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[[Proto-Talmic/Swadesh list]]
{{construction}}
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
The '''Talmic languages''' (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ ''TAHL-mik'') are a subfamily of the [[Quame languages]], originally spoken chiefly in the [[Bitaleta]] region in the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]].
 
* PET
** Talmic
*** [[Tigol]]
**** [[Eevo]]
**** [[Anbirese]]
**** Ciètian
 
== Syntax ==
Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.
 
== Morphology ==
Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify
 
Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.
 
==History of Talmic studies==
===History of the term===
The Talmic family was referred to as the "''Kwēm'' languages" (Scellan: ''brits Cłeem'') in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word ''cēm'' for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as [[Naquian]], the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.


'''Proto-Talmic''' is a descendant of [[Proto-Quihum]] and the last common ancestor of all [[Talmic languages]] (including [[Thensarian]], [[Eevo]], [[Nurian]], [[Roshterian]], ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.
==Todo==
==Todo==
*''laN'' or ''laaN''? = seed
*''-nəm'' = patientive
*''sθan-'' = gather
**''sθannəm'' = gathering
***Skellan ''sdann'' = (''mathematics'') set
**~ ''sta-'' in ''stāmom''?
 
*add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
**''-ssōs'' = another noun suffix
** 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
**lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū
 
Change 1pl.ex from m to b


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|+ Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|-
|-
Line 35: Line 68:
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|  
|  
|  
| *θ
| *t
| *t
|
|
Line 46: Line 79:
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *b
|  
| *δ
| *d
| *d
|  
|  
Line 58: Line 91:
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *ɸ
| *ɸ
| *θ
|  
| *s
| *s
|  
|  
| [x]
|  
|  
|  
| [χ]
|
|  
|  
| *h
| *h
Line 69: Line 102:
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
|  
|  
| *δ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|
|rowspan="2"| *ʁʷ
|rowspan="2"| *γ
|rowspan="2"| *γʷ
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 82: Line 115:
| *l
| *l
| *r
| *r
| *j
| *y
|  
|  
| *w
| *w
|   
|   
|}
|}
The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū
a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū


Diphthongs:  
Diphthongs:  


ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw
ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou
 
====Thensarian reflexes====
PTal reflexes in bold
 
*{{recon|''a''}} > '''o''' > ''o''
*{{recon|''ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ''}} > '''ā''' > ''ā''
*{{recon|''aʔ, əx̌ʷ''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''ə''}} > '''e''' > ''e''
*{{recon|''i''}} > '''i''' > ''i''
*{{recon|''u''}} > '''u''' > ''u''
*{{recon|''ay''}} > '''oi''' > ''ȳ''
*{{recon|''əy''}} > '''ai''' > ''ae''
*{{recon|''iy''}} > '''ei''' > ''ē''
*{{recon|''uy''}} > '''ui''' > ''ui''
*{{recon|''iʔ, ix''}} > '''ī''' > ''ī''
*{{recon|''aw''}} > '''ow''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''əw''}} > '''ew''' > ''iō''
*{{recon|''iw''}} > '''iw''' > ''iū''
*{{recon|''uʔ, ux, uxʷ''}} > '''ū''' > ''ū''
*{{recon|''uw''}} > '''ou''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > C'''a''' > ''Ca''
*{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > C'''o''' > ''Co''
*{{recon|''Cx''}} > C'''ə''' > ''Cy''
*{{recon|''əʔ, əx, ix̌''}} > '''ē''' > ''ē''
*{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > '''aw''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''ixʷ, ix̌ʷ''}} > '''ew''' > ''iō''
*{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''ija'' > ''iā''
*{{recon|''əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ''}} > ''eja'' > ''eā''
*{{recon|''iy(ə)x''}} > ''ije'' > ''iē''
 
==Morphology==
Proto-Talmic needs "ingredients" for Roshterian polysynthesis.
===Nouns===
 
====Masculine nouns====
(Just one paradigm)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''ɮoirom'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''ɮoirom'' || ''ɮeɮoirom'' || ''ɮoirīs''
|-
! Definite
| ''ɮoirai'' || ''ɮeɮoirai'' || ''ɮoirinnə''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''ɮoirom'' - 'bird'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''ɮoirot''||''ɮoirinnət''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''ɮoiron''||''ɮoirinnən''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''ɮoirossi''||''ɮoirinnəssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''ɮoirossiu''||''ɮoirinnəssiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''ɮoirotiu''||''ɮoirinniu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''ɮoirotī''||''ɮoirinnī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''ɮoirota''||''ɮoirinna''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''ɮoirosmə''||''ɮoirinnəsmə''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''ɮoiroswi''||''ɮoirinnəswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''ɮoiroka''||''ɮoirinnəka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''ɮoirotōr''||''ɮoirinnətōr''
|}
 
====Feminine nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''gʷondā'' 'body'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''gʷondā'' || ''gegʷondā'' || ''gʷondār''
|-
! Definite
| ''gʷondām'' || ''gegʷondām'' || ''gʷondās''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''gʷondā'' - 'body'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''gʷondat''||''gʷondāsat''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''gʷondan''||''gʷondasan''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''gʷondassi''||''gʷondasassi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''gʷondassiu''||''gʷondasassiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''gʷondatiu''||''gʷondasiu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''gʷondatī''||''gʷondasī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''gʷondata''||''gʷondasa''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''gʷondasmə''||''gʷondasasmə''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''gʷondaswi''||''gʷondasaswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''gʷondaka''||''gʷondaseka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''gʷondatōr''||''gʷondasōr''
|}
 
