Eḥeiθymmen Amran: Difference between revisions

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran'''<br />[ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.  

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphollogy, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ

! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|morphemic prefix}}

! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|first radical}}

! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|vowel}}

! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|second radical}}

! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|vowel}}

! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|third radical}}

! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|morphemic suffix}}

|-

! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Information and Details

| style="text-align: left;" |  

* if '''zero''', then '''1''' may equate with '''2''' in certain situations

| style="text-align: left;" |

| style="text-align: left;" |  

* if '''j''' or '''w''', may become equivalent vowel

| style="text-align: left;" |

| style="text-align: left;" |  

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

===Verb Class===

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' fall into one of several classes, determined by the consonants of their root structure. Subsequently, the various inflectional and derivational forms of the verb depend on their class.  

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots; such roots may vary in the imperfective aspect depending if both the 1 and 2 consonants are stops. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants have variable manifestations, and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Only)'''

! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |  

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1e23i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''12a3'''<br>'''1u2a3'''¹

| style="text-align: center;" | '''Le23i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''L2a3'''<br>'''i2e3'''²

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1eL3i'''<br>'''1ei3i'''³

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1La3'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1e2Li'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''12aL'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''Re23i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''R2a3'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1ē3i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1Ra3'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1e2Ri'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''12ā'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''Se23i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''S2a3'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1eS3i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1Sa3'''<br>'''S1a3'''⁴

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1e2Si'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''12aS'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''Je23i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''i2e3'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1ei3i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1Ja3'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1e2ī'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''12aJ'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''We23i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''u2a3'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1ey3i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1Wa3'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1e2yi'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''12aw'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)2a3'''

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command. Mood is conveyed by alteration of the first vowel of the verb.

|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |  

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''23'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''a'''3<br>1u2'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''23'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a23e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | L'''e'''23'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | L2'''a'''3<br>i2'''e'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | L'''au'''23'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''La23e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''L3'''i'''<br>1'''e'''i3'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1L'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''L3'''u'''<br>1'''ew'''i3'''y'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1aL3e'''<br>'''1ei3e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''2L'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''a'''L

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''2L'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2Le'''

| style="text-align: center;" | R'''e'''23'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | R2'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | R'''au'''23'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2Re'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''ē'''3'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1R'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''ā'''3'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1ā3e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''2R'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''ā'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''2R'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2Re'''

| style="text-align: center;" | S'''e'''23'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | S2'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | S'''au'''23'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''Sa23e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''S3'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1S'''a'''3<br>S1'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''S3'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1aS3e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''2S'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''a'''S

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''2S'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2Se'''

| style="text-align: center;" | J'''e'''23'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | i2'''e'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | J'''au'''23'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''Ja23e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''i3'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1J'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''ew'''i3'''y'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1ei3e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''2'''ī'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''a'''J

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''2J'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2Je'''

| style="text-align: center;" | W'''e'''23'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | u2'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | w'''au'''23'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''Wa23e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''y3'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1W'''a'''3

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''aū'''3'''u'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au3e'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''2y'''i'''

| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''a'''W

| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''2'''ū'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2We'''

| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a23e'''

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.  

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in part of constructing verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed, and may be used as a verbal noun. The infinitive may be inflected for aspect and mood.

* The structure of the indicative '''Perfective Infinitive''' is: '''1a23a'''

* The structure of the indicative '''Imperfective Infinitive''' is: '''1u2a3'''

* The structure of the subjunctive '''Perfective Infinitive''' is: '''1u23a'''

* The structure of the subjunctive '''Imperfective Infinitive''' is: '''1u2u3'''

 

 

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"

|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''

! colspan="2" | Person

! α-form

! β-form

! colspan="2" | Person

! α-form

! colspan="2" | Person

! rowspan="9" | Indicative

! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}

! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}

! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}

! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st

| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad''

| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''

! rowspan="2" | 1st

| '''dhua-'''''rjad''

! {{small|Exclusive}}

|  

|  

! {{small|Exclusive}}

|  

|  

! rowspan="2" | 2nd

! {{small|Masculine}}

| '''ive-'''''rerjeð''

| '''ive-'''''rjeð''

! {{small|Feminine}}

| '''me-'''''rerjad''

| '''me-'''''rjad''

! rowspan="3" | 3rd

! {{small|Masculine}}

! rowspan="3" | 3rd

! {{small|Masculine}}

|  

! rowspan="3" | 3rd

! {{small|Feminine}}

! {{small|Feminine}}

! {{small|Feminine}}

|  

|  

! {{small|Neuter}}

| '''ā-'''''rerjad''

| '''ā-'''''rjad''

! colspan="2" | 4th

| '''anta-'''''rerjad''

| '''anta-'''''rjad''

! colspan="2" | 4th

| '''anta-'''''rerjad''

| '''anta-'''''rjad''

! colspan="2" | 4th

| '''anta-'''''rjad''

! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive

! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}

! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}

! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}

! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st

| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð''

| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð''

! rowspan="2" | 1st

! {{small|Inclusive}}

| '''dhua-'''''rerjuð''

| '''dhua-'''''rjuð''

! {{small|Exclusive}}

|  

! {{small|Exclusive}}

|  

|  

! rowspan="2" | 2nd

! {{small|Masculine}}

| '''ive-'''''rerjyð''

| '''ive-'''''rjyð''

! {{small|Feminine}}

| '''me-'''''rerjuð''

| '''me-'''''rjuð''

! rowspan="3" | 3rd

! {{small|Masculine}}

! rowspan="3" | 3rd

! {{small|Masculine}}

|  

! rowspan="3" | 3rd

! {{small|Feminine}}

! {{small|Feminine}}

! {{small|Feminine}}

|  

|  

! {{small|Neuter}}

! colspan="2" | 4th

| '''anta-'''''rjuð''

|-

! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}

|-

! {{small|Inclusive}}

| –

! rowspan="2" | 1st

|-

! rowspan="2" | 2nd

| '''ente-'''''rjeði''

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.  

|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''

| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad'''''-al'''

| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''

| '''dhua-'''''rerjeð'''''-ið'''

| '''dhua-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''

| '''ive-'''''rerjeð'''''-iv'''

| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''

| '''me-'''''rerjad'''''-am'''

| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''

| '''ā-'''''rerjad'''''-ah'''

| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''

| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''

| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''

| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''

| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''

| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''

| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''

| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð'''''-al'''

| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð'''''-al'''

| '''dhua-'''''rerjyð'''''-ið'''

| '''dhua-'''''rjyð'''''-ið'''

| '''ive-'''''rerjyð'''''-iv'''

| '''ive-'''''rjyð'''''-iv'''

| '''me-'''''rerjuð'''''-am'''

| '''me-'''''rjuð'''''-am'''

| '''ā-'''''rerjuð'''''-ah'''

| '''ā-'''''rjuð'''''-ah'''

| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''

| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''

| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''

| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''

| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''

| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''

| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''''i''

| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''''i''

| '''me-'''''rjeð'''''-em'''''i''

| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''

| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''

| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''