User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic: Difference between revisions

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|nativename = כﬞנאַאנידﬞ<br/>{{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = כﬞנאַאנידﬞ<br/>{{PAGENAME}}
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|setting =  
|name = Cubrite
|name = Cubrite
|pronunciation = /xnaːnið/
|pronunciation = /xnaːnið/
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}}
}}


'''Cubrite''' (Cubrite: כﬞנאַאנידﬞ ''Kibrið'' /kɪbɹɪð/ or נומא כﬞנאַאן ''núm Kibr'' /niːm kɪbɐ/) is a Canaanite language spoken in the [[Verse:Unbegotten|Unbegotten]] timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, an ethnically Jewish minority in Sicily. Standard language is based on the Criadoch (''Krírdox'' /kɹɪəˈdɔx/) dialect. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical words and phrases, but its grammar was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations.
'''Cubrite''' (Cubrite: כﬞנאַאנידﬞ ''Kibrið'' /kɪbɹɪð/ or נומא כﬞנאַאן ''núm Kibr'' /niːm kɪbɐ/) is a Canaanite language spoken in an alt-hist timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, an ethnically Jewish minority in Sicily. Standard language is based on the Criadoch (''Krírdox'' /kɹɪəˈdɔx/) dialect. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical words and phrases, but its grammar was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations.


It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.
It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.
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0-10: efes, óð (inanimate)/áð (animate), šnay, šluš, arvą, xomiš, šeš, šebą, šmún, þešą, ηaxr
0-10: efes, óð (inanimate)/áð (animate), šnay, šluš, arvą, xomiš, šeš, šebą, šmún, þešą, ηaxr


11-20: óðąx/áðąx, šnayąx, šlušąx, arvąx, xomišąx, šešąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þešąx, ηixri
11-20: štąx, šnayąx, šlušąx, arvąx, xomišąx, šešąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þešąx, ηixri


40: šnay ηixri
40: šnay ηixri
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...
...


100: míø
100: mír


10000: rúø
10000: rubr


before: kkorm
before: kkorm
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*Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH די ''day'' 'enough')
*Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH די ''day'' 'enough')
*Emphatic: ''ro-'' = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
*Emphatic: ''ro-'' = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
*Comparative/Superlative: ''-ðr'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes פרידﬞ ''prið'' 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite בראותי את ''pirʔūðī jūð'' 'when I see ACC')
*Comparative/Superlative: ''-ðr'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes פרידﬞ ''prið'' 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite ''pirʔūðī'' 'when I see')


