User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Ancient: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤉𐤀
|nativename = *hak-kana3nījō
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|name = Druidic Canaanite
|name = Ancient Knench
|pronunciation = /xənaɣ̃ˈni:ja:/
|pronunciation =  
|region = Cyprus
|region =  
|states =  
|states =  
|speakers =  
|speakers =  
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|fam2=Semitic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Togarmo-Canaanite
|fam4=Canaanite
|fam5=Canaanite
|fam6=(Pre-Exilic) Biblical Hebrew
}}
}}


'''Druidic Canaanite''' or '''Druidic Hebrew''' (natively 𐤄𐤋𐤔𐤅𐤍 𐤄𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤉𐤀 ''hal-lašōn haχ-χanaȝnījā'' /ʔallaˈʃoːn ʔaxxanaɣ̃ˈniːjaː/) is the stage of [[Xnánið]] between the split from Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew ca. 6th century BC and ca. 5th century CE. It was used as a literary language during this period and was the language of Near-East druidism, a form of Celtic druidism incorporating Semitic pagan elements, before the religion was supplanted by Henosis Ousias. It was then that the drastic changes that had occurred in the spoken language began to be reflected in writing, thus ushering in the era of modern Xnánið.  
'''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic".


Druidic Canaanite developed in isolation from Jewish Hebrew in Cyprus and was influenced by Celtic languages such as Gaulish and Galatian. It is a separate lineage from the Post-Exilic Jewish reading traditions that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish reading traditions.
Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.


Surviving literature in Druidic Canaanite includes bardic poetry; legends including the heroic epic ___; incantations; and instructions for various rituals.
Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).
 
Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are attested in the Phoenician alphabet and in transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.
 
(Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage)


==Todo==
==Todo==
*Long and overlong vowels?
*When should matres lectionis be used?
*When should matres lectionis be used?
*some a-priori roots
*some a-priori roots
*Vowel reduction:
**final originally unstressed long > short


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Druidic Canaanite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.
Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.


Since Druidic Canaanite merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''.
Since Ancient Knench merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Out of the 25 consonants of Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew, Druidic Canaanite merged:
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged:
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
* /ɬ/ with /t/ (taw) into /θ/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
* /s/ and /š/ into /s/


On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see [[Druidic Canaanite#Mutations|#Mutations]]).
/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}}
 
/m p b f v n t d tʰ θ ð ts s tsʰ ʃ ɣ̃ ħ k g kʰ x ɣ l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c š ȝ ħ k g ᴋ χ γ l w j r h''}}
 
====Mutations====
Words can undergo initial mutation but the mutations are different from the begadkefat spirantization in Tiberian Hebrew. The following mutations occur after a vowel:
 
*beth /p/ → /b/
*pe /f/ → /v/
*daleth /t/ → /d/
*taw /θ/ → /ð/
*gimel /k/ → /g/
*kaph /x/ → /ɣ/
*zayin /ts/ → /dz/
*samekh /s/ → /z/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Druidic Canaanite had overlong vowels.
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to our timeline's Punic and Irta's Tsarfati Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.


'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū â ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː aːː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/
'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/


The phonemic distinction between /e/ and /i/ is doubtful.
Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench:
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king'
* ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written'
* ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous'
* ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)'
* ''bētū'' 'his house', ''bētû'' 'his houses'
* ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of'


Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ,  Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)
Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ,  Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)
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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
There was a major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Hebrew to Druidic Canaanite:
# Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ā'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ā''.
# By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix ''-īm'', ''-ē'', or ''-ōδ''.


====Intonation====
==Morphophonology==
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Grammar==
Syntax was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic.
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Independent====
====Independent====
*1sg: ''hánī''
*1sg: ''hani, ni''
*2sg: ''háθθa'' (m), ''háθθe'' (f)
*2sg: ''hatta, ta'' (m); ''hatte, te'' (f)
*3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f)
*3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f)
*1pl: ''háħnu''
*1pl: ''haħnu''
*2pl: ''haθθémma'' (m), ''haθθénna'' (f)
*2pl: ''hattemma, temma'' (m); ''hattenna, tenna'' (f)
*3pl: ''hémma'' (m), ''hénna'' (f)
*3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f)


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Inflection====
====Inflection====
The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (from Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔā-''.
The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''.


The Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā́'' became unstressed ''-ā'', and the stress in feminine singular nouns in ''-ā'' shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs). Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ōδ'', from Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.  
Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā''. ''-t'' was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īn'' and unstressed ''-ūt'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.  


Often ''-ā'' is found where Standard Jewish Hebrew has ''-t''.
Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.


The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.


