Chlouvānem/Exterior and interior verbs: Difference between revisions

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In the second sentence, we see the interior verb marking the lack of any intention to paint the wall red, and the semantic agent (here, the <small>1SG</small> pronoun ''lili'') is furthermore marked with the instrumental rather than with the ergative case, as interior verbs cannot take any ergative case argument.
In the second sentence, we see the interior verb marking the lack of any intention to paint the wall red, and the semantic agent (here, the <small>1SG</small> pronoun ''lili'') is furthermore marked with the instrumental rather than with the ergative case, as interior verbs cannot take any ergative case argument.
A conceptually similar, but morphologically different, is how the verb ''roṣlake'' <small>(class 9: ''roṣlē – reiṣlek – arāṣla'')</small> may translate two English verbs, "to lose" and "to miss", where the former is considered non-volitional and therefore marked as interior, with the English direct object corresponding to a genitive case, and the latter is volitional (as there is an effort anyway) and therefore exterior, with the English direct object corresponding to an accusative case. The English passive forms (translated just as topics plus active sentences in the examples below) of both are translated by the patient-trigger exterior voice; however, the "miss"-passives have the agent in ergative case, while the "lose"-passives have an instrumental agent. Compare the translation into Italian, where no distinction is made and the following forms are all translated with a single verb (perdere).
{{Gloss
| phrase = galtargyu arāṣlaṃte.
| gloss = train-<small>ACC.SG</small>. lose.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = I have missed my train. ~ <small>IT:</small> Ho perso il treno.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = lilyai spṛšǣmi arāṣliram.
| gloss = <small>1SG.GEN-GEN</small>. key-<small>GEN.PL</small>. lose.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = I have lost my keys. ~ <small>IT:</small> Ho perso le chiavi.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = galtargis lę arāṣla.
| gloss = train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. lose.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-3.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| translation = The train, I've missed it. ~ <small>IT:</small> Il treno, l'ho perso.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = spṛšaus laip arāṣla.
| gloss = key-<small>DIR.PL</small>. <small>1SG.INSTR</small>. lose.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-3.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| translation = The keys, I've lost them. ~ <small>IT:</small> Le chiavi, le ho perse.
}}


Note that this does not apply to all verbs that are semantically characterized by a lack of volition; for example, ''sturake'' (to fall) is usually only used in the exterior, as is ''pudbhe'' (to sleep). It is not, however, dependent on parameters such as transitivity, as shown by an intransitive (in Chlouvānem) verb such as ''nilyake'' "to think":
Note that this does not apply to all verbs that are semantically characterized by a lack of volition; for example, ''sturake'' (to fall) is usually only used in the exterior, as is ''pudbhe'' (to sleep). It is not, however, dependent on parameters such as transitivity, as shown by an intransitive (in Chlouvānem) verb such as ''nilyake'' "to think":
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