Example: קרוא ''kkrú'' 'big', דגרוא ''degrú'' 'as big as'; ראָגרוא ''rogrú'' 'so big; very big indeed', קרואדﬞר ''kkrúðør'' 'bigger/biggest'
Example: קרוא ''kkrú'' 'big', דגרוא ''degrú'' 'as big as'; ראָגרוא ''rogrú'' 'so big; very big indeed', קרואדﬞר ''kkrúðør'' 'bigger/biggest'
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! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | you (polite)
! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | you (plural)
! style="width: 75px; " | you (polite/plural)
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
! | Non-pronominal
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| ''þąf ta''
| ''þąf ta''
| ''þąf te''
| ''þąf te''
| ''þąf Hi''
| ''yąf u''
| ''yąf u''
| ''þąf hi''
| ''þąf hi''
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| ''fows ta''
| ''fows ta''
| ''fows te''
| ''fows te''
| ''fól Hi''
| ''fow u''
| ''fow u''
| ''fól hi''
| ''fól hi''
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| ''þés ta''
| ''þés ta''
| ''þés te''
| ''þés te''
| ''þéð Hi''
| ''yéð u''
| ''yéð u''
| ''þéð hi''
| ''þéð hi''
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| ''pows ta''
| ''pows ta''
| ''pows te''
| ''pows te''
| ''pól Hi''
| ''pow u''
| ''pow u''
| ''pól hi''
| ''pól hi''
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| ''tley ta''
| ''tley ta''
| ''tley te''
| ''tley te''
| ''tlen Hi''
| ''len u''
| ''len u''
| ''tlen hi''
| ''tlen hi''
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| ''laht ta''
| ''laht ta''
| ''laht te''
| ''laht te''
| ''lál Hi''
| ''law u''
| ''law u''
| ''lál hi''
| ''lál hi''
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| ''tkey ta''
| ''tkey ta''
| ''tkey te''
| ''tkey te''
| ''tken Hi''
| ''ken u''
| ''ken u''
| ''tken hi''
| ''tken hi''
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| ''kaht ta''
| ''kaht ta''
| ''kaht te''
| ''kaht te''
| ''kál Hi''
| ''kaw u''
| ''kaw u''
| ''kál hi''
| ''kál hi''
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| ''tney ta''
| ''tney ta''
| ''tney te''
| ''tney te''
| ''tnen Hi''
| ''nen u''
| ''nen u''
| ''tnen hi''
| ''tnen hi''
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| ''tnew tem''
| ''tnew tem''
| ''new'm''
| ''new'm''
| ''nen''
| ''nen/tnen''
|-
|-
! past
! past
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| ''naht ta''
| ''naht ta''
| ''naht te''
| ''naht te''
| ''nál Hi''
| ''naw u''
| ''naw u''
| ''nál hi''
| ''nál hi''
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*šoft /ʃɔft/ = to sit
*šoft /ʃɔft/ = to sit
*ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
*ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
*lost /ˈlɔst/ = to be born
*lost /lɔst/ = to be born
*rost /ɹɔst/ = to go down
*xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should
*xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should
*tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
*tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
*sątt /sãːʔt/ = to travel
*šątt /ʃãːʔt/ = to travel
*gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
*gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
*dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
*dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
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===Faulty accusative===
===Faulty accusative===
{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative particle ''ða'' or ''ð' '' (from Ancient Cubrite ''ʔet ha-''). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. ''Đa'' must also be used before the verbal noun when using an auxiliary: היֶטבר הי דﬞאַ ליתפﬞוס טאָגר ''Hettvø hi ða litfus togø.'' = She was good at catching fish.
{{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative particle ''ða'' or ''ð' '' (from Ancient Cubrite ''ʔet ha-''). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. ''Đa'' must also be used before the verbal noun when using an auxiliary: היֶטבר הי דﬞאַ ליתפﬞוס נינר ''Hettvø hi ða litfus ninø.'' = She was good at catching fish.
 
It's also used in a ''ba'' construction of sorts:
 
:Fow Móše prah ð'él.
:PST.3SG.M Moshe meat ÐA eat.INF
:It's meat that Moshe ate.


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
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===Words for yes and no===
===Words for yes and no===
*''ent'' (from אמת "truth") = present 'yes'
*''ens'' (from *amitt ze "this is truth") = present 'yes'
*''ay'' (from איה "where?") = present 'no'
*''ay'' (from איה "where?") = present 'no'
*''ríð'' (from ראיתי "I saw") = past 'yes'
*''ríð'' (from ראיתי "I saw") = past 'yes'
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===Relativizer===
===Relativizer===
Relative clauses use the relativizer ''ar'' (from a merger of אשר ''*ʔašir'' and ה- ''ha-''). ''Re'' is not used in relative clauses in present tense.
Relative clauses use the relativizer ''har'' (from ''*ka-ʔašir''). ''Re'' is not used in relative clauses in present tense.
 
*''Ni p'él avlaz har pø xadr i'' = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
 
=== Serial verb construction ===
Serial verbs are very common in Cubrite, it's an extension of how the infinitive construct used to work in Cubrite (and Biblical Hebrew).


*''Ni p'él avlaz ar pø xadr i'' = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
: Pow Móše kaht él prah. / Fow Móše ðuð kaht él prah.
: come.PST.3SG.M Moshe take.INF eat.INF meat / PST.3SG.M Moshe come.INF take.INF eat.INF meat
:Moshe came, took, and ate the meat.


