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The '''Talmic''' languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the [[Quame languages|Quame]] language family. They are descended from '''Proto-Talmic''' ('''PT''' or '''PTal''').
{{construction}}
==Phylogeny==
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
{{clade
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
    |label1=[[Thensarian|Noble Thensarian]]
The '''Talmic languages''' (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ ''TAHL-mik'') are a subfamily of the [[Quame languages]], originally spoken chiefly in the [[Bitaleta]] region in the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]].
    |1={{clade
    |1=[[Nurian]]
    |2=[[Qelorian]] (Italian analogue)
    |3=[[Bênôcian]]
    |4=Arabic dialect-ish
      }}
    |label2=[[T-Talmic languages]]
    |2={{clade
    |1=[[Andarin]]
      }}
    }}


==Characteristics==
* PET
The historical Talmic languages have all shared the following characteristics to some extent:
** Talmic
*conversion of a former case system into a system of state distinctions (e.g. definiteness, possessedness, predicative/attributive, generic/specific)
*** [[Tigol]]
*rigidly head-initial word order
**** [[Eevo]]
**verb-initial clauses; modern Talmic languages are topic-prominent and thus have V2 independent clauses and verb-initial dependent clauses.
**** [[Anbirese]]
*heavy grammatical use of pronominal suffixes/enclitics on possessed nouns, verbs and prepositions, that index their dependents
**** Ciètian
**some descendants eventually creep toward being polysynthetic, supplanting former finite verbs with possessed infinitives/participles of complex compound verbs, and predicative nouns
*[[w:Differential object marking|differential]] indexing of the direct object and the possessor, and occasionally the prepositional object
*grammatical apophony (tonal, vocalic or consonantal)
*word order changes for topicalization and focusing
*More recent Talmic languages have honorific systems developed from abstract nouns in the feminine gender. Therefore former feminine pronouns and verbs develop into honorific markers.


Characteristic phylogenetic innovations vis-à-vis Zachydic include:
== Syntax ==
*prominence of tense rather than aspect in verbal TAM, unlike in mainland Zachydic languages.
Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.
*Rhotacization of /*z/ to /*r/ / V_V and V_#, and secondary rhotacization (often before consonants, the choice of which depends on the language).
*Development of Proto-Zachydic ejective stops into spirants.
*Conflation of non-labialized and labialized dorsal stops, and preservation of the velar-uvular distinction.
**Also common is the transition of the uvular series into the radical series; uvulars are still found in some phonetically conservative languages and dialects, however.
*The shift of ''*s'' into ''*h'' and subsequent assibilation of affricates occuring after primary rhotacization (/*cʼ, *c/ > /*s/, /*ʒ/ > /*z/ etc.) greatly reduces the consonant inventory; this also contributes to the fricative-rich flavor of Talmic.
*Some metathesis occurred too.


==Proto-Talmic phonology==
== Morphology ==
*qʷ ɢʷ qʷ' > q ɢ q'
Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify
*p' t' c' ƛ' k' kʷ' q' qʷ' > f þ s ł x xʷ χ χ
*s > h
*c > s
*ƛ > t
*z > r / V_
===Consonant inventory===
====Pyr Chilse model====
The following is the Proto-Talmic consonant system as conjectured by Núrian Talmicist Dozīr pyr Chilse: he surmised that Proto-Quame ejective series had turned into an aspirated series in PTal, which has spirantized in daughter languages. This reconstruction is now considered obsolete.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.
! colspan="10"|Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (pyr Chlʰíse)
 
|-
==History of Talmic studies==
! colspan="2" |
===History of the term===
!  |Labial
The Talmic family was referred to as the "''Kwēm'' languages" (Scellan: ''brits Cłeem'') in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word ''cēm'' for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as [[Naquian]], the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.
!  |Alveolar
 
!  |Lateral
==Todo==
!  |Palatal
*''-nəm'' = patientive
!  |Velar
*''sθan-'' = gather
!  |Labiovelar
**''sθannəm'' = gathering
!  |Uvular
***Skellan ''sdann'' = (''mathematics'') set
!  |Glottal
**~ ''sta-'' in ''stāmom''?
|-
 