Example with ''sūs'' 'horse' and ''sūsā'' 'female horse':
====Other inflections====
 
The directive he reflects as ''-a''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Noun declension'''
! number
!colspan=2| singular
!colspan=2| plural
|-
! gender
! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
|-
! indef.
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sūs'' <br/> /suːs/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''sūsā'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''sūsīm'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiːm/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sūsōδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! def.
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''has-sūs'' <br/> /ʔassuːs/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''has-sūsā'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsaː/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''has-sūsīm'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsiːm/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''has-sūsōδ''  <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! const.
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sūs'' <br/> /suːs/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 ''sūsaδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsað/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sūsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sūsōδ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! "my"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sūsī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sūsaδī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðiː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sūsê'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉‎‎ ''sūsuδê''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːː/
|-
! "thy" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sūsaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sūsaδaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sūsēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sūsuδēγa''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/
|-
! "thy" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sūsaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sūsaδaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sūsēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sūsuδēγe''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/
|-
! "his"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 ''sūsō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 ''sūsaδō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðoː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅‎ ''sūsô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅‎‎ ''sūsuδô''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðoːː/
|-
! "her"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 ''sūsâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 ''sūsaδâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀‎ ''sūsehâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːseʔaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀‎‎ ''sūsuδēhâ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːʔaːː/
|-
! "our"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 ''sūsinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsinu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 ''sūsaδinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðinu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍‎ ''sūsēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːnu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍‎‎ ''sūsuδēnu''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/
|-
! "y'all's" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sūsaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 ''sūsaδaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌‎ ''sūsēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sūsuδēγem''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/
|-
! "y'all's" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 ''sūsaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 ''sūsaδaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍‎ ''sūsēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍‎‎ ''sūsuδēγen''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/
|-
! "their" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 ''sūsām'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːm/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 ''sūsaδām'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːm/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎  ''sūsêm, sūsēmō'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmoː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎‎‎ ''sūsuδêm, sūsuδēmō''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmoː/
|-
! "their" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 ''sūsān'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 ''sūsaδān'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍‎ ''sūsên'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍‎‎ ''sūsuδên''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/
|}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are very similar to Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli hā́bā'' 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (''ħṓli'' is the construct of ''ħṓlē'').
Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli hṓbō'' 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (''ħṓli'' is the construct of ''ħṓlē'' 'sick').


A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the prefix ''-'' (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns (influenced by Biblical Hebrew רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).
A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the clitic ''-'' (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns to indicate numerousness or intensity (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
All 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew were in use. Druidic Canaanite also developed the binyan ''fuȝal'' (passive of ''faȝal'') completely, instead of merging it completely with ''fuȝȝal'' as in Tiberian Hebrew.
todo: get rid of 3fp forms
 
Ancient Knench used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''polėl'' and ''polal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Knench.


Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew:
Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:
*preterite independent (from the BH waw-consecutive preterite), distinguished from the imperfect by stress
*preterite independent (~ BH waw-consecutive preterite)
*imperfect independent (from the BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
*present independent (~ BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
*preterite dependent (from the BH perfect)
*preterite dependent (~ BH perfect)
*imperfect dependent (from the BH imperfect)
*present dependent (~ BH imperfect)
*imperative
*imperative
*cohortative ''-a''
*cohortative ''-a''
Line 208: Line 111:


The following verb forms lost their productivity:
The following verb forms lost their productivity:
*jussive (only survives in ''hajā'' 'to be')
*emphatic m.sg. imperative ''-a''
*jussive (only survives in ''hajō'' 'to be')
*infinitive absolute
*infinitive absolute


The Biblical Hebrew distinction between waw-preterite and perfect, and waw-stative and future, became a purely syntactic one: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when pre-verbal particle is attached (such as '''' 'not', ''him'' 'if', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''χī'' 'for', ''hinni'' 'but'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as '''' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', '''' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
Line 218: Line 122:
|-
|-
! preterite
! preterite
| ''wajjṓγal''<br/>'he ate' || ''lō haγál''<br/>'he did not eat'
| waw-preterite: ''wayyūγal''<br/>'he ate' || perfect: ''lū haγal''<br/>'he did not eat'
|-
|-
! imperfect
! present
| ''wahaγál''<br/>'he eats' || ''lō jōγál''<br/>'he does not eat'  
| waw-stative: ''wōhaγal''<br/>'he eats' || imperfect: ''lū yūγal''<br/>'he does not eat'  
|}
|}


