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Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions
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[[Proto- | [[Proto-Talmic/Themsarian|Themsárimai: '''Gávthens tálsmimens''']] | ||
The ''' | The '''Talmic''' languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the [[Gamedan languages|Gamedan]] language family. They are descended from '''Proto-Talmic''' ('''PT''' or '''PTal'''). | ||
==Phylogeny== | ==Phylogeny== | ||
{{clade | {{clade | ||
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|4=Arabic dialect-ish | |4=Arabic dialect-ish | ||
}} | }} | ||
|label2=[[T- | |label2=[[T-Talmic languages]] | ||
|2={{clade | |2={{clade | ||
|1=[[Andarin]] | |1=[[Andarin]] | ||
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==Characteristics== | ==Characteristics== | ||
The historical | The historical Talmic languages have all shared the following characteristics to some extent: | ||
*conversion of a former case system into a system of state distinctions (e.g. definiteness, possessedness, predicative/attributive, generic/specific) | *conversion of a former case system into a system of state distinctions (e.g. definiteness, possessedness, predicative/attributive, generic/specific) | ||
*rigidly head-initial word order | *rigidly head-initial word order | ||
**verb-initial clauses; modern | **verb-initial clauses; modern Talmic languages are topic-prominent and thus have V2 independent clauses and verb-initial dependent clauses. | ||
*heavy grammatical use of pronominal suffixes/enclitics on possessed nouns, verbs and prepositions, that index their dependents | *heavy grammatical use of pronominal suffixes/enclitics on possessed nouns, verbs and prepositions, that index their dependents | ||
**some descendants eventually creep toward being polysynthetic, supplanting former finite verbs with possessed infinitives/participles of complex compound verbs, and predicative nouns | **some descendants eventually creep toward being polysynthetic, supplanting former finite verbs with possessed infinitives/participles of complex compound verbs, and predicative nouns | ||
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*grammatical apophony (tonal, vocalic or consonantal) | *grammatical apophony (tonal, vocalic or consonantal) | ||
*word order changes for topicalization and focusing | *word order changes for topicalization and focusing | ||
*More recent | *More recent Talmic languages have honorific systems developed from abstract nouns in the feminine gender. Therefore former feminine pronouns and verbs develop into honorific markers. | ||
Characteristic phylogenetic innovations vis-à-vis Zachydic include: | Characteristic phylogenetic innovations vis-à-vis Zachydic include: | ||
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*Conflation of non-labialized and labialized dorsal stops, and preservation of the velar-uvular distinction. | *Conflation of non-labialized and labialized dorsal stops, and preservation of the velar-uvular distinction. | ||
**Also common is the transition of the uvular series into the radical series; uvulars are still found in some phonetically conservative languages and dialects, however. | **Also common is the transition of the uvular series into the radical series; uvulars are still found in some phonetically conservative languages and dialects, however. | ||
*The shift of ''*s'' into ''*h'' and subsequent assibilation of affricates occuring after primary rhotacization (/*cʼ, *c/ > /*s/, /*ʒ/ > /*z/ etc.) greatly reduces the consonant inventory; this also contributes to the fricative-rich flavor of | *The shift of ''*s'' into ''*h'' and subsequent assibilation of affricates occuring after primary rhotacization (/*cʼ, *c/ > /*s/, /*ʒ/ > /*z/ etc.) greatly reduces the consonant inventory; this also contributes to the fricative-rich flavor of Talmic. | ||
*Some metathesis occurred too. | *Some metathesis occurred too. | ||
==Proto- | ==Proto-Talmic phonology== | ||
*qʷ ɢʷ qʷ' > q ɢ q' | *qʷ ɢʷ qʷ' > q ɢ q' | ||
*p' t' c' ƛ' k' kʷ' q' qʷ' > f þ s ł x xʷ χ χ | *p' t' c' ƛ' k' kʷ' q' qʷ' > f þ s ł x xʷ χ χ | ||
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===Consonant inventory=== | ===Consonant inventory=== | ||
====Pyr Chlʰíse model==== | ====Pyr Chlʰíse model==== | ||
The following is the Proto- | The following is the Proto-Talmic consonant system as conjectured by Núrian Talmicist Dazʰír pyr Chlʰíse: he surmised that Proto-Raxo-Talmic ejective series had turned into an aspirated series in PTal, which has spirantized in daughter languages. This reconstruction is now considered obsolete. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan="10"|Proto- | ! colspan="10"|Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (pyr Chlʰíse) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