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
*add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
| *m
**''-ssōs'' = another noun suffix
| *n
** 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
|
**lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *p
| *t
| *ƛ
|
| *k
| *kʷ
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *d
| *λ
|
| *g
| *gʷ
|
|
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
| *pʰ
| *tʰ
| *ƛʰ
|
| *kʰ
| *kʷʰ
| *qʰ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| *s
| *ł
|
|
|
|
| *h
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| *z
| *ḽ
|
|
|
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
| *l
| *j
|
| *w
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| *r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}


====Guànitzhùtł model====
Change 1pl.ex from m to b
Xamùz Guànitzhùtł revised the pyr Chlʰíse model, positing that the ejective-to-spirant shift had occurred earlier (probably ejective plosives ~ ejective affricates > affricates > fricatives); she noted the inconsistency of evidence for aspirated stops at any stage of Talmic languages.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
==Phonology==
! colspan="10"|Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Guànitzhùtł)
Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Alveolar
!  |Lateral
!  |Palatal
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Velar
!  |Labiovelar
!  |Labiovelar
!  |Uvular
!  |Uvular
!  |Labiouvular
!  |Glottal
!  |Glottal
|-
|-
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|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 170: Line 67:
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *p
|
| *θ
| *t
| *t
|
|
|
| *k
| *k
| *kʷ
| *kʷ
| *q
| *q
| *ʔ
| *qʷ
|
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *b
| *δ
| *d
| *d
|
|  
|  
| *g
| *g
| *gʷ
| *gʷ
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 191: Line 90:
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *φ
| *ɸ
| *s, *θ
|
| *ł
| *s
|  
| [x]
|
| [χ]
|  
|  
| *x
| *xʷ
| *χ
| *h
| *h
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
|  
|  
| *z, *ð
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|  
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|
|rowspan="2"| *γ
|rowspan="2"| *γʷ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|
|  
|  
| *l
| *l
| *j
| *r
| *y
|  
|  
| *w
| *w
|   
|   
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| *r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.


===Vocalic inventory===
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| *i *ī
|
| *u *ū
|-
! style="" |Mid
| *e *ē
|
| *o *ō
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| *a *ā
|
|}
 
Diphthongs:
*ai ei oi au eu ou
*āi ēi ōi āu ēu ōu
 
==Proto-Talmic morphology==
===Nominal morphology===
Nouns and adjectives had retained from Proto-Zachydic 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional, allative, ablative, locative/instrumental), 3 numbers, 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and additionally possessive inflection for nouns. Like its daughter languages as well as Proto-Zachydic, Common Talmic is thought to have been a [[w:differential object marking|differential object marking]] language; only definite or specific direct objects were marked with the accusative case.
 
The essive case (''*-ēri'') was marginal, and was only used adverbially (cf. Th. ''-ēr'' adverbial suffix).
 
Some nouns took the "thematic" suffix/clitic ''*-ʔ'' with an uncertain meaning, a holdover from the classifier system in Proto-Zachydic.
 
===Pronominal morphology===
Proto-Talmic free pronouns can be reconstructed with less confidence because all case marking except as clitics and suffixes was eliminated.
====Full personal pronouns====
 
====Possessive suffixes====
 
===Verbal morphology===
====Tense====
The Proto-Talmic verbal system has converted the pre-existing aspect-based perfective/imperfective dichotomy into a time-based one (past/non-past). The irregularity of the past system is probably a result of conflation of many different parent aspect systems.
====Aspect====
The following aspect suffixes can be reconstructed:
*prospective ''*-eh-''
*inceptive ''*-lʁa-''
*cessative ''*-mbe-''
 
====Mood====
Proto-Talmic has kept many moods intact (imperative, desiderative, hortative, optative). The negative imperative used the prohibitive particle along with the hortative form, as in Proto-Zachydic. The moods are frequently collapsed by its progeny (e.g. jussive in Themsaran).
 
====Thematic suffixes====
Proto-Talmic saw the development of thematic vowels from derivational suffixes. Thematic vowels are found in many Talmic languages, but modern languages often generalize the ''a''-paradigm to the expense of the others.
*''*-īn'': basic verbs
*''*-a-īn'': denominative or transitive verbs
*''*-e-īn'': dynamic or reflexive verbs
 