====Binyan ''faȝal'' (paʕal)====
====Binyan ''faȝal'' (paʕal)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''šamár'' 'he kept'
|+ ''samar'' 'he kept'
! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 241: Line 145:
! rowspan=2|preterite  
! rowspan=2|preterite  
! <small>indep.</small>
! <small>indep.</small>
| ''wāhéšmur''
| ''wêsmur''
| ''waθθéšmur''
| ''waθθesmur''
| ''waθθéšmurī''
| ''waθθesmurī''
| ''wajjéšmur''
| ''wajjesmur''
| ''waθθéšmur''
| ''waθθesmur''
| ''wannéšmur''
| ''wannesmur''
| ''waθθéšmurū''
| ''waθθesmurū''
| ''waθθéšmurna''
| ''waθθesmurna''
| ''wajjéšmurū''
| ''wajjesmurū''
| ''waθθéšmurna''
| ''waθθesmurna''
|-
|-
! <small>dep.</small>
! <small>dep.</small>
| ''šamárθī''
| ''samarθi''
| ''šamárθa''
| ''samarθa''
| ''šamárθe''
| ''samarθe''
| ''šamár''
| ''samar''
| ''šamárā''
| ''samarō''
| ''šamárnu''
| ''samarnu''
| ''šamárθem''
| ''samarθem''
| ''šamárθen''
| ''samarθen''
|colspan=2| ''šamárū''
|colspan=2| ''samarū''
|-
|-
! rowspan=2|imperfect
! rowspan=2|present
! <small>indep.</small>
! <small>indep.</small>
| ''wašamarθī́''
| ''wassamarθi''
| ''wašamarθá''
| ''wassamarθa''
| ''wašamarθé''
| ''wassamarθe''
| ''wašamár''
| ''wassamar''
| ''wašamarā''
| ''wassamarō''
| ''wašamarnú''
| ''wassamarnu''
| ''wašamarθém''
| ''wassamarθem''
| ''wašamarθén''
| ''wassamarθen''
|colspan=2| ''wašamarū́''
|colspan=2| ''wassamarū''
|-
|-
! <small>dep.</small>
! <small>dep.</small>
| ''hešmúr''
| ''hesmur''
| ''θešmúr''
| ''θesmur''
| ''θešmúrī''
| ''θesmurī''
| ''ješmúr''
| ''jesmur''
| ''θešmúr''
| ''θesmur''
| ''nešmúr''
| ''nesmur''
| ''θešmúrū''
| ''θesmurū''
| ''θešmúrna''
| ''θesmurna''
| ''ješmúrū''
| ''jesmurū''
| ''θešmúrna''
| ''θesmurna''
|-
|-
!colspan=2| imperative
!colspan=2| imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''šimúr!''
| ''simur!''
| ''šimúrī!''
| ''simurī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''šimúrū!''
| ''simurū!''
| ''šimúrna!''
| ''simurna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
!colspan=2|active participle
!colspan=2|active participle
|colspan=10| ''šōmḗr''
|colspan=10| ''sūmḗr''
|-
|-
!colspan=2|passive participle
!colspan=2|passive participle
|colspan=10| ''šamū́r''
|colspan=10| ''samȳ́r''
|-
!colspan=2|infinitive construct
|colspan=10| ''šimṓr''
|-
|-
!colspan=2|infinitive absolute
!colspan=2|infinitive
|colspan=10| ''šamṓr''
|colspan=10| ''simṓr''
|}
|}


====Binyan ''fiȝal'' (passive of ''faȝal'')====
====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)====
From ''*puȝal''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''šimár'' 'he was kept'
|+ ''nixθab'' 'it was written'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
Line 329: Line 228:
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
|-
! imperfect
! rowspan=2|preterite
| ''hišmár''
! <small>indep.</small>
| ''θišmár''
| ''wêxxaδib''
| ''θišmárī''
| ''waθθixxaδib''
| ''jišmár''
| ''waθθixxaδibī''
| ''θišmár''
| ''wajjixxaδib''
| ''nišmár''
| ''waθθixxaδib''
| ''θišmárū''
| ''wannixxaδib''
| ''θišmárna''
| ''waθθixxaδibū''
| ''jišmárū''
| ''waθθixxaδibna''
| ''θišmárna''
| ''wajjixxaδibū''
| ''waθθixxaδibna''
|-
|-
! preterite indep.
! <small>dep.</small>
| ''wāhíšmar''
| ''nixθabθi''
| ''waθθíšmar''
| ''nixθabθa''
| ''waθθíšmarī''
| ''nixθabθe''
| ''wajjíšmar''
| ''nixθab''
| ''waθθíšmar''
| ''nixθabō''
| ''wanníšmar''
| ''nixθabnu''
| ''waθθíšmarū''
| ''nixθabθem''
| ''waθθíšmarna''
| ''nixθabθen''
| ''wajjíšmarū''
|colspan=2| ''nixθabū''
| ''waθθíšmarna''
|-
! rowspan=2|present
! <small>indep.</small>
| ''wannixθabθi''
| ''wannixθabθa''
| ''wannixθabθe''
| ''wannixθab''
| ''wannixθabō''
| ''wannixθabnu''
| ''wannixθabθem''
| ''wannixθabθen''
|colspan=2| ''wannixθabū''
|-
|-
! preterite dependent
! <small>dep.</small>
| ''šimárθī''
| ''hixxaδib''
| ''šimárθa''
| ''θixxaδib''
| ''šimárθe''
| ''θixxaδibī''
| ''šimár''
| ''jixxaδib''
| ''šimárā''
| ''θixxaδib''
| ''šimárnu''
| ''nixxaδib''
| ''šimárθem''
| ''θixxaδibū''
| ''šimárθen''
| ''θixxaδibna''
|colspan=2| ''šimárū''
| ''jixxaδibū''
| ''θixxaδibna''
|-
|-
! imperative
!colspan=2| imperative
| ''-''
| ''hixxaδib!''
| ''hixxaδibī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hixxaδibū!''
| ''hixxaδibna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
!colspan=2|participle
|colspan=10| ''nixθōb''
|-
!colspan=2|infinitive
|colspan=10| ''hixxaδib''
|}
====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''kittil'' 'he grew (sth)'
! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
!rowspan=2| preterite
!|indep.
| ''wôgattil''
| ''waθθagattil''
| ''waθθagattilī''
| ''wajjagattil''
| ''waθθagattil''
| ''wannagattil''
| ''waθθagattilū''
| ''waθθagattelna''
| ''wajjagattilū''
| ''waθθagattelna''
|-
!|dep.
| ''kittelθi''
| ''kittelθa''
| ''kittelθe''
| ''kittil''
| ''kittilō''
| ''kittelnu''
| ''kittelθem''
| ''kittelθen''
|colspan=2| ''kittilū''
|-
!rowspan=2| present
!|indep.
| ''wakkittelθi''
| ''wakkittelθa''
| ''wakkittelθe''
| ''wakkittil''
| ''wakkittilō''
| ''wakkittelnu''
| ''wakkittelθem''
| ''wakkittelθen''
|colspan=2| ''wakkittilū''
|-
!|dep.
| ''hagattil''
| ''θagattil''
| ''θagattilī''
| ''jagattil''
| ''θagattil''
| ''nagattil''
| ''θagattilū''
| ''θagattelna''
| ''jagattilū''
| ''θagattelna''
|-
!colspan=2| imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''kattil!''
| ''kattilī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''kattilū!''
| ''kattelna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
!colspan=2| participle
|colspan=10| ''šūmā́r''
|colspan=10| ''mugattil''
|-
|-
! infinitive construct
!colspan=2| infinitive
|colspan=10| ''-''
|colspan=10| ''kattil''
|-
! infinitive absolute
|colspan=10| ''šamṓr''
|}
|}


