User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic: Difference between revisions

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# ''Bar þó law þebwas fow súðu xóv ða lødapir e fow súðu núm ða lúηil.''
# ''Bar þó law þebwas fow súðu xóv ða lødapir e fow súðu núm ða lúηil.''
# ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkadm, flu'm ða liþakkiw pø mišuras Šinηor e liðyašib šom.''
# ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkadm, flu'm ða liþakkiw pø mišuras Šinηor e liðyašib šom.''
# ''E flu'm el šúðiv yið: "Púlé, puþonu fluð ambínr e latteb lévuð em." E flu ambínil ða lúηil lomu'm til abonr, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
# ''E flu'm el šúðiv yið: "Púlé, puþonu fluð ambínr e latteb lévuð em." E fow ambínil ða lúηil lomu'm til abonr, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
# ''E flu'm yið: "Púlé, puþonu bnuð krír e migdol bomi hi, yąf ruš u ląluð laht el šmémas, e nąf nu el nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir ηøli þó law þebwas."''
# ''E flu'm yið: "Púlé, puþonu bnuð krír e migdol bomi hi, yąf ruš u ląluð laht el šmémas, e nąf nu el nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir ηøli þó law þebwas."''
# ''Wini fow Hašém ða rost bu, há yąf u ða xettηém el kríras e migdolas ar yu plenušil pø bnuð.''
# ''Wini fow Hašém ða rost bu, há yąf u ða xettηém el kríras e migdolas ar yu plenušil pø bnuð.''

Revision as of 09:04, 29 May 2020

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Lexicon

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Swadesh list

דף זה בעברית


Cubrite
כﬞנאַאנידﬞ
IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic
Pronunciation[/xnaːnið/]
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Unbegotten
Afro-Asiatic

Cubrite (Cubrite: כﬞנאַאנידﬞ Hnánið /hnɛːnið/ or נומא כﬞנאַאן núm Hnán /niːm hnɛːn/) is a Canaanite language spoken in the Unbegotten timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, an ethnically Jewish minority in Sicily. Standard language is based on the Criadosh (Krírdoš /kɹɪəˈdɔʃ/) dialect. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical words and phrases, but its grammar was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations.

It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.

Numbers: 0-10: efes, óð (inanimate)/áð (animate), šnay, šluš, arvą, xomiš, šeš, šebą, šmún, þešą, ηaxr

11-20: óðąx/áðąx, šnayąx, šlušąx, arvąx, xomišąx, šešąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þešąx, ηixri

40: šnay ηixri

41, 42, ...: šnay ηixri óð/áð, šnay ηixri šnay, ...

60: šluš ηixri

...

100: míø

10000: rúø

before: kkorm


History

TODO

  • Icelandify/Samify?
  • Swadesh list
  • bel-, ble- is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
  • biuth or šą še... = when...
  • Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
  • likkori = to die (lit. be called [by God])
  • šovuą = week
  • mødbár = conference
  • נא becomes a focus marker =nø
    • question marker a ... [FOCUS]=nø
  • Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > bett 'daughter'; TibH baṫ)
  • Makhin yo ngalekh likkori? = Why did you have to die?

Some sound changes

  • non-rhoticity, H-dropping
  • ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
  • ś > usually x, sometimes f or fl
  • dt, tt > st
  • -ø (mainly from ACub ) becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
  • ACub ā ō ū > OCub ó ú í
  • OCub ó ú í > Modern Cub. aɤ i: əi

Phonology

Consonants

  • /m n ŋ h l w j ɹ~ʋ/ m n η h l w y r
  • /p b f v t d ʔtʰ θ ð k g ʔkʰ/ p b f v t d tt þ ð k g kk
  • /s z ts ʃ ɧ h/ s z ts š x h

(capital η is И)

Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C.

Mutations

Words can undergo initial voicing mutation.

