Chlouvānem/Exterior and interior verbs: Difference between revisions

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''This page treats the uses of verbal forms. See [[Chlouvānem/Morphology|Chlouvānem morphology]] for the actual verbal morphology.''
: ''This page treats the uses of verbal forms. See [[Chlouvānem/Morphology|Chlouvānem morphology]] for the actual verbal morphology.''


[[Chlouvānem]] grammar has a very important semantic and morphological distinction in its verbs, namely the one between '''exterior verbs''' (''kauyāva'', pl. ''kauyāvai'') and '''interior verbs''' (''nañyāva'', pl. ''nañyāvai''); native Chlouvānem grammarians call this distinction by the name of ''chlærim'', literally "light".
[[Chlouvānem]] grammar has a very important semantic and morphological distinction in its verbs, namely the one between '''exterior verbs''' (''kauyāva'', pl. ''kauyāvai'') and '''interior verbs''' (''nanyāva'', pl. ''nanyāvai''); native Chlouvānem grammarians call this distinction by the name of ''chlærim'', literally "light".
{{Chlouvānem sidebar}}  
{{Chlouvānem sidebar}}  
==Voices==
==Voices==
Exterior verbs do resemble mainly English active verbs, but the exterior vs. interior distinction is different and independent from the Chlouvānem voices, that is, the different triggers. Exterior verbs have all seven possible<ref>Agent-trigger is only meaningful for transitive and ditransitive verbs, and dative-trigger only for ditransitive and a few motion ones.</ref> voices (patient-, agent-, benefactive-, antibenefactive-, locative-, dative-, and instrumental-trigger), while interior verbs can have six, with the patient- and agent-trigger voices being merged in a "common voice" instead; this is however only a matter of traditional terminology as the common voice of interior verbs is unmarked, and therefore exactly the same as the patient-trigger one of exterior verbs.
While the exterior-interior distinction has parallels to voice distinction in other languages, and exterior verbs do resemble mainly English active (or passive) verbs, for sake of disambiguation they will not be referred to as "voice" in a Chlouvānem context. The exterior vs. interior distinction is, in fact, different and independent from what in Chlouvānem grammar is called "voice", that is, the set of different triggers. Exterior verbs have all seven possible<ref>Agent-trigger is only meaningful for transitive and ditransitive verbs, and dative-trigger only for ditransitive and a few motion ones.</ref> voices (patient-, agent-, benefactive-, antibenefactive-, locative-, dative-, and instrumental-trigger), while interior verbs can have six, with the patient- and agent-trigger voices being merged in a "common voice" instead; this is however only a matter of traditional terminology as the common voice of interior verbs is unmarked, and therefore exactly the same as the patient-trigger one of exterior verbs.


==Meanings of interior verbs==
==Meanings of interior verbs==
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = lili demyau saminu mitute.
| phrase = lili demyau saminu mitute.
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>REFL.GEN-ACC</small>. child-<small>ACC.SG</small>. wash.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>REFL.GEN-ACC</small>. child-<small>ACC.SG</small>. wash.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = I wash my child.
| translation = I wash my child.
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = (lili) mitiru.
| phrase = (lili) mitiru.
| gloss = (<small>1SG.DIR</small>.) wash.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = (<small>1SG.DIR</small>.) wash.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = I wash myself.
| translation = I wash myself.
}}
}}
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = hærasmete.
| phrase = hærasmete.
| gloss = kiss.<small>IND.PRES-1DU.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| gloss = kiss.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1DU.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = We two kiss [someone else].
| translation = We two kiss [someone else].
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = hærirṣme.
| phrase = hærirṣme.
| gloss = kiss.<small>IND.PRES-1DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = kiss.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = We two kiss [each other].
| translation = We two kiss [each other].
}}
}}
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = mutirṣme.
| phrase = mutirṣme.
| gloss = wash.<small>IND.PRES-1DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = wash.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = We two wash ourselves. <small>OR:</small> We two wash each other.
| translation = We two wash ourselves. <small>OR:</small> We two wash each other.
}}
}}
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = demi mutirṣme.
| phrase = demi mutirṣme.
| gloss = <small>REFL.DIR</small>. wash.<small>IND.PRES-1DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = <small>REFL.DIR</small>. wash.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = We two wash ourselves.
| translation = We two wash ourselves.