====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)====
====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
 
====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)====
====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''kittíl'' 'he grew (sth)'
|+ ''hibdīl'' 'he separated'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 403: Line 393:
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
|-
! imperfect
! preterite indep.
| ''hagattíl''
| ''wôbdīl''
| ''θagattíl''
| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''θagattílī''
| ''waθθabdīlī''
| ''jagattíl''
| ''wajjabdīl''
| ''θagattíl''
| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''nagattíl''
| ''wannabdīl''
| ''θagattílū''
| ''waθθabdīlū''
| ''θagattélna''
| ''waθθabdelna''
| ''jagattílū''
| ''wajjabdīlū''
| ''θagattélna''
| ''waθθabdelna''
|-
! preterite dep.
| ''hibdelθi''
| ''hibdelθa''
| ''hibdelθe''
| ''hibdīl''
| ''hibdīlō''
| ''hibdelnu''
| ''hibdelθem''
| ''hibdelθen''
|colspan=2|''hibdīlū''
|-
|-
! preterite indep.
! present indep.
| ''wāhagáttil''
| ''wêbdelθi''
| ''waθθagáttil''
| ''wêbdelθa''
| ''waθθagáttilī''
| ''wêbdelθe''
| ''wajjagáttil''
| ''wêbdel''
| ''waθθagáttil''
| ''wêbdelō''
| ''wannagáttil''
| ''wêbdelnu''
| ''waθθagáttilū''
| ''wêbdelθem''
| ''waθθagáttelna''
| ''wêbdelθen''
| ''wajjagáttilū''
|colspan=2|''wêbdelū''
| ''waθθagáttelna''
|-
|-
! preterite dependent
! present dep.
| ''kittélθī''
| ''habdīl''
| ''kittélθa''
| ''θabdīl''
| ''kittélθe''
| ''θabdīlī''
| ''kittíl''
| ''jabdīl''
| ''kittílā''
| ''θabdīl''
| ''kittélnu''
| ''nabdīl''
| ''kittélθem''
| ''θabdīlū''
| ''kittélθen''
| ''θabdelna''
|colspan=2| ''kittílū''
| ''jabdīlū''
| ''θabdelna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''kattíl!''
| ''habdel!''
| ''kattílī!''
| ''habdelī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''kattílū!''
| ''habdelū!''
| ''kattélna!''
| ''habdelna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''migattíl''
|colspan=10| ''mabdīl''
|-
! infinitive construct
|colspan=10| ''kattíl''
|-
|-
! infinitive absolute
! infinitive
|colspan=10| ''kattíl''
|colspan=10| ''habdīl''
|}
|}


====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)====
====Binyan ''huvȝal'' (hufʕal)====
====Binyan ''huvȝal'' (hufʕal)====
====Binyan ''hiðvaȝȝil'' (hithpaʕʕel)====
====Binyan ''hiðvaȝȝil'' (hithpaʕʕel)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''hiθnaᴋᴋim'' 'he resented'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! preterite indep.
| ''wôθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''wanniθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
|-
! preterite dep.
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋimō''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemnu''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθen''
|colspan=2|''hiθnaᴋᴋimū''
|-
! present indep.
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋimō''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
|colspan=2|''wêθnaᴋᴋimū''
|-
! present dep.
| ''haθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| ''jiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''niθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim!''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋimī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋimū!''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''muθnaᴋᴋim''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=10| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
|}
====Object suffixes====
====Object suffixes====
*1sg: -ni
*2sg: -γa (m); -γe (f)
*3sg: -w (after most V), -vu (after u or ȳ), -ū (after C) (m); -ô, -hô (f)
*1pl: -nu
*2pl: -γem (m); -γen (f)
*3pl: -hem, -m, -im, -mu, -imu (m); -hen, -n, -in (f)
====Gzarot====
====Gzarot====
:''Main article: [[Druidic Canaanite/Gzarot]]''
:''Main article: [[Ancient Knench/Gzarot]]''
 
===Prepositions===
*jūδ = direct object marker
*li- = to, for, of
*pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
*tum la- = like, as
*miC- = from
*ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
*wēn = without
*jaȝn = because of
*ȝalē = on
 
===Conjunctions===
*xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
*ja3n = because
==Syntax==
Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).