Vowels

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language in its timeline:

/a e ɪ ɔ ʊ ɛ̃ː iə əɪ äɤ iː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː æː aw ɛw ɪw ɔw ʊw ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oʊ~oː(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = a e i o u á é í ó ú ą ę į ų aw ew iw ow uw ar er ir or ur ø/r

Word-final /ə/ is pronounced [ɐ(ɹ)] and is transcribed as a syllabic r, or ør after r.

The following is the traditional classification of vowels:

  • Shva: ø
  • Short vowels: a e i o u
  • Long vowels: á é í ó ú
  • Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
  • L-colored vowels: aw ew iw ow uw
  • R-colored vowels: ar er ir or ur r

Prosody

Stress

Stress tends penultimate or final.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Orthography

Modern Cubrite is written in the Jewish Hebrew square script, in a spelling based on Tiberian Hebrew. (The resulting spelling is not etymological, since Cubrite reflects the original Proto-Canaanite consonants differently.) This is because most earlier works in Modern Cubrite were written by Jews, mainly educational materials in Judaism.

Consonants

  • /m n ŋ h l w j ɹ~ʋ Ø/ מ נ ׆ ה ל ו י ר א
  • /p b f v t⁼ d tʰ θ ð k⁼ g kʰ x/ פ ב פﬞ בﬞ ט ד ת ת◌ﬞ דﬞ ק ג כ כﬞ
  • /s z ts ʃ (sj-sound)/ ס ז צ ש ש׳

Consonant correspondences (by default):

  • Hebrew ד ~ Cubrite ט/ד
  • Hebrew ת ~ Cubrite ת◌ﬞ/דﬞ
  • Hebrew ט ~ Cubrite ת

Vowels

  • Word final /ə/ is always written ר, regardless of etymology.
  • The five basic vowel symbols, written after the initial consonant:
    • אַ = a
    • יֶ = e
    • י = i
    • אָ = o
    • ו = u
  • The lengthened vowels are written with an alef. If possible the alef is written after the coda; if there is no coda or if there is a post-coda suffix, it is written right after the vowel symbol. For example: núm 'language' = נומא; númr 'languages' = נואמר.
  • The L- and R-colored vowels are written with lamed or resh after the vowel symbol.
  • The nasalized vowels are written with ayin after the vowel symbol, but ą is usually written just with ayin.

Morphology

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.

Nouns and adjectives

Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has regularized all plurals to ־ר -r (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite -īm and -ōδ). It also lost grammatical gender, although animates still have natural gender.

Words ending in a nasal vowel or an R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix: פדע pdą 'tree', פדערר pdąrør 'trees'.

Some irregular plurals: בנוש, בלנוש penuš, plenuš = human

Canaanite has lost the construct state.

Degree markers:

  • Equative: de- = as X as; equally X (~ BH די day 'enough')
  • Emphatic: ro- = too (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
  • Comparative/Superlative: -ðr = more X or most X; comparandum takes פרידﬞ prið 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite בראותי את pirʔūðī jūð 'when I see ACC')

Example: קרוא kkrú 'big', דגרוא degrú 'as big as'; ראָגרוא rogrú 'very big indeed', קרואדﬞר kkrúðør 'bigger/biggest'

Verbs

Almost all verbs use only one form, usually the inherited Biblical infinitive construct, which is also used as an imperative. The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed l-, depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation in the infinitive construct. Even for imperatives: ðett lomi hi! = 'Give it to her!' Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.

Inflected lexical verbs

There are only five inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):

  • fluð 'to do' (from √ʕśy, with contamination from √pȝl)
  • ðuð 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ)
  • laht 'to go'
  • kaht 'to take'
  • ðett 'to give'

The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.