====Neuter nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''tektəs'' 'child'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''tektəs'' || ''tetektəs'' || ''tektəen''
|-
! Definite
| ''tektəes'' || ''tetektəes'' || ''tektəer''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''tektəs'' - 'child'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''tektət''|| ''tektəerət''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''tektən''|| ''tektəerən''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''tektəssi''|| ''tektəerəssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''tektəssiu''|| ''tektəerəssiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''tektiu''|| ''tektəeriu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''tektī''|| ''tektəerī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''tektəta''|| ''tektəera''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''tektəsmo''|| ''tektəersmo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''tektəswi''|| ''tektəerswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''tektəka''|| ''tektəerka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''tektōr''|| ''tektəerōr''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jenaqʷs'' 'water' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''jenaqʷs'' || ''jenenaqʷs''
|-
! Definite
| ''jenaqʷes'' || ''jenenaqʷes''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''stuφs'' 'fire' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''stuφs'' || ''stestuφs''
|-
! Definite
| ''stuφes'' || ''stestuφes''
|}
 
===Adjectives===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
Masculine:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''mukʷtam'' 'dark'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''mukʷtam'' || ''memukʷtam'' || ''mukʷtaīs''
|-
! Definite
| ''mukʷtoi'' || ''memukʷtoi'' || ''mukʷtannə''
|}
{{col-break}}
Feminine:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''mukʷtam'' 'dark'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''mukʷtā'' || ''memukʷtā'' || ''mukʷtar''
|-
! Definite
| ''mukʷtām'' || ''memukʷtām'' || ''mukʷtās''
|}
{{col-break}}
Neuter:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''mukʷtam'' 'dark'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''mukʷtas'' || ''memukʷtas'' || ''mukʷtān''
|-
! Definite
| ''mukʷtās'' || ''memukʷtās'' || ''mukʷtār''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
===Verbs===
====Object markers====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ Object affixes
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''ni-''
|''mē-''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''ɬē-''
|-
!|2
|''ti-''
|''sē-''
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|''nē-''
|}


====TAM + subject markers====
==Derivational morphology==
Collective subjects agree with singular (subject or object) verb affixes.
===Affixes===
 
Some derivational affixes are:
Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "''a''-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "''i''-grade". (Also cf. [[Ancient Wiebian]].)
*''-nam'' (n.) = patient suffix
 
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer (from ''*-əx̌-''; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
*present stem ''a'' - preterite stem ''e''
**What if ''*-əx̌-'' meant something else in PQuih?
*present stem ''ā'' - preterite stem ''ē''
**Roshterian ''-ia-/-i-'' - fossilized suffix in many verbs
*present stem ''o'' - preterite stem ''i''
*''-ākos'' (n.) = verbal noun (from ''*-əx̌-'' verbalizer + ''*-kas'' = older VN suffix)
*present stem ''ō'' - preterite stem ''ī''
**Roshterian ''-iac''
*present stem ''ō'' - preterite stem ''ē''
*''-akt(V)-'' = adjectivizer
*present stem ''oi'' - preterite stem ''ei''
**Roshterian ''-ait''
*present stem ''ou'' - preterite stem ''iu''
*present stem ''au'' - preterite stem ''eu''
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Progressive
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaisman || *kaφsən
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismar  || *kaφsər
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismam || *kaφsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismasim || *kaφsəsim
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaisma || *kaφs
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamē || *kaφsmē
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismant || *kaφsənt
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskʷe || *kaφsəskʷe
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismat || *kaφsət
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Habitual
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁeʁaisman || *kekaφsən
|-
| 2SG || *ʁeʁaismar  || *kekaφsər
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁeʁaismam || *kekaφsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁeʁaismasim || *kekaφsəsim
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁeʁaisma || *kekaφs
|-
| 1EX || *ʁeʁaismamē || *kekaφsmē
|-
| 1IN || *ʁeʁaismant || *kekaφsənt
|-
| 2PL || *ʁeʁaismaskʷe || *kekaφsəskʷe
|-
| 3PL || *ʁeʁaismat || *kekaφsət
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Preterite
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismannem || *keφsənnem
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismarəg  || *keφsrəg
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismasəm || *keφsəsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismast || *keφsəst
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismaso || *keφso
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamer || *keφsəmer
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismanter || *keφsənter
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskʷer || *keφsəskʷer
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismater || *keφsəter
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Subjunctive
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismanai || *kaφsnai
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismarai || *kaφsrai
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismamewr || *kaφsmewr
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismasewr || *kaφsəsewr
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismawr || *kaφsewr
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamai || *kaφsmai
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismantai || *kaφsəntai
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskʷai || *kaφsəskʷai
|-
| 3PL || *kaismatewr || *kaφsətewr
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+Imperative
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel-stem) !! ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismā! || *kaφsə!
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismantē! || *kaφsəntē!
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskʷē! || *kaφsəskʷē!
|}
{{col-end}}


===Derivational morphology===
====Ablaut patterns====
====Ablaut patterns====


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
The emphatic particle {{recon|''-is''}} was commonly suffixed to the verb, as seen directly in Thensarian and the fact that Rostherian kept most verb affixes intact.
The emphatic particle {{recon|''-is''}} was commonly suffixed to the verb.
== Gibberish ==
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.
 


==Lexicon==
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]
[[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]
IlL
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