==Usage==
===Tense constructions===
===Tense constructions===
Druidic Canaanite preserved the Biblical Hebrew verb conjugation well (even retaining the waw-preterite), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Biblical Hebrew wanted to indicate tense unambiguously.
Ancient Knench preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
*Pluperfect: ''hajā́'' or ''wajjế'' + perfect
*Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect
*Preterite: waw-preterite or perfect (waw-preterite predominant in narratives)
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
*Past imperfect: ''hajā́'' or ''wajjế'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
*Past imperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
*Non-past: imperfect
*Present: imperfect or waw-stative
*Emphatic future: ''wājā́'' + imperfect (remnant of BH ''*wahayā'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
**Jussive uses the present dependent
*Jussive: ''jế'' 'let it be' + imperfect
*Future imperfective: ''jî'' or ''wājō'' + imperfect  
*Future perfective: ''wājō'' + perfect (~ BH ''*wahajō'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
*As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use ''hal'' + 2nd person present dependent.
 
===Uses of the infinitive construct===
===Uses of the infinitive construct===
Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:
Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:
#la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
#la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
#there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
#there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
#ba- or χa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
#ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
#*more generally IC + NOUN serves to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB" or subordinate clauses where English would use a tensed verb form.
#more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lū jūʕīl hiwwasivū laθ-θessuᴋō'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'
#IC was often used to give further descriptions of what someone did in addition to the main verb, could often be translated as "X-ing" in sentences


===Narratives===
===Narratives===
The verb tense most commonly used in narrative prose is the narrative past. A narrative is commonly introduced by ''wayyê'' 'it was' (often to give background info).
As in Biblical Hebrew, narratives tend to use the waw-preterite. A narrative is commonly introduced by ''wayyê'' 'it was' (often to give background info).
 
The narrative past must always appear in sentence-initial position.


Hypothetical example:  
Hypothetical example:  
:'''''waθθế lāħámā, pōdī́γā šmâ. waθθế ȝázzaδ θeššúᴋā, hínni hajā́δā rō-ħōljáδ hā́bā.'''''  
:'''''wajjê faȝm wattê lāħamō, būdīkō smô. wattê ȝazzat tessuᴋō, hinni hajōt rū-ħūljat hābō.'''''  
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''
===Wishes===
Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'.
:'''''ħajjūt hō-hasirūt wa jagallū niᴛafūt ham-mumallihūt bō-harc kullô wa bat-tūruκō bô.'''''
:''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.''
A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...).
One can also simply use the present dependent.


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Druidic Canaanite vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with some Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew.
Ancient Knench vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with many Azalic loans and a few Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.
===Derivation===
===Derivation===
====Mishkalim====
====Mishkalim====
Todo: new Druidic Hebrew mishkalim
*ᴋaᴛōl, ᴋaᴛēl, ᴋaᴛūl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
*ᴋaᴛāl, ᴋaᴛēl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
*ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
*ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlā, ᴋiᴛlā, ᴋuᴛlā
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīn (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
*ᴋaᴛalā (''paraγā'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
*ᴋaᴛilā
*ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
*ᴋaᴛulā (''kadúlā'' 'magnificence', ''zarúħā'' 'radiance')
*ᴋaᴛilō
*ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ā) = diminutive
*ᴋaᴛulō (''kadulō'' 'magnificence', ''zaruħō'' 'radiance')
*meᴋᴛal(ā) = often place
*ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ō) = diminutive
*maᴋᴛel(ā) = instrument
*meᴋᴛal(ō) = often place
*meᴋᴛōl
*maᴋᴛel(ō) = instrument
*meᴋᴛul(ā)
*meᴋᴛūl
*θaᴋᴛilā, θeᴋᴛulā
*meᴋᴛul(ō)
*ᴋaᴛlōn
*θaᴋᴛilō, θeᴋᴛulō
*ᴋiᴛᴛalōn
*ᴋaᴛlūn
*ᴋaᴛᴛal(ā) = agentive
*ᴋiᴛᴛalūn
*ᴋaᴛᴛelā = disease
*ᴋaᴛᴛal(ō) = agentive
*ᴋaᴛᴛulā
*ᴋaᴛᴛelō = disease
*θaᴋᴛelā
*ᴋaᴛᴛulō
*θeᴋᴛūlā = system of, art of, study of
*θaᴋᴛelō
*θeᴋᴛulō = system of, art of, study of


====Affixes====
====Affixes====
*''-î'' (feminine always ''-ījā''): adjective-forming affix
*''-î'' (feminine ''-īyō''): adjective-forming affix
*''-ūδ'': abstract noun suffix
*''-ȳδ'': abstract noun suffix
*''hī-'': un-, non-
*''hī-'': un-, non-