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
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|-
|-
||
||
''Migdolas Bovél''
# ''Bar pø þó law þebwas súðu xóv ða dapr e fow súðu núm ða lúl.''
:/mɪgˈdɔləs bɔˈvaɪl/
# ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkadm, flu'm ða liþakkiw pø mišuras Šinηar e liðyašib feni.''
# ''Bar pø þó law þebwas súðu xóv ða dapr he fow súðu núm ða lúηil.''
# ''Flu'm el šúv yið: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb lévuð em." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ða lúl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
#: /bɑː pə ˈθɑːlu ˈθɛbwəs ˈsiːðu ˈɧaɤv ðə ˈdapə hə fə ˈsiːðu ðə ˈliːŋɪl/
# ''Flu'm yið: "Púlé, púþnu bnuð krír lon nu e migdol bomi hi, yąf ruš u ląluð laht el šmémas, e nąf nu el nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir ηøi þó law þebwas."''
# ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkadm, flu'm ða liþakkiw pø mišuras Šinηor he liðyašib šom.''
# ''Wini fow Hašém ða rost bu, há yąf u ða xettném el kríras e migdolas har yu plenušil pø bnuð.''
#: /ˈwɪnɪ pɪð əm pə ʃɑ̃ʔt mə mɪʔˈkaɾm, flʊm ðə liˈθaʔku pə mɪʃoːɹəs ˈʃɪnŋoʊ hə liðˈjaʃɪb ʃɔm/
# ''Fow Hašém yið: "Šą har flu'm ða laþól fluð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, yé mum mihšul mul el mádovr har yąfu zúm fluð!''
# ''Flu'm el šúv yið: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr he latteb lévuð em." He fow ambínil ða lúηil low'm til abonr, he ørgílas til mawtt.''
# ''"Púlé, púþnu rost laht e bawbiw núm em, oz yąfu'm mul lábin šúv."''
# ''Flu'm yið: "Púlé, púþnu bnuð krír lon nu he migdol bomi hi, yąf ruš u ląluð laht el šmémas, he nąf nu el nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir ηøli þó law þebwas."''
# ''He me šom fow Hašém ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas, e flu'm ða ládul bnuð kríras.''
# ''Wini fow Hašém ða rost bu, há yąf u ða xettném el kríras he migdolas ar yu plenušil pø bnuð.''
# ''Me yánas fu har kríras pø kaht šemas "Bovél" -- šom fow Hašém ða bawbiw núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fow Hašém ða vasir em ηøi þó law þebwas.''
# ''Fow Hašém yið: "Šą ar flu'm ða laþól fluð til xóð ηom ar bø dapr xóð núm, yé mum mihšul mul el mádovr ar yąfu zúm fluð!''
# ''"Púlé, púþnu rost laht he bawbiw núm em, oz yąfu'm mul lábin šúv."''
# ''He me šom fow Hašém ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas, he flu'm ða ládul bnuð kríras.''
# ''Me yánas fu ar kríras pø kaht šemas "Bovél" -- šom fow Hašém ða bawbiw núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fow Hašém ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas.''
||
||
#Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
#Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
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*''Soløm!'' [ˈsɔləm] = Hello! / Goodbye!
*''Soløm!'' [ˈsɔləm] = Hello! / Goodbye!
*''Hakr gorv!'' = See you!
*''Hakr gorv!'' = See you!
*''Ebí Hi!'' = Welcome! (etym. [God] has brought you)
*''Ebí Tem!'' = Welcome!
*''Parg lo Hi!'' = Thank you!  
*''Parg lo Tem!'' = Thank you!  
*''imtsøhém Hi'' = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
*''imtsøhém Tem'' = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
**also ''plíz'' [pləɪz] (from English)
**also ''plíz'' [pləɪz] (from English)
*''ngeth tuv'' [ŋɛθ tuv] = have fun
*''ngeth tub'' [ŋɛθ tub] = have fun
* ''É šemas tkey to?'' = What's your name?
*''Key ni šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].


<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->

Revision as of 13:42, 9 September 2021

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Lexicon

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Swadesh list

דף זה בעברית


Cubrite
כﬞנאַאנידﬞ
IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic
Pronunciation[/xnaːnið/]
Created byIlL
Afro-Asiatic

Cubrite (Cubrite: כﬞנאַאנידﬞ Kibrið /kɪbɹɪð/ or נומא כﬞנאַאן núm Kibr /niːm kɪbɐ/) is a Canaanite language spoken in an alt-hist timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, an ethnically Jewish minority in Sicily. Standard language is based on the Criadoch (Krírdox /kɹɪəˈdɔx/) dialect. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical words and phrases, but its grammar was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations.

It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.

Numbers: 0-10: efes, óð (inanimate)/áð (animate), šnay, šluš, arvą, xomiš, šeš, šebą, šmún, þešą, ηaxr

11-20: štąx, šnayąx, šlušąx, arvąx, xomišąx, šešąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þešąx, ηixri

40: šnay ηixri

41, 42, ...: šnay ηixri óð/áð, šnay ηixri šnay, ...

