User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Ancient: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Druidic Canaanite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Religious texts were vocalized but not completely, hence it is reconstructed on the basis of Modern Canaanite and Tiberian Hebrew.
Druidic Canaanite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.
 
Since /ʔ/ and /h/ merged completely, the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''ʔaC-''.


Since /ʔ/ and /h/ merged completely, the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''ʔaC-''.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Out of the 25 consonants of Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew, Druidic Canaanite merged:
Out of the 25 consonants of Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew, Druidic Canaanite merged:
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* /ɬ/ with /t/ (taw) into /θ/
* /ɬ/ with /t/ (taw) into /θ/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)


/m p b f v n t d th θ ð ts~dz s tsʰ ʃ ɣ̃ ħ k g kh x ɣ l w j r/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c š ȝ ħ k g ᴋ χ γ l w y r''}}
/m p b f v n t d θ ð ts s tsʰ ʃ ɣ̃ ħ k g x ɣ l w j r ʔ~ɦ~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c š ȝ ħ k g ᴋ χ γ l w y r ʔ''}}


/l/ allophonically velarized before C.
/l/ allophonically velarized before C.
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The Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā́'' became unstressed ''-ā'', and the stress in feminine singular nouns in ''-ā'' shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs). Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ōδ'', from Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.  
The Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā́'' became unstressed ''-ā'', and the stress in feminine singular nouns in ''-ā'' shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs). Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ōδ'', from Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.  


The ending ''-a'' is more common than in Jewish Hebrew; sometimes ''-a'' is found where Standard Jewish Hebrew has ''-t''.
Often ''-ā'' is found where Standard Jewish Hebrew has ''-t''.


The construct state was not entirely predictable but not as "hard" as Tiberian Hebrew. Feminine singular nouns in ''-a'' had a construct state in ''-aδ''.
The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.


Example with ''sūs'' 'horse' and ''sūsā'' 'female horse':
Example with ''sūs'' 'horse' and ''sūsā'' 'female horse':


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Basic declension'''
|+ '''Noun declension'''
! number  
! number  
!colspan=2| singular  
!colspan=2| singular  
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| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sūsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sūsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sūsōδ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sūsōδ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! "my"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sūsī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sūsaδī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðiː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sūsê'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉‎‎ ''sūsuδê''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːː/
|-
! "thy" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sū́saγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sū́saδaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sūsēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sūsuδēγa''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/
|-
! "thy" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sūsaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sūsaδaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sūsēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sūsuδēγe''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/
|-
! "his"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 ''sūsō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 ''sūsaδō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅‎ ''sūsô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅‎‎ ''sūsuδô''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðoːː/
|-
! "her"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 ''sūsâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 ''sūsaδâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀‎ ''sūseʔâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːseʔaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀‎‎ ''sūsuδēʔâ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːʔaːː/
|-
! "our"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 ''sūsinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsinu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 ''sūsaδinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðinu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍‎ ''sūsēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːnu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍‎‎ ''sūsuδēnu''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/
|-
! "y'all's" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sūsaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 ''sūsaδaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌‎ ''sūsēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sūsuδēγem''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/
|-
! "y'all's" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 ''sūsaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 ''sūsaδaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍‎ ''sūsēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍‎‎ ''sūsuδēγen''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/
|-
! "their" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 ''sūsām'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːm/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 ''sūsaδām'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːm/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌‎ ''sūsêm'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːm/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌‎‎ ''sūsuδêm''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːm/
|-
! "their" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 ''sūsān'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 ''sūsaδān'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍‎ ''sūsên'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍‎‎ ''sūsuδên''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/
|}
|}
Possessive suffixes were as follows:
*1sg: ''sūs'''ī''''' "my horse", pl. ''sūs'''ê''''' "my horses"
*2sg.m: ''sūs'''aγa''''', pl. ''sūs'''ēγa'''''
*2sg.f: ''sūs'''aγe''''', pl. ''sūs'''ēγe'''''
*3sg.m: ''sūs'''ō''''', pl. ''sūs'''ô'''''
*3sg.f: ''sūs'''â''''', pl. ''sūs'''ayâ'''''
*1pl: ''sūs'''inu''''', pl. ''sūs'''ēnu'''''
*2pl.m: ''sūs'''aγem''''', pl. ''sūs'''ēγem''''' (-n instead of -m for feminine)
*3pl.m: ''sūs'''ām''''', pl. ''sūs'''êm''''' (-n instead of -m for feminine)


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
All 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew were in use.
All 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew were in use. Druidic Canaanite also had a binyan ''fuȝal'' (passive of ''faȝal'') which merged completely with ''fuȝȝal'' in Tiberian Hebrew.


Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew:
Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew:
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|colspan=10| ''šamṓr''
|colspan=10| ''šamṓr''
|}
|}
====Binyan ''fuȝal'' (passive of ''faȝal'')====
====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)====


====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)====
====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)====
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|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mugattḗl''
|colspan=10| ''migattíl''
|-
|-
! infinitive construct
! infinitive construct
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|colspan=10| ''kattíl''
|colspan=10| ''kattíl''
|}
|}
====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)====
====Binyan ''huvȝal'' (hufʕal)====
====Binyan ''hiðvaȝȝil'' (hithpaʕʕel)====
====Gzarot====
:''Main article: [[Druidic Canaanite/Gzarot]]''


==Derivation==
==Derivation==
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===ʔ===
===ʔ===
*''ʔilô'' (pl. ''ʔilṓʔīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami''
*''ʔilô'' (pl. ''ʔilṓʔīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami''
*''ʔášerā'' = tree as a spiritual object
*''ʔašírā'' = the spirit of a tree
 
===z===
===z===
*''zadā'' = defect, crookedness
*''zadā? zidā?'' = defect, crookedness (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)


===n===
===n===
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**''níᴛfā'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)
**''níᴛfā'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)
===ȝ===
===ȝ===
*''ȝárabā'' = willow
*''ȝarábā'' = willow
 
===r===
===r===
*''rammṓn'' = pomegranate
*''rimmṓn'' = pomegranate


===š===
===š===
===ś===
===ś===
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
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