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Eḥeiθymmen Amran: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran'''<br />[ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran'''<br />[ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.rym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
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There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.
There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.


'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''
'''1. The consonant moves to a fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''


* t → θ
* t → θ
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* g → ɣ
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç
* h → ḥ = ç
* s → h


'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''
'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''
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| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | initial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | medial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | final radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
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* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)


Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.
Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''∅-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.


Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.
Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.
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===Tense===
===Tense===


Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.
Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction.  


'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.
'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.
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Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:
Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:


* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3'''


{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''-<br>-'''1u2a3'''-<sup>1</sup>
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''<br>-'''1u2a3'''<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''-<br>-'''i2e3'''-<sup>2</sup>
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''<br>-'''i2e3'''<sup>2</sup>
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''-<br>-'''1ei3i'''-<sup>3</sup>
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''<br>-'''1ei3i'''<sup>3</sup>
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''-<br>-'''S1a3'''-<sup>4</sup>
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''<br>-'''S1a3'''<sup>4</sup>
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3<br>1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3-<br>-1u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3<br>i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3<br>-i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''-<br>-1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''<br>-1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''-<br>-1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''<br>-1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''-<br>-'''1ei3e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''<br>-'''1ei3e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3<br>S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3-<br>-S1'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''
|}
|}


Line 606: Line 607:
===Voice===
===Voice===


Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.  
Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case.  
 
When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.  


'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:  
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:  
Line 734: Line 737:
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhyea-'''''reiði''
| '''dhye-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 1st
Line 993: Line 996:
| –
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}
While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.
{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}
|}


Line 1,292: Line 1,008:
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.  
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.  


* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
Line 1,315: Line 1,031:


==Particles==
==Particles==
* '''α''' participle: '''i1e23i'''
* '''β''' participle: '''i12e3''' or '''i12i3'''


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Deltaquebec
798

edits

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