Line 527: Line 635:


==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===An incantation===
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Knench poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):
[...]
===A ritual===
===An excerpt===
=== Ha'azinu ===
TODO: weight sensitive stress after stress shift to penultimate and final vowel loss; verbs have earlier stress than nouns
<poem>
hāzī́nū, has-samḗm, bi-dábbirī; súmȝī, hā-harc, jūt millū́lē fî.
tésᴛuf líᴋħī dum lam-maᴛár, tézzal hímratī dum laᴛ-ᴛal,
dum la-natz ȝálē dās, ka dum la-rubb-neᴛī́fō ȝálē ȝiśb.
</poem>
==Lexicon==
==Lexicon==
===h===
===h===
*''hā́bā'' = love
*''hōbō'' = love
*''hilô'' (pl. ''hilṓhīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami''
*''hilû'' (pl. ''hiūhīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami''
*''hašírā'' = the spirit of a tree
*''hasírō'' = the spirit of a tree
*''hinni'' = but
*''hinni'' = but


===p===
===b===
===k===
*''bēt'' = house
===t===
 
===g===
===d===
===w===
===w===
===z===
===z===
*''zadā'' = defect, crookedness (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
*''zadō'' = injustice, wrong (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
*''zīdā'' = wrongness, injustice
*''zaruħō'' = radiance
*''zaruħā'' = radiance
 
===ħ===
===ħ===
*''ħabab'' = to love (stative)
*''ħabaᴋ'' = to hug, to embrace
*''ħawō'' = to live
** ''ħawe!'' = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant) (Source of Latin ''ave'' in Irta)
===ᴛ===
===ᴛ===
===j===
===j===
===χ===
===k===
*k-b-d
**''kabed'' 'liver'
**''kabid'' 'heavy'
**''kabūd'' 'honor'
**''kibbid'' 'to honor'
**''kabudō'' 'esteemed position'
***''hak-kabudō'' 'sir, ma'am'
**''makped'' 'scale, balance'
*''kin, ka-'' 'and'
 
===l===
===l===
===m===
===m===
===n===
===n===
*n-ᴛ-f
*n-ᴛ-f
**''níᴛfā'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)
**''níᴛfō'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)
===s===
===s===
===ȝ===
===ȝ===
*''ȝarábā'' = willow
*''ȝarábō'' = willow
===f===
===p===
*''párrō'' = cow
 
===c===
===c===
===ᴋ===
===ᴋ===
===r===
===r===
*''rimmṓn'' = pomegranate
*''rimmūn'' = pomegranate


===š===
===t===
===θ===
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]

Latest revision as of 01:46, 5 March 2024

Ancient Knench
*hak-kana3nījō
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Irta
Afro-Asiatic
  • Semitic
    • Central Semitic
      • Canaanite
        • Ancient Knench

Ancient Knench, also called "Punic" in Irta (natively *hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of Knench, first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern Knench. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic".

Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.

Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).

Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are attested in the Phoenician alphabet and in transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic *Tabarē [?] (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.

(Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage)

Todo

  • When should matres lectionis be used?
  • some a-priori roots
  • Vowel reduction:
    • final originally unstressed long > short

Phonology

Orthography

Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.

Since Ancient Knench merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (half) and he () are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article haC-.

Consonants

Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged:

  • /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
  • /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
  • /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
  • /s/ and /š/ into /s/

/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h

Vowels

Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ā > ō > ū, similar to our timeline's Punic and Irta's Tsarfati Hebrew, and developed a new ā from compensatory lengthening.

a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/

Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench:

  • malkō 'a queen', malkô 'her king'
  • suprī 'count! (f.sg.)', suprî 'literary, written'
  • harbi! 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' harbī! 'ibid., f.sg.' harbî 'numerous'
  • dammim 'bleed!', dammīm 'bloodshed', dammîm 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)'
  • bētū 'his house', bētû 'his houses'
  • rū3ē 'the evils of', rū3ê 'the friends of'

Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)

Prosody

Stress

Morphophonology

Morphology

Pronouns

Independent

  • 1sg: hani, ni
  • 2sg: hatta, ta (m); hatte, te (f)
  • 3sg: (m); (f)
  • 1pl: haħnu
  • 2pl: hattemma, temma (m); hattenna, tenna (f)
  • 3pl: hemma (m), henna (f)

Nouns

Inflection

The definite article was ʔaC- (~ Biblical Hebrew *haC-). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ʔō-.

Unstressed corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending *-ā. -t was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed -īn and unstressed -ūt, ~ Biblical Hebrew *-ī́m and *-ṓt.

Often is found where Hebrew has -t.

The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.

Other inflections

The directive he reflects as -a.

Adjectives

Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ħṓli hṓbō 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (ħṓli is the construct of ħṓlē 'sick').

A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the clitic rū- (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸro-; cognate to Irish ró-, Welsh rhy, both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns to indicate numerousness or intensity (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).

Verbs

todo: get rid of 3fp forms

Ancient Knench used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל polėl and polal) remained fully productive in Ancient Knench.

Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:

  • preterite independent (~ BH waw-consecutive preterite)
  • present independent (~ BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
  • preterite dependent (~ BH perfect)
  • present dependent (~ BH imperfect)
  • imperative
  • cohortative -a
  • infinitive construct
  • participles

The following verb forms lost their productivity:

  • emphatic m.sg. imperative -a
  • jussive (only survives in hajō 'to be')
  • infinitive absolute

The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as 'not', him 'if; definitely not', ha- 'question particle', 'when', (wa)hinni 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.

Independent vs. dependent forms: example
independent dependent
preterite waw-preterite: wayyūγal
'he ate'
perfect: lū haγal
'he did not eat'
present waw-stative: wōhaγal
'he eats'
imperfect: lū yūγal
'he does not eat'

Binyan faȝal (paʕal)

samar 'he kept'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
preterite indep. wêsmur waθθesmur waθθesmurī wajjesmur waθθesmur wannesmur waθθesmurū waθθesmurna wajjesmurū waθθesmurna
dep. samarθi samarθa samarθe samar samarō samarnu samarθem samarθen samarū
present indep. wassamarθi wassamarθa wassamarθe wassamar wassamarō wassamarnu wassamarθem wassamarθen wassamarū
dep. hesmur θesmur θesmurī jesmur θesmur nesmur θesmurū θesmurna jesmurū θesmurna
imperative - simur! simurī! - - - simurū! simurna! - -
active participle sūmḗr
passive participle samȳ́r
infinitive simṓr

Binyan nivȝal (nifʕal)

nixθab 'it was written'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
preterite indep. wêxxaδib waθθixxaδib waθθixxaδibī wajjixxaδib waθθixxaδib wannixxaδib waθθixxaδibū waθθixxaδibna wajjixxaδibū waθθixxaδibna
dep. nixθabθi nixθabθa nixθabθe nixθab nixθabō nixθabnu nixθabθem nixθabθen nixθabū
present indep. wannixθabθi wannixθabθa wannixθabθe wannixθab wannixθabō wannixθabnu wannixθabθem wannixθabθen wannixθabū
dep. hixxaδib θixxaδib θixxaδibī jixxaδib θixxaδib nixxaδib θixxaδibū θixxaδibna jixxaδibū θixxaδibna
imperative - hixxaδib! hixxaδibī! - - - hixxaδibū! hixxaδibna! - -
participle nixθōb
infinitive hixxaδib

Binyan fiȝȝil (piʕʕel)

kittil 'he grew (sth)'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
preterite indep. wôgattil waθθagattil waθθagattilī wajjagattil waθθagattil wannagattil waθθagattilū waθθagattelna wajjagattilū waθθagattelna
dep. kittelθi kittelθa kittelθe kittil kittilō kittelnu kittelθem kittelθen kittilū
present indep. wakkittelθi wakkittelθa wakkittelθe wakkittil wakkittilō wakkittelnu wakkittelθem wakkittelθen wakkittilū
dep. hagattil θagattil θagattilī jagattil θagattil nagattil θagattilū θagattelna jagattilū θagattelna
imperative - kattil! kattilī! - - - kattilū! kattelna! - -
participle mugattil
infinitive kattil

Binyan fuȝȝal (puʕal)

Binyan hivȝīl (hifʕil)

hibdīl 'he separated'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
preterite indep. wôbdīl waθθabdīl waθθabdīlī wajjabdīl waθθabdīl wannabdīl waθθabdīlū waθθabdelna wajjabdīlū waθθabdelna
preterite dep. hibdelθi hibdelθa hibdelθe hibdīl hibdīlō hibdelnu hibdelθem hibdelθen hibdīlū
present indep. wêbdelθi wêbdelθa wêbdelθe wêbdel wêbdelō wêbdelnu wêbdelθem wêbdelθen wêbdelū
present dep. habdīl θabdīl θabdīlī jabdīl θabdīl nabdīl θabdīlū θabdelna jabdīlū θabdelna
imperative - habdel! habdelī! - - - habdelū! habdelna! - -
participle mabdīl
infinitive habdīl

Binyan huvȝal (hufʕal)

Binyan hiðvaȝȝil (hithpaʕʕel)

hiθnaᴋᴋim 'he resented'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
preterite indep. wôθnaᴋᴋim waθθiθnaᴋᴋim waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī wajjiθnaᴋᴋim waθθiθnaᴋᴋim wanniθnaᴋᴋim waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna wajjiθnaᴋᴋimū waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna
preterite dep. hiθnaᴋᴋemθi hiθnaᴋᴋemθa hiθnaᴋᴋemθe hiθnaᴋᴋim hiθnaᴋᴋimō hiθnaᴋᴋemnu hiθnaᴋᴋemθem hiθnaᴋᴋemθen hiθnaᴋᴋimū
present indep. wêθnaᴋᴋemθi wêθnaᴋᴋemθa wêθnaᴋᴋemθe wêθnaᴋᴋim wêθnaᴋᴋimō wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu wêθnaᴋᴋemθem wêθnaᴋᴋemθem wêθnaᴋᴋimū
present dep. haθnaᴋᴋim θiθnaᴋᴋim θiθnaᴋᴋimī jiθnaᴋᴋim θiθnaᴋᴋim niθnaᴋᴋim θiθnaᴋᴋimū θiθnaᴋᴋemna θiθnaᴋᴋimū θiθnaᴋᴋemna
imperative - hiθnaᴋᴋim! hiθnaᴋᴋimī! - - - hiθnaᴋᴋimū! hiθnaᴋᴋemna! - -
participle muθnaᴋᴋim
infinitive hiθnaᴋᴋim

Object suffixes

  • 1sg: -ni
  • 2sg: -γa (m); -γe (f)
  • 3sg: -w (after most V), -vu (after u or ȳ), -ū (after C) (m); -ô, -hô (f)
  • 1pl: -nu
  • 2pl: -γem (m); -γen (f)
  • 3pl: -hem, -m, -im, -mu, -imu (m); -hen, -n, -in (f)

Gzarot

Main article: Ancient Knench/Gzarot

Prepositions

  • jūδ = direct object marker
  • li- = to, for, of
  • pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
  • tum la- = like, as
  • miC- = from
  • ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
  • wēn = without
  • jaȝn = because of
  • ȝalē = on

Conjunctions

  • xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
  • ja3n = because

Syntax

Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).

Tense constructions

Ancient Knench preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.

  • Pluperfect: hajō or wajjê + perfect
  • Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
  • Past imperfect: hajō or wajjê ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
  • Present: imperfect or waw-stative
    • Jussive uses the present dependent
  • Future imperfective: or wājō + imperfect
  • Future perfective: wājō + perfect (~ BH *wahajō, waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
  • As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use hal + 2nd person present dependent.

Uses of the infinitive construct

Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:

  1. la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
  2. there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
  3. ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
  4. more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": lū jūʕīl hiwwasivū laθ-θessuᴋō = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'

Narratives

As in Biblical Hebrew, narratives tend to use the waw-preterite. A narrative is commonly introduced by wayyê 'it was' (often to give background info).

Hypothetical example:

wajjê faȝm wattê lāħamō, būdīkō smô. wattê ȝazzat tessuᴋō, hinni hajōt rū-ħūljat hābō.
Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.

Wishes

Wishes and prayers use a form of ħajj 'alive' + subject + wa + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ħayy X... 'I swear by X'.

ħajjūt hō-hasirūt wa jagallū niᴛafūt ham-mumallihūt bō-harc kullô wa bat-tūruκō bô.
May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.

A somewhat less common option is to use mī jeθθin wa + present dependent (lit. who will give that...).

One can also simply use the present dependent.

Vocabulary

Ancient Knench vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with many Azalic loans and a few Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.

Derivation

Mishkalim

  • ᴋaᴛōl, ᴋaᴛēl, ᴋaᴛūl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
  • ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
  • ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
  • masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīn (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
  • feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
  • ᴋaᴛalō (paraγō 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
  • ᴋaᴛilō
  • ᴋaᴛulō (kadulō 'magnificence', zaruħō 'radiance')
  • ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ō) = diminutive
  • meᴋᴛal(ō) = often place
  • maᴋᴛel(ō) = instrument
  • meᴋᴛūl
  • meᴋᴛul(ō)
  • θaᴋᴛilō, θeᴋᴛulō
  • ᴋaᴛlūn
  • ᴋiᴛᴛalūn
  • ᴋaᴛᴛal(ō) = agentive
  • ᴋaᴛᴛelō = disease
  • ᴋaᴛᴛulō
  • θaᴋᴛelō
  • θeᴋᴛulō = system of, art of, study of

Affixes

  • (feminine -īyō): adjective-forming affix
  • -ȳδ: abstract noun suffix
  • hī-: un-, non-

Examples of Celtic vocabulary

Sample texts

An incantation

The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Knench poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):

[...]

A ritual

An excerpt

Ha'azinu

TODO: weight sensitive stress after stress shift to penultimate and final vowel loss; verbs have earlier stress than nouns

hāzī́nū, has-samḗm, bi-dábbirī; súmȝī, hā-harc, jūt millū́lē fî.
tésᴛuf líᴋħī dum lam-maᴛár, tézzal hímratī dum laᴛ-ᴛal,
dum la-natz ȝálē dās, ka dum la-rubb-neᴛī́fō ȝálē ȝiśb.

Lexicon

h

  • hōbō = love
  • hilû (pl. hiūhīm) = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese kami
  • hasírō = the spirit of a tree
  • hinni = but

b

  • bēt = house

g

d

w

z

  • zadō = injustice, wrong (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
  • zaruħō = radiance

ħ

  • ħabab = to love (stative)
  • ħabaᴋ = to hug, to embrace
  • ħawō = to live
    • ħawe! = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant) (Source of Latin ave in Irta)

j

k

  • k-b-d
    • kabed 'liver'
    • kabid 'heavy'
    • kabūd 'honor'
    • kibbid 'to honor'
    • kabudō 'esteemed position'
      • hak-kabudō 'sir, ma'am'
    • makped 'scale, balance'
  • kin, ka- 'and'

l

m

n

  • n-ᴛ-f
    • níᴛfō = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)

s

ȝ

  • ȝarábō = willow

p

  • párrō = cow

c

r

  • rimmūn = pomegranate

t