Inflected verbs in IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic
→ Person I thou (m) thou (f) you (polite) he/it she we you (plural) they Non-pronominal
fluð future ąf i þąf ta þąf te þąf Hi yąf u þąf hi nąf nu þąfu tem yąfu'm yąf/þąf
past fowð i fows ta fows te fól Hi fow u fól hi fown nu fows tem flu'm fow/fól
ðuð future éð i þés ta þés te þéð Hi yéð u þéð hi néð nu þéðu tem yéðu'm yéð/þéð
past powð i pows ta pows te pól Hi pow u pól hi pown nu pows tem plu'm pow/pól
laht future ley ni tley ta tley te tlen Hi len u tlen hi ley nu tlew tem lew'm ley/tley
past laht i laht ta laht te lál Hi law u lál hi layn nu laht tem lølu'm law/lál
kaht future key ni tkey ta tkey te tken Hi ken u tken hi key nu tkew tem kew'm key/tkey
past kaht i kaht ta kaht te kál Hi kaw u kál hi kayn nu kaht tem klu'm kaw/kál
ðett future ney ni tney ta tney te tnen Hi nen u tnen hi ney nu tnew tem new'm nen
past naht i naht ta naht te nál Hi naw u nál hi nayn nu naht tem nølu'm naw/nál

Non-pronominal forms agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural nominal subjects and the masculine singular form is used.

Regular pa3al verbs

The regular pattern is *liCCuC.

-t verbs

Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.

  • laht /ˈlaxt/ = to go
  • kaht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
  • šaht /saxt/ = to go back
  • šoft /ʃɔft/ = to sit
  • ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
  • lost /ˈlɔst/ = to be born
  • xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should
  • tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
  • sątt /sãːʔt/ = to travel
  • gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
  • dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
  • tątt /tãːʔt/ = to plant

Regular nif3al

The regular pattern is *liCoCiC where the first C is not lenited.

Regular pi3el

The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not lenited.

Regular hif3il

The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.

Regular hithpa3el

The regular pattern is *lithCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.

Other verbs

Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.

Any noun can also be verbed by prefixing lø-.

Auxiliaries

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural tem is also used as a polite pronoun.

  • Re Dovíð ngaw šun. = David is about to sleep.
  • Biuth Dovíð ngaw šun = When David is about to sleep
Various auxiliaries in IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic
→ Person I thou (m) thou (f) he/it she we blotp they Non-pronominal
Present (re, r' is from רְאֵה *rVʔē 'look!') i, ni ta te u hi nu tem em re, r' before V
Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד) ngud i ngud ta ngud te nguden u nguden hi ngud nu ngud tem ngud em ngud
Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word) am ni, am i am ta am te am u am hi am nu am tem am em am
Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass') ur ni, ur i tur ta tri te yur u tur hi nur nu tru tem ru'm yur/tur
Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass') var ni, var i, vart i vart ta vart te var u vro hi varn nu vart tem vru'm var/vro
"Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') siv i tsiv ta tsiv te isiv u tsiv hi nusiv nu tsiv tem isivu'm isiv/tsiv/isivu
"Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') seft i seft ta seft te sev u sivø hi sev nu seft tem sivu'm siv/sivu
Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme') zum i tøzum ta tøzum te zum u tøzum hi nøzum nu tøzmu tem zmu'm zum/tøzum/zmu
"X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') atteb i tatteb ta tattbi te yatteb u tatteb hi natteb nu tatteb tem yattebu'm yatteb/tatteb/yattebu
"X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') ettebt i ettebt ta ettebt te etteb u ettibø hi etteb nu ettebt tem ettebu'm etteb
Cautionary future

The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb *zāmam 'to scheme'. It's used to:

  • warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
    • Zum sąras ða lovu fu hol ngeð. = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
    • Zum tafkestas mul lið kobuą hetteb! = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
  • often used in a threatening manner, for example: Lakh to mul yedhą ma zum i ląsuth lakh to! = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'

Object pronouns

Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ho/he/hem may be found instead of to/te/tem in some dialects.

Prepositions

Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.

example of a IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly

  • 1sg: li, li ni
  • 2sg.m: lah to
  • 2sg.f: lah te
  • 3sg.m: lomu hu
  • 3sg.f: lomi hi
  • 1pl. lonu nu
  • 2pl. lahøm tem
  • 3pl. lomu'm

Other prepositions:

  • túb lø = for
  • yán = because of
  • ngøli = on, above
  • yax = with (both inst. and com.)
  • pøngé = inside, within
    • sim. løngé, møngé 'into, out of'
  • pølip = amidst
  • wén = without
  • møné = before, in front of
  • xár = after
  • møngál = above
  • møþál = below
  • þaht = instead of
  • til = like, as
  • xahr = until
  • gu = up to

Syntax

Constituent order

The order is tense-subject-verb-object.

R'išaz p'él avlaz.
The man is eating the apple.
Re béð u pø de-rul xmó liyoðøn.
His house is as big as a crocodile.
Sto hi ða ląsuth halkkbetho hi pø ro-múhr.
She did her homework too late.

The negative particle mul (from mə'umâ lo 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.

Faulty accusative

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has the faulty accusative particle ða or ð' (from Ancient Cubrite ʔet ha-). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. Đa must also be used before the verbal noun when using an auxiliary: היֶטבר הי דﬞאַ ליתפﬞוס טאָגר Hettvø hi ða litfus togø. = She was good at catching fish.

Noun phrase

Both nouns and adjectives inflect for definiteness, as follows:

  • Singular: -as (after C) or -su (after V)
  • Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix -r if any)

Examples:

  • xadr = a room
  • xadras = the room
  • xadrør = rooms
  • xadril = the rooms
  • xadr grú = a big room
  • xadras grulas = the big room
  • botr grulr = big houses
  • botil grulil = the big houses

There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: šem-mawkaz = the king's name.

To say "this X" or "that X", X-az fu and X-az šom (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ze fu and ze šom (where the ze becomes ilø in the plural).

The abstract demonstrative is zuth.

Words for yes and no

  • ent (from אמת "truth") = present 'yes'
  • ay (from איה "where?") = present 'no'
  • ríð (from ראיתי "I saw") = past 'yes'
  • lu ðo (from לא עשה, inflected) = past 'no'
  • yąð (from יעשה, inflected) = future 'yes'
  • lu yąð (inflected) = future 'no'
  • aw (from אל "don't!") = imperative 'no'

Verb phrase

VN constructions

  • re Parm laht = Parm is going, goes
  • re Parm þax laht = Parm is about to go
  • re Parm hár laht = Parm has gone
  • re Parm hár yið pø laht = Parm has been going
  • re Parm døs laht = Parm just went
  • re Parm wén laht = Parm hasn't went
  • sto Parm ða laht = Parm went
  • þąs Parm ða laht = Parm will go
  • Laht! = Go! (number neutral)
  • Tenu laht! = Let's go!

Sentence phrase

Complementizer

There is a complementizer mur /mɐ/ (from לאמר lēmōr) or yuð /əð/ (from conflation of hajōδ 'to be' and hiyyōδ accusative marker) depending on dialect.

Relativizer

Relative clauses use the relativizer ar (from a merger of אשר *ʔašir and ה- ha-). Re is not used in relative clauses in present tense.

  • Ni p'él avlaz ar pø xadr i = I am eating the apple which is in my room.

Vocabulary

Canaanite has the following vocabulary layers:

  1. Most of the common words are inherited from Ancient Cubrite, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: šngúd 'a lot' comes from saȝudō 'feast'.
  2. Celtic substrates
  3. Ancient Greek, Old Togarmite and Aramaic loans
  4. L-Arabic loans
  5. Modern loans from other Levantine sprachbund languages, such as Togarmite, and Modern Greek

Although it is attested in Biblical Hebrew, the *CăCiCâ verbal noun pattern is not as productive as in Mishnaic Hebrew.

Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:

  • ambin 'brick' from אבני בניין *ʔabanē binyan 'building stones'
  • søvgom '(slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from שפך דם *šapk dam 'spilling of blood'
  • ngénøm 'source' from עין מים ʕēn mayim 'spring of water'
  • xeppin 'to like' from נשא פני lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
  • klalib 'conscience' from קול הלב lit. 'voice of the heart'

Some productive affixes are:

  • ben-/ble- = agentive
    • פנאַר pnar 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *בן הר 'son-of mountain'
  • beδ- = place noun
  • bəd-/pd- = singulative of a collective noun
    • פדע pdą = tree, from *batt ya3r 'daughter of forest'
  • -əl = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)

Example texts

UDHR, Article 1

Hol plenušil bru'm lost til xofsr; em sowr ηa hobdas e tsrókkil. Vru'm lifkuð pø ðbín e gulalib, e re ηal em liðaléh yahøm šuðiv pø nøšóm axwr.
all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL behave with one_another with spirit brotherhood.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Tower of Babel

Cubrite Masoretic Hebrew (translit.)

Migdolas Bovél

  1. Bar þó law þebwas fow súðu xóv ða lødapir e fow súðu núm ða lúηil.
  2. Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkadm, flu'm ða liþakkiw pø mišuras Šinηor e liðyašib šom.
  3. E flu'm el šúðiv yið: "Púlé, puþonu fluð ambínr e latteb lévuð em." E fow ambínil ða lúηil lomu'm til abonr, e ørgílas til mawtt.
  4. E flu'm yið: "Púlé, puþonu bnuð krír e migdol bomi hi, yąf ruš u ląluð laht el šmémas, e nąf nu el nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir ηøli þó law þebwas."
  5. Wini fow Hašém ða rost bu, há yąf u ða xettηém el kríras e migdolas ar yu plenušil pø bnuð.
  6. E fow Hašém yið: "Šą ar flu'm ða aþól fluð til xóð ηom ar bø dapir xóð núm, yé mum mihšul mul el mádovr ar yąfu zúm fluð!
  7. "Púlé, puþonu rost laht e bawbiw núm em, oz yąfu'm mul lábin šuðiv."
  8. E me šom fow Hašém ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas, e flu'm ða ládul bnuð kríras.
  9. E me yánas fu ar kríras pø kaht šemas "Bovél" -- šom fow Hašém ða bawbiw núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fow Hašém ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas.
  1. Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
  2. Vayehi bnos'am mikedem vayyimtse'u vik'a b'erets Shin'ar vayyeshvu sham.
  3. Vayyomru ish el-re'ehu hava nilbena lvenim venisrefa lisrefa vatehi lahem hallvena l'aven vehakhemar haya lahem lakhomer.
  4. Vayyomru hava nivne-lanu ir umigdal verosho vashamayim vena'ase-lanu shem pen-nafuts al-pnei khol-ha'arets.
  5. Vayyered Adonai lir'ot et-ha'ir ve'et-hammigdal asher banu bnei ha'adam.
  6. Vayyomer Adonai hen am ekhad vesafa akhat lekhullam veze hakhillam la'asot ve'ata lo-yibatser mehem kol asher yazmu la'asot.
  7. Hava nerda vnovla sham sfatam asher lo yishme'u ish sefat re'ehu.
  8. Vayyafets Adonai otam misham al-pnei khol-ha'arets vayyakhdelu livnot ha'ir.
  9. Al-ken kara shmah bavel ki-sham balal Adonai shefat kol-ha'arets umisham hefitsam Adonai al-pnei kol-ha'arets.

Schleicher's Fable

Phrasebook

When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one male informally, one female informally, and multiple people or formal language.

  • Soløm! [ˈsɔləm] = Hello! / Goodbye!
  • Hakr gorv! = See you!
  • Ebí Hi! = Welcome! (etym. [God] has brought you)
  • Parg lo Hi! = Thank you!
  • imtsøhém Hi = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
    • also plíz [pləɪz] (from English)
  • ngeth tuv [ŋɛθ tuv] = have fun