}}
}}
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = viṣamom mutirṣme.
| phrase = viṣamom mutirṣme.
| gloss = other.<small>DAT</small>. wash.<small>IND.PRES-1DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = other.<small>DAT</small>. wash.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = We two wash each other.
| translation = We two wash each other.
}}
Reflexive interior verbs referred to one's own body take its semantic patient in the genitive case; this is quite bookish, and in common speech the reflexive possessive is instead used with an exterior verb:
{{Gloss
| phrase = dhāni mitiru.
| gloss = hand-<small>GEN.SG</small>. wash.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = I wash my hands.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = demyau dhānu mitute.
| gloss = <small>REFL.ACC</small>. hand-<small>ACC.SG</small>. wash.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = I wash my hands.
}}
}}


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The "uncontrollable third party" causes the verb to be interior; compare also the following sentence:
The "uncontrollable third party" causes the verb to be interior; compare also the following sentence:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no ! haleyirati gu dradhvute ša : nusmētte sāmyåh nālyom kulmaite.
| phrase = geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no ! haleyirati gu dradhvute ša : nusmētte sāmyåh nālyom kulugite.
| gloss = door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. and. — be_calm.<small>SUBJ.IMPF-1SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. <small>NEG</small>=manage_to.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>=<small>NEG</small>. – stop.<small>SUBJ.PERF-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>2SG.GEN-DAT</small>. male's_younger_brother-<small>DAT.SG</small>. say-<small>OPT.IMPF-2SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| gloss = door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. and. — be_calm.<small>SUBJ.IMPF-1SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. <small>NEG</small>=manage_to.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>=<small>NEG</small>. – stop.<small>SUBJ.PERF-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>2SG.GEN-DAT</small>. male's_younger_brother-<small>DAT.SG</small>. say-<small>OPT.IMPF-2SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = The door keeps being opened and closed! I can't have any peace, tell your brother to stop [doing] it!
| translation = The door keeps being opened and closed! I can't have any peace, tell your brother to stop [doing] it!
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See also:
See also:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = (A:) yannūnajye?<ref>Very colloquial contraction of ''yananū najire?'' "what's going on?".</ref> – (B:) geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no!
| phrase = (A:) yanūñjye?<ref>Very colloquial contraction of ''yanū najire?'' "what's going on?".</ref> – (B:) geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no!
| gloss = what's_up. – door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. and.  
| gloss = what's_up. – door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. and.  
| translation = (A:) What's up? – (B:) The door keeps being opened and closed [by someone]!
| translation = (A:) What's up? – (B:) The door keeps being opened and closed [by someone]!
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = (A:) yannūnajye? – (B:) geiras voldveire pṝsparšveire no!
| phrase = (A:) yanūñjye? – (B:) geiras voldveire pṝsparšveire no!
| gloss = what's_up. – door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. and.  
| gloss = what's_up. – door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. and.  
| translation = (A:) What's up? – (B:) The door keeps being opened and closed [by something uncontrollable, probably by the wind]!
| translation = (A:) What's up? – (B:) The door keeps being opened and closed [by something uncontrollable, probably by the wind]!
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}}
}}
In the second sentence, we see the interior verb marking the lack of any intention to paint the wall red, and the semantic agent (here, the <small>1SG</small> pronoun ''lili'') is furthermore marked with the instrumental rather than with the ergative case, as interior verbs cannot take any ergative case argument.
In the second sentence, we see the interior verb marking the lack of any intention to paint the wall red, and the semantic agent (here, the <small>1SG</small> pronoun ''lili'') is furthermore marked with the instrumental rather than with the ergative case, as interior verbs cannot take any ergative case argument.
A conceptually similar, but morphologically different, is how the verb ''roṣlake'' <small>(class 9: ''roṣlē – reiṣlek – arāṣla'')</small> may translate two English verbs, "to lose" and "to miss", where the former is considered non-volitional and therefore marked as interior, with the English direct object corresponding to a genitive case, and the latter is volitional (as there is an effort anyway) and therefore exterior, with the English direct object corresponding to an accusative case. The English passive forms (translated just as topics plus active sentences in the examples below) of both are translated by the patient-trigger exterior voice; however, the "miss"-passives have the agent in ergative case, while the "lose"-passives have an instrumental agent. Compare the translation into Italian, where no distinction at all is made and the following forms are all translated with a single verb (perdere).