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====Guànitzhùtł model==== | ====Guànitzhùtł model==== | ||
Xamùz Guànitzhùtł revised the pyr Chlʰíse model, positing that the ejective-to-spirant shift had occurred earlier (probably ejective plosives ~ ejective affricates > affricates > fricatives); she noted the inconsistency of evidence for aspirated stops at any stage of | Xamùz Guànitzhùtł revised the pyr Chlʰíse model, positing that the ejective-to-spirant shift had occurred earlier (probably ejective plosives ~ ejective affricates > affricates > fricatives); she noted the inconsistency of evidence for aspirated stops at any stage of Talmic languages. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan="10"|Proto- | ! colspan="10"|Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Guànitzhùtł) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
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*āi ēi ōi āu ēu ōu | *āi ēi ōi āu ēu ōu | ||
==Proto- | ==Proto-Talmic morphology== | ||
===Nominal morphology=== | ===Nominal morphology=== | ||
Nouns and adjectives had retained from Proto-Zachydic 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional, allative, ablative, locative/instrumental), 3 numbers, 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and additionally possessive inflection for nouns. Like its daughter languages as well as Proto-Zachydic, Common | Nouns and adjectives had retained from Proto-Zachydic 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional, allative, ablative, locative/instrumental), 3 numbers, 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and additionally possessive inflection for nouns. Like its daughter languages as well as Proto-Zachydic, Common Talmic is thought to have been a [[w:differential object marking|differential object marking]] language; only definite or specific direct objects were marked with the accusative case. | ||
[Genitive is partitive > indefinite?] | [Genitive is partitive > indefinite?] | ||
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===Pronominal morphology=== | ===Pronominal morphology=== | ||
Proto- | Proto-Talmic free pronouns can be reconstructed with less confidence because all case marking except as clitics and suffixes was eliminated. | ||
====Full personal pronouns==== | ====Full personal pronouns==== | ||
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===Verbal morphology=== | ===Verbal morphology=== | ||
====Tense==== | ====Tense==== | ||
The Proto- | The Proto-Talmic verbal system has converted the pre-existing aspect-based perfective/imperfective dichotomy into a time-based one (past/non-past). The irregularity of the past system is probably a result of conflation of many different parent aspect systems. | ||
====Aspect==== | ====Aspect==== | ||
The following aspect suffixes can be reconstructed: | The following aspect suffixes can be reconstructed: | ||
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====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
Proto- | Proto-Talmic has kept many moods intact (imperative, desiderative, hortative, optative). The negative imperative used the prohibitive particle along with the hortative form, as in Proto-Zachydic. The moods are frequently collapsed by its progeny (e.g. jussive in Themsaran). | ||
====Thematic suffixes==== | ====Thematic suffixes==== | ||
Proto- | Proto-Talmic saw the development of thematic vowels from derivational suffixes. Thematic vowels are found in many Talmic languages, but modern languages often generalize the ''a''-paradigm to the expense of the others. | ||
*''*-īn'': basic verbs | *''*-īn'': basic verbs | ||
*''*-a-īn'': denominative or transitive verbs | *''*-a-īn'': denominative or transitive verbs | ||
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*the memory evidential prefix ''*ʔṇʔ-''. | *the memory evidential prefix ''*ʔṇʔ-''. | ||
==Proto- | ==Proto-Talmic syntax== | ||
Basic word order was most likely SVO, as evinced by the order {{sc|verb-object suffix}} in all daughter languages. | Basic word order was most likely SVO, as evinced by the order {{sc|verb-object suffix}} in all daughter languages. | ||
==Sound changes to Proto- | ==Sound changes to Proto-Talmic== | ||
==Sound changes from Proto- | ==Sound changes from Proto-Talmic==<!-- | ||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" | {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+ ''' | |+ '''Talmic consonant correspondences''' | ||
! PTal||[[Themsaran|Thm]]||[[Low Themsaran|LThm]]||[[Tizian|Tiz]]||[[Snaħħian|Sn]]||[[Qelorian|Qel]] | ! PTal||[[Themsaran|Thm]]||[[Low Themsaran|LThm]]||[[Tizian|Tiz]]||[[Snaħħian|Sn]]||[[Qelorian|Qel]] | ||
|- | |- | ||