60: šluš ηixri

...

100: mír

10000: rubr

before: kkorm


History

TODO

  • Icelandify/Samify?
  • Swadesh list
  • bel-, ble- is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
  • biuth or šą še... = when...
  • Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
  • likkori = to die (lit. be called [by God])
  • šovuą = week
  • mødbár = conference
  • נא becomes a focus marker =nø
    • question marker a ... [FOCUS]=nø
  • Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > bett 'daughter'; TibH baṫ)
  • Makhin yo ngalekh likkori? = Why did you have to die?

Some sound changes

  • non-rhoticity, H-dropping
  • ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
  • ś > usually x, sometimes f or fl
  • dt, tt > st
  • -ø (mainly from ACub ) becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
  • ACub ā ō ū > OCub ó ú í
  • OCub ó ú í > Modern Cub. aɤ i: əi

Phonology

Consonants

  • /m n ŋ h l w j ɹ~ʋ/ m n η h l w y r
  • /p b f v t d ʔtʰ θ ð k g ʔkʰ/ p b f v t d tt þ ð k g kk
  • /s z ts ʃ ɧ h/ s z ts š x h

(capital η is И)

/d/ is [ɾ] after a vowel.

Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C.

Mutations

Words can undergo initial voicing mutation.

Vowels

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language in its timeline:

/a e ɪ ɔ ʊ ɛ̃ː iə əɪ äɤ iː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː æː aw ɛw ɪw ɔw ʊw ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oʊ~oː(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = a e i o u á é í ó ú ą ę į ų aw ew iw ow uw ar er ir or ur ø/r

Word-final /ə/ is pronounced [ɐ(ɹ)] and is transcribed as a syllabic r, or ør after r.

The following is the traditional classification of vowels:

  • Shva: ø
  • Short vowels: a e i o u
  • Long vowels: á é í ó ú
  • Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
  • L-colored vowels: aw ew iw ow uw
  • R-colored vowels: ar er ir or ur r

Prosody

Stress

Stress tends penultimate or final.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Orthography

Modern Cubrite is written in the Jewish Hebrew square script, in a spelling based on Tiberian Hebrew. (The resulting spelling is not etymological, since Cubrite reflects the original Proto-Canaanite consonants differently.) This is because most earlier works in Modern Cubrite were written by Jews, mainly educational materials in Judaism.

Consonants

  • /m n ŋ h l w j ɹ~ʋ Ø/ מ נ ׆ ה ל ו י ר א
  • /p b f v t⁼ d tʰ θ ð k⁼ g kʰ x/ פ ב פﬞ בﬞ ט ד ת ת◌ﬞ דﬞ ק ג כ כﬞ
  • /s z ts ʃ (sj-sound)/ ס ז צ ש ש׳

Consonant correspondences (by default):

  • Hebrew ד ~ Cubrite ט/ד
  • Hebrew ת ~ Cubrite ת◌ﬞ/דﬞ
  • Hebrew ט ~ Cubrite ת

Vowels

  • Word final /ə/ is always written ר, regardless of etymology.
  • The five basic vowel symbols, written after the initial consonant:
    • אַ = a
    • יֶ = e
    • י = i
    • אָ = o
    • ו = u
  • The lengthened vowels are written with an alef. If possible the alef is written after the coda; if there is no coda or if there is a post-coda suffix, it is written right after the vowel symbol. For example: núm 'language' = נומא; númr 'languages' = נואמר.
  • The L- and R-colored vowels are written with lamed or resh after the vowel symbol.
  • The nasalized vowels are written with ayin after the vowel symbol, but ą is usually written just with ayin.

Morphology

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.

Nouns and adjectives

Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has regularized all plurals to ־ר -r (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite -īm and -ōδ). It also lost grammatical gender, although animates still have natural gender.

Words ending in a nasal vowel or an R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix: פדע pdą 'tree', פדערר pdąrør 'trees'.

Some irregular plurals: בנוש, בלנוש penuš, plenuš = human

Canaanite has lost the construct state.

