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Ciètian: Difference between revisions
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**sR- > sVR- (R = m, n, ń, ŋ, r) | **sR- > sVR- (R = m, n, ń, ŋ, r) | ||
*''mee in aavaħ'' (this DEF book) = 'this book' | *''mee in aavaħ'' (this DEF book) = 'this book' | ||
*Revise Thensarian declension based on | *Revise Thensarian declension based on Envirese | ||
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/? | *Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/? | ||
*''-ac'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' (both from Old Eevo ''-aitt'') | *''-ac'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' (both from Old Eevo ''-aitt'') | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Envirese doesn't like initial clusters. All initial clusters are prohibited except those of the form /Cw/. Final clusters are allowed, though. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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====Politeness==== | ====Politeness==== | ||
Modern | Modern Envirese has three levels of politeness in pronouns: | ||
*''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people. | *''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people. | ||
*''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonaχ'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common. | *''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonaχ'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common. | ||
*''gonaχ'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonawaa''. The pronoun ''gonaχ'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonaχ'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonaχ''. | *''gonaχ'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonawaa''. The pronoun ''gonaχ'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonaχ'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonaχ''. | ||
**In archaic | **In archaic Envirese, ''gonaχ'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Envirese nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. | |||
*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | *The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | ||