Linguifex

Eḥeiθymmen Amran: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Eḥeiθymmen Amran (view source)

Revision as of 04:45, 1 April 2020

37,374 bytes added ,  1 April 2020
→‎Particles
 
(364 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%"
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran'''<br />[ɛçˈejθ.ym:.ɛn ˈam.ran]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran'''<br />[ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.rym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
Line 15: Line 15:
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Ergative-Absolutive
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
Line 24: Line 24:
|}
|}


'''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or just '''Eḥeiθymme''' or '''Amranuwwa''' is the dominant language of the people of Amran.
'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.


'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a so-called "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.
'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.


'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case. These details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is an Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, and has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.
'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.


==Introduction==
==Introduction==
===Setting===
'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self.  Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.
===Etymology===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.
Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".
===Goals===
The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).
===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===
The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler,  '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.
Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.
A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 48: Line 70:
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.


{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+Consonant Inventory of '''Eḥeiθymme'''
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Labial
Line 77: Line 99:
|
|
| '''g''' = [g]
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Affricate
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
|
| '''c''' = [t͡ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''j''' = [d͡ʒ]
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 123: Line 130:
|  
|  
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 143: Line 157:
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.


The short vowels are following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''u'''. These have the following values:
The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].
 
* '''i''' = [i]<br />
 
* '''e''' = [ɛ]<br />
 
* '''a''' = [a]<br />
 
* '''u''' = [u]<br />
 
* '''y''' = [y]
 
The long vowels are following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ū'''. These have the following values:
 
* '''ī''' = [i:]<br />
 
* '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e]<br />
 
* '''ā''' = [a:]<br />


* '''ū''' = [u:]<br />
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.
 
* '''ȳ''' = [y:]
 
Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].
 
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ai''', '''au'''. These have the following values:
 
* '''ei''' = [ej]<br />
 
* '''ai''' = [aj]<br />
 
* '''au''' = [aw]
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|+Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of '''Eḥeiθymme'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
!Front
!Back
!Front
!Back
|- style="text-align: center;"
!High
| '''i''' = [i]
| '''u''' = [u]
| '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''ū''' = [u:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e]
|
| '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Low
| colspan="2" |'''a''' = [a]
| colspan="2" |'''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="4" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ai''' = [aj], '''au''' = [aw]
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of '''Eḥeiθymme'''
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
Line 220: Line 171:
! <small>rounded</small>
! <small>rounded</small>
|-
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''i''' = [i]<br />'''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''y''' = [y]<br />'''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
| '''u''' = [u]<br />'''ū''' = [u:]
|-
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e]<br />'''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
! Open
|   
|   
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɑ}} {{IPA|ɑː}}
| '''a''' = [a]<br />'''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}
|}


===Prosody and Stress===
===Prosody and Stress===


Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.
Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.


The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.
The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.
Line 252: Line 206:


===Sound Change===
===Sound Change===
There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.
'''1. The consonant moves to a fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''
* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç
* s → h
'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''
* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...
'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''
* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.


{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}
==Verbs==
Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.
On the verb itself, the following may be marked:


* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)


Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''∅-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.


Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.


* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb


===Tense===


Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction.


'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.


The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.


Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:


* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3'''


===Nouns===
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
===Adjectives===
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''<br>-'''1u2a3'''<sup>1</sup>
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''<br>-'''i2e3'''<sup>2</sup>
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''<br>-'''1ei3i'''<sup>3</sup>
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''<br>-'''S1a3'''<sup>4</sup>
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''
|}
 
:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop
 
'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.
 
* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.
 
* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.
 
* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.
 
* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.
 
* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.
 
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<br> '''β'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''
|}
 
===Mood===
 
'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.
 
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3-<br>-1u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3<br>-i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''<br>-1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''<br>-1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''<br>-'''1ei3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3-<br>-S1'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''
|}
 
'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.
 
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub><br> '''β'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
|}
 
===Voice===
 
Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case.
 
When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.
 
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:
 
'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>''
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
 
* ∅ + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
 
'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>''
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
 
'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>''+  V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
 
In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.
 
===Infinitive===
 
The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.
 
Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:
 
* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''
 
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3'''<br>'''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3'''<br>'''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}
 
===Conjugation===
 
Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.
 
{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}
 
==Nouns==
 
Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.
 
* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.
 
===Definiteness===
 
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.
 
* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
 
* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
 
====Case====
 
===State===


===Verbs===
====Absolute State====


===Adverbs===
====Construct State====


===Particles===
==Modifiers==


===Derivational Morphology===
===Adjectives===


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
===Adverbs===


===Nouns===
==Particles==
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology


-->
* '''α''' participle: '''i1e23i'''
* '''β''' participle: '''i12e3''' or '''i12i3'''


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Deltaquebec
798

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/152564...188955"