Degree markers:

  • Equative: de- = as X as; equally X (~ BH די day 'enough')
  • Emphatic: ro- = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
  • Comparative/Superlative: -ðr = more X or most X; comparandum takes פרידﬞ prið 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite pirʔūðī 'when I see')

Example: קרוא kkrú 'big', דגרוא degrú 'as big as'; ראָגרוא rogrú 'so big; very big indeed', קרואדﬞר kkrúðør 'bigger/biggest'

Verbs

Almost all verbs use only one form, usually the inherited Biblical infinitive construct, which is also used as an imperative. The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed l-, depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation in the infinitive construct. Even for imperatives: ðett lomi hi! = 'Give it to her!' Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.

Inflected lexical verbs

There are only five inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):

  • fluð 'to do' (from √ʕśy, with contamination from √pȝl)
  • ðuð 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ)
  • laht 'to go'
  • kaht 'to take'
  • ðett 'to give'

The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.

Inflected verbs in IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic
→ Person I thou (m) thou (f) he/it she we you (polite/plural) they Non-pronominal
fluð future ąf i þąf ta þąf te yąf u þąf hi nąf nu þąfu tem yąfu'm yąf/þąf
past fowð i fows ta fows te fow u fól hi fown nu fows tem flu'm fow/fól
ðuð future éð i þés ta þés te yéð u þéð hi néð nu þéðu tem yéðu'm yéð/þéð
past powð i pows ta pows te pow u pól hi pown nu pows tem plu'm pow/pól
laht future ley ni tley ta tley te len u tlen hi ley nu tlew tem lew'm ley/tley
past laht i laht ta laht te law u lál hi layn nu laht tem lølu'm law/lál
kaht future key ni tkey ta tkey te ken u tken hi key nu tkew tem kew'm key/tkey
past kaht i kaht ta kaht te kaw u kál hi kayn nu kaht tem klu'm kaw/kál
ðett future ney ni tney ta tney te nen u tnen hi ney nu tnew tem new'm nen/tnen
past naht i naht ta naht te naw u nál hi nayn nu naht tem nølu'm naw/nál

Non-pronominal forms agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural nominal subjects and the masculine singular form is used.

Regular pa3al verbs

The regular pattern is *liCCuC.

-t verbs

Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.

  • laht /ˈlaxt/ = to go
  • kaht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
  • šaht /saxt/ = to go back
  • šoft /ʃɔft/ = to sit
  • ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
  • lost /lɔst/ = to be born
  • rost /ɹɔst/ = to go down
  • xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should
  • tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
  • šątt /ʃãːʔt/ = to travel
  • gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
  • dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
  • tątt /tãːʔt/ = to plant

Regular nif3al

The regular pattern is *liCoCiC where the first C is not lenited.

Regular pi3el

The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not lenited.

Regular hif3il

The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.

Regular hithpa3el

The regular pattern is *lithCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.

Other verbs

Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.

Any noun can also be verbed by prefixing lø-.

Auxiliaries

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural tem is also used as a polite pronoun.

  • Re Dovíð ngaw šun. = David is about to sleep.
  • Piuth Dovíð ngaw šun = When David is about to sleep
Various auxiliaries in IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic
→ Person I thou (m) thou (f) he/it she we blotp they Non-pronominal
Present (re, r' , from *rVʔē 'look!') i, ni ta te u hi nu tem em re, r' before V
Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד) ngud i ngud ta ngud te nguden u nguden hi ngud nu ngud tem ngud em ngud
Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word) am ni, am i am ta am te am u am hi am nu am tem am em am
Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass') ur ni, ur i tur ta tri te yur u tur hi nur nu tru tem ru'm yur/tur
Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass') bar ni, bar i, bart i bart ta bart te bar u bro hi barn nu bart tem bru'm bar/bro
"Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') siv i tsiv ta tsiv te isiv u tsiv hi nusiv nu tsiv tem isivu'm isiv/tsiv/isivu
"Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') seft i seft ta seft te sev u sivø hi sev nu seft tem sivu'm siv/sivu
Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme') zum i tøzum ta tøzum te zum u tøzum hi nøzum nu tøzmu tem zmu'm zum/tøzum/zmu
"X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') atteb i tatteb ta tattbi te yatteb u tatteb hi natteb nu tatteb tem yattebu'm yatteb/tatteb/yattebu
"X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') ettebt i ettebt ta ettebt te etteb u ettibø hi etteb nu ettebt tem ettebu'm etteb

kakht 'to take' is used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB'.

