Chlouvānem/Exterior and interior verbs: Difference between revisions

''→ This page treats the uses of verbal forms. See [[Chlouvānem/Morphology|Chlouvānem morphology]] for the actual verbal morphology.''

[[Chlouvānem]] grammar has a very important semantic and morphological distinction in its verbs, namely the one between '''exterior verbs''' (''kauyāva'', pl. ''kauyāvai'') and '''interior verbs''' (''nañyāva'', pl. ''nañyāvai''); native Chlouvānem grammarians call this distinction by the name of ''chlærim'', literally "light".

Exterior verbs do resemble mainly English active verbs, but the exterior vs. interior distinction is different and independent from the Chlouvānem voices, that is, the different triggers. Exterior verbs have all seven possible<ref>Agent-trigger is only meaningful for transitive and ditransitive verbs, and dative-trigger only for ditransitive and a few motion ones.</ref> voices (patient-, agent-, benefactive-, antibenefactive-, locative-, dative-, and instrumental-trigger), while interior verbs can have six, with the patient- and agent-trigger voices being merged in a "common voice" instead; this is however only a matter of traditional terminology as the common voice of interior verbs is unmarked, and therefore exactly the same as the patient-trigger one of exterior verbs.

| phrase = geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no ! haleyirati gu dradhvute ša : nusmētte sāmyåh nālyom kulmaite.

| phrase = galtāt miṣyirde, mruṣṭhamai!

| phrase = chlǣvānęe ~ chlǣvānumi dhāḍap dhāḍiru.

This section lists some of the most common verbs whose exterior/interior pairs have meanings that correspond to sometimes very different verbs in English: