User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Ancient: Difference between revisions

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Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew:
Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew:
*perfect independent (from the BH waw-consecutive preterite), distinguished from the imperfect by stress
*preterite independent (from the BH waw-consecutive preterite), distinguished from the imperfect by stress
*imperfect independent (from the BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
*imperfect independent (from the BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
*perfect dependent (from the BH perfect)
*preterite dependent (from the BH perfect)
*imperfect dependent (from the BH imperfect)
*imperfect dependent (from the BH imperfect)
*imperative
*imperative
Line 210: Line 210:
*jussive (only survives in ''hajā'' 'to be')
*jussive (only survives in ''hajā'' 'to be')
*infinitive absolute
*infinitive absolute


The Biblical Hebrew distinction between waw-preterite and perfect, and waw-stative and future, became a purely syntactic one: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lō'' 'not', ''him'' 'if', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''hinni'' 'but'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
The Biblical Hebrew distinction between waw-preterite and perfect, and waw-stative and future, became a purely syntactic one: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lō'' 'not', ''him'' 'if', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''hinni'' 'but'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
Line 218: Line 217:
! || independent || dependent
! || independent || dependent
|-
|-
! perfect
! preterite
| ''wajjṓγal''<br/>'he ate' || ''lō haγál''<br/>'he did not eat'
| ''wajjṓγal''<br/>'he ate' || ''lō haγál''<br/>'he did not eat'
|-
|-

Revision as of 13:28, 14 October 2019

Druidic Canaanite
𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤉𐤀
Pronunciation[/xənaɣ̃ˈni:ja:/]
Created byIlL
SettingLõis
Afro-Asiatic
  • Semitic
    • Central Semitic
      • Togarmo-Canaanite
        • Canaanite
          • (Pre-Exilic) Biblical Hebrew
            • Druidic Canaanite

Druidic Canaanite or Druidic Hebrew (natively 𐤄𐤋𐤔𐤅𐤍 𐤄𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤉𐤀 hal-lašōn haχ-χanaȝnījā /ʔallaˈʃoːn ʔaxxanaɣ̃ˈniːjaː/) is the stage of Xnánið between the split from Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew ca. 6th century BC and ca. 5th century CE. It was used as a literary language during this period and was the language of Near-East druidism, a form of Celtic druidism incorporating Semitic pagan elements, before the religion was supplanted by Henosis Ousias. It was then that the drastic changes that had occurred in the spoken language began to be reflected in writing, thus ushering in the era of modern Xnánið.

Druidic Canaanite developed in isolation from Jewish Hebrew in Cyprus and was influenced by Celtic languages such as Gaulish and Galatian. It is a separate lineage from the Post-Exilic Jewish reading traditions that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish reading traditions.

Surviving literature in Druidic Canaanite includes bardic poetry; legends including the heroic epic ___; incantations; and instructions for various rituals.

Todo

  • Long and overlong vowels?
  • When should matres lectionis be used?
  • some a-priori roots

Phonology

Orthography

Druidic Canaanite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.

Since Druidic Canaanite merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (half) and he () are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article haC-.

Consonants

Out of the 25 consonants of Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew, Druidic Canaanite merged:

  • /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
  • /ɬ/ with /t/ (taw) into /θ/
  • /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
  • /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)

On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see #Mutations).

/m p b f v n t d tʰ θ ð ts s tsʰ ʃ ɣ̃ ħ k g kʰ x ɣ l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c š ȝ ħ k g ᴋ χ γ l w j r h

Mutations

Words can undergo initial mutation but the mutations are different from the begadkefat spirantization in Tiberian Hebrew. The following mutations occur after a vowel:

  • beth /p/ → /b/
  • pe /f/ → /v/
  • daleth /t/ → /d/
  • taw /θ/ → /ð/
  • gimel /k/ → /g/
  • kaph /x/ → /ɣ/
  • zayin /ts/ → /dz/
  • samekh /s/ → /z/

Vowels

Druidic Canaanite had overlong vowels.

a e i u ā ē ī ō ū â ê î ô û /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː aːː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/

The phonemic distinction between /e/ and /i/ is doubtful.

Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)

Prosody

Stress

There was a major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Hebrew to Druidic Canaanite:

  1. Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix .
  2. By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix -īm, , or -ōδ.

Intonation

Morphophonology

Grammar

Syntax was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic.

Pronouns

Independent

  • 1sg: hánī
  • 2sg: háθθa (m), háθθe (f)
  • 3sg: (m), (f)
  • 1pl: háħnu
  • 2pl: haθθémma (m), haθθénna (f)
  • 3pl: hémma (m), hénna (f)

Nouns

Inflection

The definite article was ʔaC- (from Biblical Hebrew *haC-). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ʔā-.

The Biblical feminine singular ending *-ā́ became unstressed , and the stress in feminine singular nouns in shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs). Other possible feminine endings are -t, or . Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed -īm and unstressed -ōδ, from Biblical Hebrew *-ī́m and *-ṓt.

Often is found where Standard Jewish Hebrew has -t.

The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.

Example with sūs 'horse' and sūsā 'female horse':

Noun declension
number singular plural
gender m. f. m. f.
indef. 𐤎𐤅𐤎 sūs
/suːs/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 sūsā
/ˈsuːsaː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ sūsīm
/ˈsuːsiːm/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ sūsōδ
/ˈsuːsoːð/
def. 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 has-sūs
/ʔassuːs/
𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 has-sūsā
/ʔasˈsuːsaː/
𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ has-sūsīm
/ʔasˈsuːsiːm/
𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ has-sūsōδ
/ʔasˈsuːsoːð/
const. 𐤎𐤅𐤎 sūs
/suːs/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 sūsaδ
/ˈsuːsað/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ sūsē
/ˈsuːseː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ sūsōδ
/ˈsuːsoːð/
"my" 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 sūsī
/ˈsuːsiː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 sūsaδī
/ˈsuːsaðiː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ sūsê
/ˈsuːseːː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉‎‎ sūsuδê
/ˈsuːsuðeːː/
"thy" (m) 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 sūsaγa
/ˈsuːsaɣa/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 sūsaδaγa
/ˈsuːsaðaɣa/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ sūsēγa
/ˈsuːseːɣa/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ sūsuδēγa
/ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/
"thy" (f) 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 sūsaγe
/ˈsuːsaɣɛ/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 sūsaδaγe
/ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ sūsēγe
/ˈsuːseːɣɛ/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ sūsuδēγe
/ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/
"his" 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 sūsō
/ˈsuːsoː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 sūsaδō
/ˈsuːsaðoː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅‎ sūsô
/ˈsuːsoːː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅‎‎ sūsuδô
/ˈsuːsuðoːː/
"her" 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 sūsâ
/ˈsuːsaːː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 sūsaδâ
/ˈsuːsaðaːː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀‎ sūsehâ
/ˈsuːseʔaːː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀‎‎ sūsuδēhâ
/ˈsuːsuðeːʔaːː/
"our" 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 sūsinu
/ˈsuːsinu/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 sūsaδinu
/ˈsuːsaðinu/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍‎ sūsēnu
/ˈsuːseːnu/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍‎‎ sūsuδēnu
/ˈsuːsuðeːnu/
"y'all's" (m) 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌‎‎ sūsaγem
/ˈsuːsaɣem/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 sūsaδaγem
/ˈsuːsaðaɣem/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌‎ sūsēγem
/ˈsuːseːɣem/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌‎‎ sūsuδēγem
/ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/
"y'all's" (f) 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 sūsaγen
/ˈsuːsaɣen/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 sūsaδaγen
/ˈsuːsaðaɣen/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍‎ sūsēγen
/ˈsuːseːɣen/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍‎‎ sūsuδēγen
/ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/
"their" (m) 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 sūsām
/ˈsuːsaːm/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 sūsaδām
/ˈsuːsaðaːm/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎ sūsêm, sūsēmō
/ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmoː/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎‎‎ sūsuδêm, sūsuδēmō
/ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmoː/
"their" (f) 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 sūsān
/ˈsuːsaːn/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 sūsaδān
/ˈsuːsaðaːn/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍‎ sūsên
/ˈsuːseːːn/
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍‎‎ sūsuδên
/ˈsuːsuðeːːn/

Adjectives

Adjectives are very similar to Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ħṓli hā́bā 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (ħṓli is the construct of ħṓlē).

A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the prefix rō- (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸro-; cognate to Irish ró-, Welsh rhy, both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns (influenced by Biblical Hebrew רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).

Verbs

All 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew were in use. Druidic Canaanite also developed the binyan fuȝal (passive of faȝal) completely, instead of merging it completely with fuȝȝal as in Tiberian Hebrew.

Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew:

  • preterite independent (from the BH waw-consecutive preterite), distinguished from the imperfect by stress
  • imperfect independent (from the BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
  • preterite dependent (from the BH perfect)
  • imperfect dependent (from the BH imperfect)
  • imperative
  • cohortative -a
  • infinitive construct
  • participles

The following verb forms lost their productivity:

  • jussive (only survives in hajā 'to be')
  • infinitive absolute

The Biblical Hebrew distinction between waw-preterite and perfect, and waw-stative and future, became a purely syntactic one: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when pre-verbal particle is attached (such as 'not', him 'if', ha- 'question particle', hinni 'but'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.

Independent vs. dependent forms: example
independent dependent
preterite wajjṓγal
'he ate'
lō haγál
'he did not eat'
imperfect wahaγál
'he eats'
lō jōγál
'he does not eat'

Binyan faȝal (paʕal)

šamár 'he kept'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
preterite indep. wāhéšmur waθθéšmur waθθéšmurī wajjéšmur waθθéšmur wannéšmur waθθéšmurū waθθéšmurna wajjéšmurū waθθéšmurna
dep. šamárθī šamárθa šamárθe šamár šamárā šamárnu šamárθem šamárθen šamárū
imperfect indep. wašamarθī́ wašamarθá wašamarθé wašamár wašamarā wašamarnú wašamarθém wašamarθén wašamarū́
dep. hešmúr θešmúr θešmúrī ješmúr θešmúr nešmúr θešmúrū θešmúrna ješmúrū θešmúrna
imperative - šimúr! šimúrī! - - - šimúrū! šimúrna! - -
active participle šōmḗr
passive participle šamū́r
infinitive construct šimṓr
infinitive absolute šamṓr

Binyan fiȝal (passive of faȝal)

From *puȝal

šimár 'he was kept'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
imperfect hišmár θišmár θišmárī jišmár θišmár nišmár θišmárū θišmárna jišmárū θišmárna
preterite indep. wāhíšmar waθθíšmar waθθíšmarī wajjíšmar waθθíšmar wanníšmar waθθíšmarū waθθíšmarna wajjíšmarū waθθíšmarna
preterite dependent šimárθī šimárθa šimárθe šimár šimárā šimárnu šimárθem šimárθen šimárū
imperative - - - - - - - - - -
active participle šūmā́r
infinitive construct -
infinitive absolute šamṓr

Binyan nivȝal (nifʕal)

Binyan fiȝȝil (piʕʕel)

kittíl 'he grew (sth)'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
imperfect hagattíl θagattíl θagattílī jagattíl θagattíl nagattíl θagattílū θagattélna jagattílū θagattélna
preterite indep. wāhagáttil waθθagáttil waθθagáttilī wajjagáttil waθθagáttil wannagáttil waθθagáttilū waθθagáttelna wajjagáttilū waθθagáttelna
preterite dependent kittélθī kittélθa kittélθe kittíl kittílā kittélnu kittélθem kittélθen kittílū
imperative - kattíl! kattílī! - - - kattílū! kattélna! - -
participle migattíl
infinitive construct kattíl
infinitive absolute kattíl

Binyan fuȝȝal (puʕal)

Binyan hivȝīl (hifʕil)

Binyan huvȝal (hufʕal)

Binyan hiðvaȝȝil (hithpaʕʕel)

Object suffixes

Gzarot

Main article: Druidic Canaanite/Gzarot

Usage

Tense constructions

Druidic Canaanite preserved the Biblical Hebrew verb conjugation well (even retaining the waw-preterite), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Biblical Hebrew wanted to indicate tense unambiguously.

  • Pluperfect: hajā́ or wajjế + perfect
  • Preterite: waw-preterite or perfect (waw-preterite predominant in narratives)
  • Past imperfect: hajā́ or wajjế ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
  • Non-past: imperfect
  • Emphatic future: wājā́ + imperfect (remnant of BH *wahayā, waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
  • Jussive: jế 'let it be' + imperfect

Uses of the infinitive construct

Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:

  1. la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
  2. there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
  3. ba- or χa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
    • more generally IC + NOUN serves to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB" or subordinate clauses where English would use a tensed verb form.
  4. IC was often used to give further descriptions of what someone did in addition to the main verb, could often be translated as "X-ing" in sentences

Narratives

The verb tense most commonly used in narrative prose is the narrative past. A narrative is commonly introduced by wayyê 'it was' (often to give background info).

The narrative past must always appear in sentence-initial position.

Hypothetical example:

waθθế lāħámā, pōdī́γā šmâ. waθθế ȝázzaδ θeššúᴋā, hínni hajā́δā rō-ħōljáδ hā́bā.
Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.

Vocabulary

Druidic Canaanite vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with some Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew.

Derivation

Mishkalim

Todo: new Druidic Hebrew mishkalim

  • ᴋaᴛāl, ᴋaᴛēl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
  • masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
  • feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlā, ᴋiᴛlā, ᴋuᴛlā
  • ᴋaᴛalā (paraγā 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
  • ᴋaᴛilā
  • ᴋaᴛulā (kadúlā 'magnificence', zarúħā 'radiance')
  • ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ā) = diminutive
  • meᴋᴛal(ā) = often place
  • maᴋᴛel(ā) = instrument
  • meᴋᴛōl
  • meᴋᴛul(ā)
  • θaᴋᴛilā, θeᴋᴛulā
  • ᴋaᴛlōn
  • ᴋiᴛᴛalōn
  • ᴋaᴛᴛal(ā) = agentive
  • ᴋaᴛᴛelā = disease
  • ᴋaᴛᴛulā
  • θaᴋᴛelā
  • θeᴋᴛūlā = system of, art of, study of

Affixes

  • (feminine always -ījā): adjective-forming affix
  • -ūδ: abstract noun suffix
  • hī-: un-, non-

Examples of Celtic vocabulary

Sample texts

Lexicon

h

  • hā́bā = love
  • hilô (pl. hilṓhīm) = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese kami
  • hašírā = the spirit of a tree
  • hinni = but

p

k

t

w

z

  • zadā = defect, crookedness (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
  • zīdā = wrongness, injustice
  • zaruħā = radiance

ħ

j

χ

l

m

n

  • n-ᴛ-f
    • níᴛfā = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)

s

ȝ

  • ȝarábā = willow

f

c

r

  • rimmṓn = pomegranate

š

θ