The auxiliary zum for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb *zāmam 'to scheme'. It's used to:

  • warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
    • Zum sąras ða lovu fu hol ngeð. = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
    • Zum tafkestas mul lið kobuą hetteb! = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
  • often used in a threatening manner, for example: Lakh to mul yedhą ma zum i ląsuth lakh to! = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'

Object pronouns

Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ho/he/hem may be found instead of to/te/tem in some dialects.

Prepositions

Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.

example of a IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly

  • 1sg: li, li ni
  • 2sg.m: lah to
  • 2sg.f: lah te
  • 3sg.m: lomu hu
  • 3sg.f: lomi hi
  • 1pl. lon nu
  • 2pl. lahøm tem
  • 3pl. low'm

Other prepositions:

  • túb lø = for
  • yán = because of
  • ngøli = on, above
  • yax = with (both inst. and com.)
  • pøngé = inside, within
    • sim. løngé, møngé 'into, out of'
  • pølip = amidst
  • wén = without
  • møné = before, in front of
  • xár = after
  • møngál = above
  • møþál = below
  • þaht = instead of
  • til = like, as
  • xahr = until
  • gu = up to

Syntax

Constituent order

The order is tense-subject-verb-object.

R'išaz p'él avlaz.
The man is eating the apple.
Re béð u pø de-rul xmó liyoðøn.
His house is as big as a crocodile.
Sto hi ða ląsuth halkkbetho hi pø ro-múhr.
She did her homework too late.

The negative particle mul (from mə'umâ lo 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.

Faulty accusative

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has the faulty accusative particle ða or ð' (from Ancient Cubrite ʔet ha-). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. Đa must also be used before the verbal noun when using an auxiliary: היֶטבר הי דﬞאַ ליתפﬞוס נינר Hettvø hi ða litfus ninø. = She was good at catching fish.

It's also used in a ba construction of sorts:

Fow Móše prah ð'él.
PST.3SG.M Moshe meat ÐA eat.INF
It's meat that Moshe ate.

Noun phrase

Both nouns and adjectives inflect for definiteness, as follows:

  • Singular: -as (after C) or -su (after V)
  • Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix -r if any)

Examples:

  • xadr = a room
  • xadras = the room
  • xadrør = rooms
  • xadril = the rooms
  • xadr grú = a big room
  • xadras grulas = the big room
  • botr grulr = big houses
  • botil grulil = the big houses

There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: šem-mawkas = the king's name.

To say "this X" or "that X", X-az fu and X-az šom (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ze fu and ze šom (where the ze becomes ilø in the plural).

The abstract demonstrative is zuth.

Words for yes and no

  • ens (from *amitt ze "this is truth") = present 'yes'
  • ay (from איה "where?") = present 'no'
  • ríð (from ראיתי "I saw") = past 'yes'
  • lu fow (from לא עשה, inflected) = past 'no'
  • yąf (from יעשה, inflected) = future 'yes'
  • lu yąf (inflected) = future 'no'
  • aw (from אל "don't!") = imperative 'no'

Verb phrase

VN constructions

  • re Parm laht = Parm is going, goes
  • re Parm þax laht = Parm is about to go
  • re Parm hár laht = Parm has gone
  • re Parm hár yið pø laht = Parm has been going
  • re Parm døs laht = Parm just went
  • re Parm wén laht = Parm hasn't went
  • sto Parm ða laht = Parm went
  • þąs Parm ða laht = Parm will go
  • Laht! = Go! (number neutral)
  • Tenu laht! = Let's go!

Sentence phrase

Complementizer

There is a complementizer mur /mɐ/ (from לאמר lēmōr) or yið /əð/ (from conflation of hajūδ 'to be' and jūδ accusative marker) depending on dialect.

Relativizer

Relative clauses use the relativizer har (from *ka-ʔašir). Re is not used in relative clauses in present tense.

  • Ni p'él avlaz har pø xadr i = I am eating the apple which is in my room.

Serial verb construction

Serial verbs are very common in Cubrite, it's an extension of how the infinitive construct used to work in Cubrite (and Biblical Hebrew).

Pow Móše kaht él prah. / Fow Móše ðuð kaht él prah.
come.PST.3SG.M Moshe take.INF eat.INF meat / PST.3SG.M Moshe come.INF take.INF eat.INF meat
Moshe came, took, and ate the meat.