{{Gloss
| phrase = galtargyu arāṣlaṃte.
| gloss = train-<small>ACC.SG</small>. lose.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = I have missed my train. ~ <small>IT:</small> Ho perso il treno.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = lilyai spṛšǣmi arāṣliram.
| gloss = <small>1SG.GEN-GEN</small>. key-<small>GEN.PL</small>. lose.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = I have lost my keys. ~ <small>IT:</small> Ho perso le chiavi.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = galtargis lę arāṣla.
| gloss = train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. lose.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-3.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| translation = The train, I've missed it. ~ <small>IT:</small> Il treno, l'ho perso.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = spṛšaus laip arāṣla.
| gloss = key-<small>DIR.PL</small>. <small>1SG.INSTR</small>. lose.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-3.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| translation = The keys, I've lost them. ~ <small>IT:</small> Le chiavi, le ho perse.
}}


Note that this does not apply to all verbs that are semantically characterized by a lack of volition; for example, ''sturake'' (to fall) is usually only used in the exterior, as is ''pudbhe'' (to sleep). It is not, however, dependent on parameters such as transitivity, as shown by an intransitive (in Chlouvānem) verb such as ''nilyake'' "to think":
Note that this does not apply to all verbs that are semantically characterized by a lack of volition; for example, ''sturake'' (to fall) is usually only used in the exterior, as is ''pudbhe'' (to sleep). It is not, however, dependent on parameters such as transitivity, as shown by an intransitive (in Chlouvānem) verb such as ''nilyake'' "to think":
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: <small>EXT.</small> ''mešute'' "I see" vs. <small>INT.</small> ''meširu'' "I know"
: <small>EXT.</small> ''mešute'' "I see" vs. <small>INT.</small> ''meširu'' "I know"
Chlouvānem makes a distinction between "slow" and "late" (''ṭhivake'') and between "fast" and "early" (''nuppake'') only as exterior and interior meanings of the same verb; the derived adverbial form is the same:
Chlouvānem makes a distinction between "slow" and "late" (''ṭhivake'') and between "fast" and "early" (''nuppake'') only as exterior and interior meanings of the same verb; the derived adverbial form is the same:
: <small>EXT.</small> ''ṭhivu'' "I am late" vs. <small>INT.</small> ''ṭhiviru'' "I am (walking/driving) slow", adverbial ''ṭhive'' "slow, late"
: <small>EXT.</small> ''ṭhivu'' "I am late" vs. <small>INT.</small> ''ṭhiviru'' "I am (walking/driving) slow", adverbial ''ṭhive'' or ''ṭhivęe'' "slow, late"
: <small>EXT.</small> ''nuppu'' "I am early" vs. <small>INT.</small> ''nuppiru'' "I am (walking/driving) fast", adverbial ''nuppe'' "fast, early"
: <small>EXT.</small> ''nuppu'' "I am early" vs. <small>INT.</small> ''nuppiru'' "I am (walking/driving) fast", adverbial ''nuppe'' or ''nuppęe'' "fast, early"
:: Note that the semantic causatives are completely different forms, prefixed forms of √''dīd-'': ''pridīdake'' "to delay", ''maidīdake'' "to bring forward, anticipate"
:: Note that the semantic causatives are completely different forms, prefixed forms of √''dīd-'': ''pridīdake'' "to delay", ''maidīdake'' "to bring forward, anticipate"
Interior forms of transitive verbs usually may have a distinct meaning together with the normal reflexive or reciprocal ones; for example, ''meširu'' may also mean "I see myself" (e.g. in a mirror).
Interior forms of transitive verbs usually may have a distinct meaning together with the normal reflexive or reciprocal ones; for example, ''meširu'' may also mean "I see myself" (e.g. in a mirror).
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = galtāt miṣyirde, mruṣṭhamai!
| phrase = galtāt miṣyirde, mruṣṭhugi!
| gloss = mug.<small>DIR.DU</small>. be_hot.<small>CONTACT.IND.PRES-3DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. be_careful-<small>OPT.IMPF-2SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = mug.<small>DIR.DU</small>. be_hot.<small>CONTACT.IND.PRES-3DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. be_careful-<small>OPT.IMPF-2SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| translation = The two mugs are hot, be careful!
| translation = The two mugs are hot, be careful!
