē.
: ''lili geiru valdute''
| gloss = door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open.<small>IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
:: I open the door. (exterior, agent-trigger)
| translation = The door is opened [by someone].
: ''geiras valdire''
}}
:: The door opens. (interior)
{{Gloss
| phrase = lili geiru valdute.
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. door-<small>ACC.SG</small>. open.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = I open the door.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = geiras valdire.
| gloss = door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open.<small>IND.PRES-3SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = The door opens.
}}
The "uncontrollable third party" causes the verb to be interior; compare also the following sentence:
The "uncontrollable third party" causes the verb to be interior; compare also the following sentence:
: ''geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no ! haleyirte gu dradhvute ša : nusmētte sāmyåh nālyom kulūyite !''
{{Gloss
:: The door keeps being opened and closed! I can't have any peace, tell your brother to stop it!
| phrase = geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no ! haleyirati gu dradhvute ša : nusmētte sāmyåh nālyom kulmaite.
| gloss = door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. and. — be_calm.<small>SUBJ.IMPF-1SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. <small>NEG</small>=manage_to.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>=<small>NEG</small>. – stop.<small>SUBJ.PERF-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>2SG.GEN-DAT</small>. male's_younger_brother-<small>DAT.SG</small>. say-<small>OPT.IMPF-2SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = The door keeps being opened and closed! I can't have any peace, tell your brother to stop [doing] it!
}}
In this example, even if there is no explicit agent at first, when the verbs ''voldveke'' and ''pṝsparšveke'' (the frequentatives of ''valde'' "to open" and ''spṛške'' "to close" respectively) are introduced, they are exterior, because it is not an uncontrollable action, as it becomes clear at the end of the sentence.<br/>
However, even if the agent is an uncontrollable third party, as for example the wind (''prātas'') is, as long as it is explicitly stated the sentence uses an exterior verb nonetheless:
In this example, even if there is no explicit agent at first, when the verbs ''voldveke'' and ''pṝsparšveke'' (the frequentatives of ''valde'' "to open" and ''spṛške'' "to close" respectively) are introduced, they are exterior, because it is not an uncontrollable action, as it becomes clear at the end of the sentence.<br/>
However, even if the agent is an uncontrollable third party, as for example the wind (''prātas'') is, as long as it is explicitly stated the sentence uses an exterior verb nonetheless:
: ''geiras prātei aspṛša''
{{Gloss
:: The door has been closed by the wind. (exterior)
| phrase = geiras prātei aspṛša.
 
| gloss = door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. wind-<small>ERG.SG</small>. close.<small>IND.PERF-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| translation = The door has been closed by the wind.
}}
See also:
See also:
: A: ''yannūnajye ?''<ref>Very colloquial contraction of ''yananū najire?'' "what's going on?".</ref>
{{Gloss
: B: ''geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no !''
| phrase = (A:) yannūnajye?<ref>Very colloquial contraction of ''yananū najire?'' "what's going on?".</ref> – (B:) geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no!
:: What's up?
| gloss = what's_up. – door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. and.
:: The door keeps being opened and closed [by someone]! (exterior)
| translation = (A:) What's up? – (B:) The door keeps being opened and closed [by someone]!
: A: ''yannūnajye ?''
}}
: B: ''geiras voldveire pṝsparšveire no!''
{{Gloss
:: What's up?
| phrase = (A:) yannūnajye? – (B:) geiras voldveire pṝsparšveire no!
:: The door keeps being opened and closed [by something uncontrollable, probably by the wind]! (interior)
| gloss = what's_up. – door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. and.
 
| translation = (A:) What's up? – (B:) The door keeps being opened and closed [by something uncontrollable, probably by the wind]!
Non-volitional actions expressed by interior verbs may however have an explicit agent when that agent is typically human and the action was accidental, e.g. with ''juniake'' "to paint":
}}
: ''ṣveya lę ūnikan ujunya''
Non-volitional actions expressed by interior verbs may however have an explicit agent when that agent is typically human and the action was accidental, e.g. with ''junyake'' "to paint":
:: I painted the wall red. = It is the wall I painted red. [it was my intention to do so] (exterior)
{{Gloss
: ''ṣveya laip ūnikan ujunirā''
| phrase = ṣveya lę ūnikan ujunya.
:: I accidentally painted the wall red. [i.e. I tripped and dropped a tin of paint on the wall] (interior)
| gloss = wall.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. red-<small>TRANSL.SG</small>. paint.<small>IND.PERF-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| translation = I painted the wall red. ~ It is the wall I painted red. [It was my intention to do so]
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = ṣveya laip ūnikan ujunirā.
| gloss = wall.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.INSTR</small>. red-<small>TRANSL.SG</small>. paint.<small>IND.PERF-3SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = I accidentally painted the wall red. [i.e. I tripped and dropped a tin of paint on the wall]
}}
In the second sentence, we see the interior verb marking the lack of any intention to paint the wall red, and the semantic agent (here, the <small>1SG</small> pronoun ''lili'') is furthermore marked with the instrumental rather than with the ergative case, as interior verbs cannot take any ergative case argument.
In the second sentence, we see the interior verb marking the lack of any intention to paint the wall red, and the semantic agent (here, the <small>1SG</small> pronoun ''lili'') is furthermore marked with the instrumental rather than with the ergative case, as interior verbs cannot take any ergative case argument.


Note that this does not apply to all verbs that are semantically characterized by a lack of volition; for example, ''sturake'' (to fall) is usually only used in the exterior, as is ''pudbhe'' (to sleep).<br/>
Note that this does not apply to all verbs that are semantically characterized by a lack of volition; for example, ''sturake'' (to fall) is usually only used in the exterior, as is ''pudbhe'' (to sleep). It is not, however, dependent on parameters such as transitivity, as shown by an intransitive (in Chlouvānem) verb such as ''nilyake'' "to think":
It is not, however, dependent on parameters such as transitivity, as shown by an intransitive (in Chlouvānem) verb such as ''nilyake'' "to think":
{{Gloss
: ''nanā pa inilyam''
| phrase = nanā pa inilyam.
:: I thought about that.
| gloss = <small>DISTAL.SG.DIR</small>. about. think.<small>IND.PERF-1SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
: ''nanā pa inilyiram''
| translation = I thought about that.
:: That crossed my mind.
}}
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = nanā pa inilyiram.
| gloss = <small>DISTAL.SG.DIR</small>. about. think.<small>IND.PERF-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = It crossed my mind.
}}
Note, furthermore, that some verbs are semantically characterized by volition or lack thereof (often with the volitive verb being formed starting from the other by means of a prefix, especially ''ta-''), so can't be used this way. An example also found in English and other languages is the pair ''milge'' (root ''mind-'') "to hear" and ''tamilge'' (''ta-mind-'') "to listen"; ''mišake'' "to see" and ''tamišake'' "to watch, look at" is another.
Note, furthermore, that some verbs are semantically characterized by volition or lack thereof (often with the volitive verb being formed starting from the other by means of a prefix, especially ''ta-''), so can't be used this way. An example also found in English and other languages is the pair ''milge'' (root ''mind-'') "to hear" and ''tamilge'' (''ta-mind-'') "to listen"; ''mišake'' "to see" and ''tamišake'' "to watch, look at" is another.


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