Vocabulary

Canaanite has the following vocabulary layers:

  1. Most of the common words are inherited from Ancient Cubrite, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: šngúd 'a lot' comes from saȝudō 'feast'.
  2. Celtic substrates
  3. Ancient Greek, Old Togarmite and Aramaic loans
  4. L-Arabic loans
  5. Modern loans from other Levantine sprachbund languages, such as Togarmite, and Modern Greek

Although it is attested in Biblical Hebrew, the *CăCiCâ verbal noun pattern is not as productive as in Mishnaic Hebrew.

Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:

  • ambin 'brick' from אבני בניין *ʔabanē binyan 'building stones'
  • søvgom '(slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from שפך דם *šapk dam 'spilling of blood'
  • ngénøm 'source' from עין מים ʕēn mayim 'spring of water'
  • xeppin 'to like' from נשא פני lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
  • klalib 'conscience' from קול הלב lit. 'voice of the heart'

Some productive affixes are:

  • ben-/ble- = agentive
    • פנאַר pnar 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *בן הר 'son-of mountain'
  • beδ- = place noun
  • bəd-/pd- = singulative of a collective noun
    • פדע pdą = tree, from *batt ya3r 'daughter of forest'
  • -əl = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)

Example texts

UDHR, Article 1

Hol plenušil bru'm lost til xofšr; em šowr ηa hobdas he tsrókkil. Bru'm lifkuð pø ðbín he gulalib, he re ηal em liðaléh yaxøm šúv pø nøšóm axwr.
all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL behave with one_another with spirit brotherhood.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Tower of Babel

Cubrite Masoretic Hebrew (translit.)
  1. Bar pø þó law þebwas súðu xóv ða dapr e fow súðu núm ða lúl.
  2. Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkadm, flu'm ða liþakkiw pø mišuras Šinηar e liðyašib feni.
  3. Flu'm el šúv yið: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb lévuð em." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ða lúl, e ørgílas til mawtt.
  4. Flu'm yið: "Púlé, púþnu bnuð krír lon nu e migdol bomi hi, yąf ruš u ląluð laht el šmémas, e nąf nu el nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir ηøi þó law þebwas."
  5. Wini fow Hašém ða rost bu, há yąf u ða xettném el kríras e migdolas har yu plenušil pø bnuð.
  6. Fow Hašém yið: "Šą har flu'm ða laþól fluð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, yé mum mihšul mul el mádovr har yąfu zúm fluð!
  7. "Púlé, púþnu rost laht e bawbiw núm em, oz yąfu'm mul lábin šúv."
  8. He me šom fow Hašém ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas, e flu'm ða ládul bnuð kríras.
  9. Me yánas fu har kríras pø kaht šemas "Bovél" -- šom fow Hašém ða bawbiw núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fow Hašém ða vasir em ηøi þó law þebwas.
  1. Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
  2. Vayehi bnos'am mikedem vayyimtse'u vik'a b'erets Shin'ar vayyeshvu sham.
  3. Vayyomru ish el-re'ehu hava nilbena lvenim venisrefa lisrefa vatehi lahem hallvena l'aven vehakhemar haya lahem lakhomer.
  4. Vayyomru hava nivne-lanu ir umigdal verosho vashamayim vena'ase-lanu shem pen-nafuts al-pnei khol-ha'arets.
  5. Vayyered Adonai lir'ot et-ha'ir ve'et-hammigdal asher banu bnei ha'adam.
  6. Vayyomer Adonai hen am ekhad vesafa akhat lekhullam veze hakhillam la'asot ve'ata lo-yibatser mehem kol asher yazmu la'asot.
  7. Hava nerda vnovla sham sfatam asher lo yishme'u ish sefat re'ehu.
  8. Vayyafets Adonai otam misham al-pnei khol-ha'arets vayyakhdelu livnot ha'ir.
  9. Al-ken kara shmah bavel ki-sham balal Adonai shefat kol-ha'arets umisham hefitsam Adonai al-pnei kol-ha'arets.

Schleicher's Fable

Phrasebook

When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one male informally, one female informally, and multiple people or formal language.

  • Soløm! [ˈsɔləm] = Hello! / Goodbye!
  • Hakr gorv! = See you!
  • Ebí Tem! = Welcome!
  • Parg lo Tem! = Thank you!
  • imtsøhém Tem = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
    • also plíz [pləɪz] (from English)
  • ngeth tub [ŋɛθ tub] = have fun
  • É šemas tkey to? = What's your name?
  • Key ni šemas [NAME] = My name is [NAME].