Eyalian
Eyalian language | |
---|---|
Ejale ena | |
Pronunciation | [/ɛ.ˈjɑ.lɛ/] |
Created by | Raistas |
Setting | Planet Keta |
Native to | Oare Kahoana |
Ethnicity | Eyan/Tarnan |
Aiwanic
| |
Early forms | Proto-Ketan
|
Official status | |
Official language in | the United Republics of Five Nations, the Tarna Republic |
Recognised minority language in | the Virjan Federation |
The Eyalian language (Ejale ena, [ɛ.ˈjɑ.lɛ. ɛ.ˈnɑ]) is a Western language in the Ketan language family. It was originally spoken by the Eyans and slowly spread with the expanse of the Oare Empire eastwards. It later split into two major dialects: Tare and Kei ("west" and "east" respectively). Both dialects are still mutually intelligible with each other, but Keian is nowadays treated as a separate language from Tarnan, which is commonly named Eyalian, or Eyalian Proper. Both dialects are used as spoken langauges in their respective republics as official languages, but the only official language of the whole United Republics is Tar Eyalian.
It is also the primary liturgical language of Ayatarvism (Le-Ajatarvo - the main religion of the eastern part of the continent) and the predominant language of most works of the Ajatar philosophy. Old Eyalian, in its variants, was the lingua franca of the former Oare Empire and lands to the east of it. Even nowadays Tar Eyalian is considered to be a language of high culture in these regions and is commonly taught in educational institutions.
The language became standardised by the time of the Oare Empire, about a thousand years ago by various writers and scholars. This period is generally referred to as Old Eyalian. The language spoken between after the split into two main dialects is generally referred to Modern Eyalian, or Tar Eyalian. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic changes, although Old Eyalian is still generally intelligible to both Tar and Kei speakers.
Eyalian is a moderately synthetic language, with a relatively simple nominal and more complex verbal morphology.
Etymology
It is generally believed that the word "ejale" originates from an ancient Kvetain word "eb qəlajəsi", the exact translation of which is undetermined, but is usually translated as "spoken from the gods' name", which connotes a divine origin of the language. From what is known from the ancient texts sound and oral transmission were highly valued qualities. The language was meant to be spoken and not written and words were valued by the way they sounded. Thus almost all ancient linguistic works were forgotten and disappeared without a treace.
History
Eyalian is a Ketan language and is one of three languages with an extensive literary tradition (the other two being Virjalian, which is a close relative of Eyalian, and Phomˀald, which is much younger than the previous two written languages). There are other languages with a long written history are Zėnan, Pietan and Kianne, but they were not continuous. Eyalian and Virjalian also share a common period, usually called Old Qenan. Several texts are known from this period, but the data they had given is insufficient to clearly establish whether Old Qenalan was a single language of both nations, or both Virjans and Eyans used a single written standard. Even if the second is true, both languages were likely very close during that period. ===Tarnan and Keian The oldest evidence of the split between Tar and Kei goes back to almost a seven hundred years ago, however Kei Ejale was finally standardised only two hundred years ago. Prior to that Keians used a modified Tarnan orthography. Modern Tar Eyalian also underwent a spelling reform two hundred years ago. Nowadays both standards are referred to as Ejale and Keile respectively, though some speakers occasionally refer to Eyalian as Tarejale, mostly among the Tarnans. The Tar-Kei boundary was traditionally placed directly on the border between the Tarna and Keina Republics, however as the dialects diverged, it became obvious that the old boundary became obsolete. A new boundary is placed along the Ropra (or Rovor) river.
Phonology
Consonants
The following is a table of phonemes in both Eyalian varieties. There are some differences between them: Tarnan preserves the phoneme /x/ (mostly word-initially) and underwent the debuccalization of [s̠] to [ɦ] in all positions. That's why Tarnan /ɦ/ (which becomes voiceless [h] before plosives) does not correspond to Keian /h/ (which is often voiced word-medially under the Tarnan influence). Keian also has a phoneme /ɲ/, which is not phonemic in Tarnan. Also Keian phoneme /s̠/ can be pronounced as [ʃ] (often by speakers from the East of the Keina Republic) as it is already close to that place of articulation. Unlike in Tarnan, /j/ and /ʋ/ in Keinan are strongly fricated, especially /ʋ/, which often becomes a true fricative [v].
Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | lateral | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||
Stop | p | t | c | k | ||
Fricative | f | z /θ/ | x | h /ɦ/ | ||
Approximant | v /ʋ/ | r | l | j |
Labial | Denti-Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | nj /ɲ/ | |||
Stop | p | t | c | k | ||
Fricative | f | z /θ/ | s /s̠/ | h | ||
Approximant | v /ʋ~v/ | r | l | j, lj /j~ʝ/ |
Old Qenan | Tar Eyalian | Kei Eyalian | Position | |
---|---|---|---|---|
*β | → | ∅ | ∅ | initial |
→ | ʋ | ʋ~v | medial | |
*ð | → | l | l | initial |
→ | r | r | medial, final | |
*x | → | x | j~ʝ | initial, between long back vowels |
→ | ∅ | ∅ | medial, near front vowels | |
*p | → | u | ʋ~v | medial |
*k | → | k | h | initial between vowels |
*kʷ | → | k | k | everywhere |
*s | → | l | l | intial, medial |
→ | ∅ | ∅ | final | |
*j | → | ɦ | s̠ | everywhere |
*n | → | ∅ | ∅ | initial |
Eyalian consonants can undergo two processes, called akȯnna ("strengthening") and heottine ("smoothing"). Both processes are often productive in word derivation. The akȯnna is a lengthening (gemination) of final consonants triggered by certain derivational suffixes (the word "akȯnna" is an example of this process too as it derives from the word "kone" ("strong"). Many adjectives are derived from verbs with this process: hilni "to choose" - hėllan "choise". Heottine is the opposite of akȯnna as it is the lenition of consonants in the same position. Unlike the other process, it can only affect plosives (/p/, /t/, /k/) and /f/: lafa ("dwelling") - lauta ("house"). A third process is not productive anymore, but it affected some old Eyalian words. It operated in a cluster of two consonants, when one or both should have underwent lenition: *sujdas>lȯhta (instead of expected **lȯhra). It also affected approximants that did could not lenite in this position: *jinerees>hėtti "brother-in-law". In modern days this process not longer operates in Tarnan: eli ("being") + ja ("nominalization suffix") - elja ("life"), where "lj" is just palatalized, but did not change.
In Old Eyalian there was also a dissimilatory process which involved a lenis consonant followed by another lenis consonant in the next syllable. In this position the first consonant strengthened. However, the conditions of this process are not well understood. Certain consonants, like *r, and *m did not trigger this process, while *q (which by those time had probably become [ʔ]) did. An example of such process is *jibe- > ceuni "to shine" (instead of the expected **heuni), while other languages have a regular reflexes (Kianne - siū).
Vowels
Eyalian monophthongs are represented in tables below. Vowel qualities may vary from dialect to dialect, but in general Tarnan has two more monophthongs than Keian. Certain words in Tarnan are written with "y" (mostly loanwords and placenames), the high standard pronunciation of which is [ɪ] or even [ɘ], but it is commonly pronounced as either [e] or [i]. The latter is also the common pronunciation of this vowel in Keian, which has "i" in those words. For example, one of Tarnan provinces is named Vyzi (after vyś - a person from Vyzi), which is usually pronounced as either [ˈʋi.θi] or [ˈʋe.θi].
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i, (y) /i/ | u |
Close-Mid | ė, y /e/ | ȯ /o/ |
Open-Mid | e /ɛ/ | o /ɔ/ |
Open | a /ɑ/ |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i | u |
Mid | e /e/ | o /o/ |
Open | a /ä/ |
Old Qenan | Tar Eyalian | Kei Eyalian | Position | |
---|---|---|---|---|
*ā | → | o | ai | before "a" |
→ | oa | ei | before high vowels | |
→ | o | a | final | |
*å | → | ȯ | (v)o | everywhere |
*ē | → | ea | (j)a | everywhere |
*ō | → | oa | (j)o | everywhere |
*ī | → | ie | (j)ai | initial, medial |
→ | i | i | final | |
*ū | → | uo | au | initial, medial |
→ | u | u | final |
Long vowels underwent diphthongization very early, but yielded different results in Kei and Tar Eyalian; however, the vowel "ā" merged with "ō" in Tarnan first, but remained distinct in Keian. Eyalian short vowels also underwent assimilation, called hiemlata ("becoming similar"). A short high vowel lowered to a close-mid one before low vowels, for example: jėkar "you have gone", but jiki "you go" from jikki "to go". In Keian this change was often levelled by analogy in almost all verbs and in some nouns. Suffixes which trigger consonant gemination usually block this change, for example fulla "breathing" has "u" instead of an expected "ȯ".