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|creator= [[User:IlL]] | |creator= [[User:IlL]] | ||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = a : | |nativename = a :hAnvyrăv | ||
|pronunciation= /ə ɣaːħ ˈhanvɨɹəv/ | |pronunciation= /ə ɣaːħ ˈhanvɨɹəv/ | ||
|region = Talma | |region = Talma | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''y g: | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''y g:ghâħ :hAnvyrăv'' /i ɣaːħ ˈhanvɨɹəv/) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the subbranch of Tigolic, which also includes [[Eevo]]) somewhat inspired by Irish. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{PAGENAME}}: ''y Sămòch'' /i səˈmɔːx/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Anvyr|Anvyr]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħə/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages. | ||
This language began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and West Slavic (particularly Czech and Sorbian) aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system. | This language began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and West Slavic (particularly Czech and Sorbian) aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system. | ||
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**sX- > asX- (X = obstruent) | **sX- > asX- (X = obstruent) | ||
**sR- > sVR- (R = m, n, ń, ŋ, r) | **sR- > sVR- (R = m, n, ń, ŋ, r) | ||
*'' | *''mê yn âvaħ'' (this DEF book) = 'this book' | ||
*Revise Thensarian declension based on | *Revise Thensarian declension based on Anvyrese | ||
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''ă'' /ə/? | *Have a separate schwa phoneme ''ă'' /ə/? | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The following describes {{PAGENAME}} as spoken in | The following describes {{PAGENAME}} as spoken in Jalcvè /jawk'vɛː/. The orthography used in this article aims for aesthetics and ease of reading phonetically. | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
Stress is not phonemic and is weight-sensitive: the last long vowel is stressed. If there is no long vowel the first syllable is stressed. | Stress is not phonemic and is weight-sensitive: the last long vowel is stressed. If there is no long vowel the first syllable is stressed. | ||
In most compound words, primary stress falls on the first member and a secondary stress falls on the second member. Place names are sometimes exceptions to the preceding rule: for example, the element ''- | In most compound words, primary stress falls on the first member and a secondary stress falls on the second member. Place names are sometimes exceptions to the preceding rule: for example, the element ''-vè'' is always stressed. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''v''' /v/ | ||
| | | | ||
| || | | || | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|Lenited | !|Lenited | ||
|'' | |''v''||''f''||''v''||''h''||''n''||''ħ''||''0''||''ń''||''ś''||''ź''||''h''||''ś''||''ch''||''gh''||''ŋ''||''ṡ''||''ż''||''h-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Eclipsed | !|Eclipsed | ||
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! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
| '''y, i''' /ɪ/ | | '''y, i''' /ɪ/ | ||
| ''' | | '''ŷ, î''' /iː/ | ||
| | | | ||
| '''û''' /ʉː/ | | '''û''' /ʉː/ | ||
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! style="" |Mid | ! style="" |Mid | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''ê''' /eː/ | ||
| '''ă''' /ə/ | | '''ă''' /ə/ | ||
| ''' | | '''ô''' /ɵː/ | ||
| [ɤˁ] | | [ɤˁ] | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| '''a''' /a/ | | '''a''' /a/ | ||
| ''' | | '''â''' /aː/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɹ/, /w/ and /j/. | /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɹ/, /w/ and /j/. | ||
As in Czech, '''y, | As in Czech, '''y, ŷ''' is used as a non-palatalizing variant of '''i, î'''. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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{{PAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation. | {{PAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
For a Tigolic language, | For a Tigolic language, Anvyrese is quite highly inflected (especially its declension system). | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
(TODO: gender in 3pl pronouns) | (TODO: gender in 3pl pronouns) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|Independent | !|Independent | ||
|'' | |''nâ''||''fiar''||''hu''||''hi''||''he''||''âv''||''gêd''||''sêd''||''hâr''||''Sêd''||''Lâ''||''car'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Politeness==== | ====Politeness==== | ||
Modern | Modern Anvyrese has three levels of politeness in pronouns: | ||
*''fiar'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people. | *''fiar'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people. | ||
*'' | *''Lâ'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''fiar'' and ''Sêd'', although nowadays using ''Lâ'' is becoming more common. | ||
*'' | *''Sêd'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''fiar'' and ''Lâ''. The pronoun ''Sêd'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''swad'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''tlaw'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Books intended for a general audience and strangers on the Internet also use ''swad''. | ||
**In archaic | **In archaic Eevo, ''swad'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Anvyrese nouns have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. | |||
*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | *The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | ||
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The verb system is significantly simpler. There is a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. Example: | The verb system is significantly simpler. There is a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. Example: | ||
:'''''Ńan | :'''''Ńan găriav lăn d:tarsiad icân c:chăṙî.''''' | ||
:[ɲan ˈgəɹiəv wən daɹˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː] | :[ɲan ˈgəɹiəv wən daɹˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː] | ||
:PRES.1SG go.VN to-DEF.GEN.SG.N school.GEN.SG every.F day.GEN.SG | :PRES.1SG go.VN to-DEF.GEN.SG.N school.GEN.SG every.F day.GEN.SG | ||