====TAM/subject affix paradigm====
Todo: rederive past tense... they don't look like they could (all) be perfective suffixes.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Subject affixes
|-
!colspan="4" | Present/Non-past
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn''
|''-dir''
|''-mī''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁ-sē''
|''-n-sē''
|-
!|2
|''-r''
|''-r-sē''
|''-l-sē''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-''
|''-ʁih''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi''
|''-tih''
|-
!colspan="4" | Simple past
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-nʔe''
|''-sid''
|''-mā''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁʔā'', ''-tar''
|''-nʔā'', ''-taq''
|-
!|2
|''-rʔe''
|''-rʔā''
|''-lʔā''
|-
!|3.m
|''-ā(-m)''
|rowspan="2"|''-ā-iri''
|''-ā-ʁih''
|-
!|3.f
|''-ā-isi''
|''-ā-tih''
|-
!colspan="4" | Prospective
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-eh-īn''
|''-eh-dir''
|''-eh-mī''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-eh-ʁsē''
|''-eh-nsē''
|-
!|2
|''-eh-r''
|''-eh-rsē''
|''-eh-lsē''
|-
!|3.m
|''-eh-m''
|rowspan="2"|''-eh-iri-''
|''-eh-ʁēj''
|-
!|3.f
|''-eh-isi''
|''-eh-tēj''
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁsi''
|''-nsi''
|-
!|2
|''-h''
|''-rsi''
|''-lsi''
|-
!colspan="4" | Hortative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-ti''
|''-dis-ti''
|''-mī-ti''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁs-ti''
|''-ns-ti''
|-
!|2
|''-ti''
|''-rs-ti''
|''-ls-ti''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-ti''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ti''
|''-ʁih-ti''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi-ti''
|''-tih-ti''
|-
!colspan="4" | Desiderative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-ʔi''
|''-dir-ʔi''
|''-mī-ʔi''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁsē-ʔi''
|''-nsē-ʔi''
|-
!|2
|''-r-ʔi''
|''-rsē-ʔi''
|''-lsē-ʔi''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-ʔi''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ʔ''
|''-ʁih-ʔi''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi-ʔi''
|''-tih-ʔi''
|-
!colspan="4" | Optative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-aʔ''
|''-dir-aʔ''
|''-mī-aʔ''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁs-aʔ''
|''-ns-aʔ''
|-
!|2
|''-r-aʔ''
|''-rs-aʔ''
|''-ls-aʔ''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-aʔ''
|rowspan="2"|''-ir-aʔ''
|''-ʁ-aʔ''
|-
!|3.f
|''-is-aʔ''
|''-t-aʔ''
|}
 
===Other verbal affixes===
Other reconstructible affixes include:
 
*''*-pe-'' potential (e.g. Thm. ''tacvéi'' 'know (a fact)' < ''tak-pe-īn'' 'be able to say')
*''*-re-'' passive
*''*-ina-'' causative, i.e. supply sb with sth to [verb]/a patient of [verb]
*''*-ska-'' causative
*''*az-'', "towards" directional prefix.
*the memory evidential prefix ''*ʔṇʔ-''.
 
==Proto-Talmic syntax==
Basic word order was most likely SVO, as evinced by the order {{sc|verb-object suffix}} in all daughter languages.
 