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In the exterior voice, their meanings change: the "ambient" verbs are inchoative and intransitive, while the "contact" ones are transitive:
In the exterior voice, their meanings change: the "ambient" verbs are inchoative and intransitive, while the "contact" ones are transitive:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = khāngeltyu nāṭ imiṣyeste dām?
| phrase = khārgeltyu nāṭ imiṣyeste dām?
| gloss = tandoor-<small>ACC.SG</small>. already. be_hot.<small>CONTACT.IND.PERF-2SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| gloss = tandoor-<small>ACC.SG</small>. already. be_hot.<small>CONTACT.IND.PERF-2SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = Have you already heated up the tandoor?
| translation = Have you already heated up the tandoor?
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==Interior-only verbs==
==Interior-only verbs==
Some verbs are defective and lack a non-causative exterior conjugation. ''dhāḍake'' "to speak, express oneself" and ''tṛlake'' "to know, understand" are by far the most common ones:
Some verbs are defective and lack a non-causative exterior conjugation; these could be termed "deponent verbs" as a parallel to Latin or Ancient Greek grammar, as they are conceptually similar. ''dhāḍake'' "to speak, express oneself" and ''tṛlake'' "to know, understand" are by far the most common ones:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = chlǣvānęe ~ chlǣvānumi dhāḍap dhāḍiru.
| phrase = chlǣvānnaise ~ chlǣvānumi dhāḍap dhāḍiru.
| gloss = Chlouvānem-<small>ADV</small>. ~ Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. language-<small>INSTR.SG</small>. speak.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = Chlouvānem-<small>ADV</small>. ~ Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. language-<small>INSTR.SG</small>. speak.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = I speak Chlouvānem.
| translation = I speak Chlouvānem.
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Other interior-only verbs include:
Other interior-only verbs include:
* ''nīdṛke'' — "to behave"
* ''dumyake'' — "to cherish, deeply appreciate" (+ genitive case (or exessive case, archaic today))
* ''kyobge'' — "to forget" (+ genitive case) (but the more common ''inābake'', also intransitive, isn't)
* ''ñumike'' — "to wait" (+ translative case)
* ''ñumike'' — "to wait" (+ translative case)
* ''rāške'' — "to trust" (+ dative case)
* ''rāške'' — "to trust" (+ dative case)
* ''snivake'' — "to promise, vow"
* ''sūṃskake'' — "to deserve" (+ translative case)
* ''tærbake'' — "to dare"
* ''ukṣṇye'' — "to grow"
* ''ukṣṇye'' — "to grow"


==Verbs with exterior/interior pairs with divergent meanings==
==Verbs with exterior/interior pairs with divergent meanings==
This section lists some of the most common verbs whose exterior/interior pairs have meanings that correspond to sometimes very different verbs in English:
This section lists some of the most common verbs whose exterior/interior pairs have meanings that correspond to sometimes very different verbs in English; some interior meanings are figuratively derived from the exterior ones:
* ''didake'' — <small>EXT:</small> to know someone; <small>INT:</small> to be conscious; to know one's own limits
* ''didake'' — <small>EXT:</small> to know someone; <small>INT:</small> to be conscious; to know one's own limits
* ''gṇyauke'' — <small>EXT:</small> to give birth; <small>INT:</small> to be born, to come to life
* ''gṇyauke'' — <small>EXT:</small> to give birth; <small>INT:</small> to be born, to come to life
* ''huṃħake'' — <small>EXT:</small> to fight; <small>INT: (individuals) </small> to have an interior conflict; <small>(groups, organizations)</small> to have an internal struggle
* ''huṃħake'' — <small>EXT:</small> to fight; <small>INT: (individuals) </small> to have an interior conflict; <small>(groups, organizations)</small> to have an internal struggle
* ''jālejilde'' — <small>EXT:</small> to win; to defeat someone; <small>INT:</small> to get better; to win one's own fears (both very colloquial)
* ''jālejilde'' — <small>EXT:</small> to win; to defeat someone; <small>INT:</small> to get better; to win one's own fears (both very colloquial)
* ''nīdṛke'' — <small>EXT:</small> to participate, take part, be a member of; <small>INT:</small> to behave
* ''primęlike'' — <small>EXT:</small> to give back; <small>INT:</small> to return, come back
* ''primęlike'' — <small>EXT:</small> to give back; <small>INT:</small> to return, come back
* ''valde'' — <small>EXT:</small> to open; <small>INT: (when used for people)</small> to open oneself, to overcome shyness
* ''valde'' — <small>EXT:</small> to open; <small>INT: (when used for people)</small> to open oneself, to overcome shyness
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