==Sound changes to Proto-Talmic==
 
==Sound changes from Proto-Talmic==<!--
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
|-
|+ '''Talmic consonant correspondences'''
! PTal||[[Themsaran|Thm]]||[[Low Themsaran|LThm]]||[[Tizian|Tiz]]||[[Snaħħian|Sn]]||[[Qelorian|Qel]]
|-
| '''*m'''  || ''m'' || /m/ || /m/ || /m/ || /m/
|-
| '''*p'''  || ''p'' || /p/, /b/|| ||    || /p/
|-
| '''*b'''  || ''b'' || /b/ ||    ||    || /b/
|-
| '''*pʰ''' || ''f'' || /h/ ||    ||    || /p/
|-
| '''*n'''  || ''n'' || /n/ ||    ||    || /n/
|-
| '''*t'''  || ''t'' || /t/, /d/ ||    || || /t/
|-
| '''*d'''  || ''d'' || /j/ ||    ||    || /d/
|-
| '''*tʰ''' || ''th'' || /f/ || || /ħ/    || /t/
|-
| '''*s'''  || ''s'' || /s~ʃ/ ||  ||    /s/ || /s/
|-
| '''*z'''  || ''z'', ''r'' || /z~ʒ/, /ɾ/ ||  || /z/ || /z/
|-
| '''*ł'''  || ''th'', ''ch'' || /f/ || /ʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /ʃ/ || /x/
|-
| '''*λ'''  || ''ð'', ''ch'' || /v/ || /ʒ/, /dʒʱ/ || /ʒ/ || Ø
|-
| '''*ƛ'''  || ''ŧ'' || /ts~tʃ/  || /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /tʃ/  || /ts/
|-
| '''*k'''  || ''c'', ''ch'' || /k/, /g/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/  || /k/, /kʰ/ || || /k/
|-
| '''*g'''  || ''g'', ''ch'' || /g/, /ʒ/, /w/ || /g/, /gʱ/ || || /g/
|-
| '''*kʰ''' || ''ch'', ''c'' || /x/, /ʃ/ || /x/, /kxʰ/ || || /k/
|-
| '''*q'''  || ''q'', ''ħ'' || /ɴ/, /h/ || /ʡ/, /ʡʰ/ || /ŋ~ɴ/ || /ʕ/
|-
| '''*ʁ'''  || ''ħ'', ''v'' || /h/, /w/ || /w/, /ʍ/ || /ʁ/ || /ħ/
|-
| '''*qʰ''' || ''ħ'' || /h/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/
|-
| '''*l''' || ''l'' || /l/ ||    || || /l/
|-
| '''*r''' || ''r'' || /ɾ/ ||    || /ʁ/ || /r/
|-
| '''*w''' || ''v'' || /v/ ||    || /f/ || /v/
|-
| '''*j''' || ''ı'' || /j/ ||    ||  || Ø
|-
| '''*h''' || ''h'' || /h/ ||    ||  || Ø
|-
| '''*ʔ''' || Ø || Ø ||    ||  || Ø
|}-->
<!--
===to Snaħħian===
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ç *ɟ *ŧ > /ʃ ʒ tʃ/
 
/ts dz/ > /st zd/
 
/ʁ/ > /ʁ/
 
/h/ > /ʔ/
 
/ʃ ʒ tʃ/ > /s z ts/
 
/k g x ts dz s/ > /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ/ _V[+front]
 
/b d g/
*> [β ð ɣ] / V_V, V_#
*> [m n ŋ] / C[+nasal, +homorganic]_
 
/p t t͡s k/ > /b d d͡z g/ / V_V, V_#, C[+nasal]_
 
/pp tt tt͡s kk/ > /p t t͡s k/


[ð ɣ]
Diphthongs:
*> /j/ / _V[+front], _#
*> [ɦ] / _V[-front]


[β]
ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou
*> [ɦ] / _V[+front]
*> /ɸ~β/ / _V[-front], _#


<nowiki>*</nowiki>zd, *žd > *dz, *dž
==Derivational morphology==
===Affixes===
Some derivational affixes are:
*''-nam'' (n.) = patient suffix
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer (from ''*-əx̌-''; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
**What if ''*-əx̌-'' meant something else in PQuih?
**Roshterian ''-ia-/-i-'' - fossilized suffix in many verbs
*''-ākos'' (n.) = verbal noun (from ''*-əx̌-'' verbalizer + ''*-kas'' = older VN suffix)
**Roshterian ''-iac''
*''-akt(V)-'' = adjectivizer
**Roshterian ''-ait''


/l/ > /w/ / _C
====Ablaut patterns====


===to Tizian===
==Syntax==
*/w/ > /v/
The emphatic particle {{recon|''-is''}} was commonly suffixed to the verb.
*/ʁ/
== Gibberish ==
**> /w/ _C[-velar],
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.
**> /ʕ/ otherwise
*/n/ > /ː/ _C[-glide]
*/l/ > /r/ _C[-glide]
*/z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/]
*/sŧ, šŧ/ > /št/
*Stress accent develops from initial stress.
*/aː/ > /o/
*/eː oː/ > /e˞ o˞/ <ee oo>
*/iː uː ʉː/ > /iɚ uɚ ʉɚ/ medially.
*/ai ei/ > /ei i/
*/ç ʝ/
**> /ʃ ʒ/
*/p t ŧ k b d g/ > /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ bʰ dʰ gʰ/
**_V[+high tone]
**_C[+fricative]#
-->


==Vocabulary==
*{{recon|''az-''}} telic
**Thm. ''ar-''/''as-''
***Núr. ''ar-'' superlative, intensive; ''s-'' telic


[[Category:Proto-languages|T]][[Category:Pfeuno-Kitelucquian languages|T]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]
IlL
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