Far East Semitic: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
mNo edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
(42 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
Inspiration: Old Chinese, [[Heleasic]], Akkadian, Amharic | Inspiration: Old Chinese, [[Heleasic]], Akkadian, Amharic | ||
Far East Semitic is one of the major branches of Semitic and literary languages of Lõis's Southeast Asia. | Far East Semitic is one of the major branches of Semitic and literary languages of Lõis's Southeast Asia. It's in a clade with Akkadian. | ||
==Todo== | |||
Verner's law in random words? plax "to open" <- *pdax <- *phthax | |||
lhor "king", mëlkh "prince"? | |||
==Family tree== | ==Family tree== | ||
Line 11: | Line 16: | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Consonants: | Consonants: | ||
*p b t ṭ d k q g ħ ʕ -> | *p b t ṭ d k q g ħ ʕ -> ph b th t d kh k g x ɣ~ɢ | ||
*m n l r w y -> m n l | *m n l r w y -> m n l ɹ w j | ||
*θ θ̣ ð s ṣ z ś ṣ́ š x ɣ h -> θ θ ð s ts z~dz l̥ l̥~ts (from koineization) š qʰ q h | *θ θ̣ ð s ṣ z ś ṣ́ š x ɣ h -> θ θ ð s ts z~dz l̥ l̥~ts (from koineization) š qʰ q h | ||
Vowels: i ɨ u e ə o a | Vowels: i ɨ u e ə o a ā | ||
''p'' shows up in loanwords from Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan languages. | |||
ɣašt, θian, | ɣašt, θian, l̥āθ, ɚbaɣ, qhamš, šɨš, šbaɣ, šmān, dɨšq, l̥əl | ||
11: l̥əl had, 12: l̥əl θian, etc. | 11: l̥əl had, 12: l̥əl θian, etc. | ||
θina, l̥əθa, | θina, l̥əθa, ɚbɣa, qhəmša, šɨša, šbəɣa, šməna, dɨšqa, mə'a | ||
əlp | əlp | ||
100,000: ləkš | 100,000: ləkš | ||
100,00,000: kot | 100,00,000: kot | ||
-> aws, xiam, hlaus, plaub, qhaab, sws, pha, | -> aws, xiam, hlaus, plaub, qhaab, sws, pha, hmaum, dwg, hloj | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Line 38: | Line 45: | ||
Far East Semitic has noun classifiers but no grammatical gender. Noun classifiers are also used as definite articles. | Far East Semitic has noun classifiers but no grammatical gender. Noun classifiers are also used as definite articles. | ||
Animate plurals are marked with postposed ''wɨl'' (which is more of an associative marker). | |||
==== Derivation ==== | |||
Singulatives are formed with ''bɨn-''. | |||
kʰətʰāb: agentive | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
As in English, Far East Semitic verbs are analytic with some vestigial ablaut; participial (with ''m-'') and verbnoun (with ''t-'' and other grammaticalized noun derivations) forms are common, as in modern Aramaic dialects. | As in English, Far East Semitic verbs are analytic with some vestigial ablaut; participial (with ''m-'') and verbnoun (with ''t-'' and other grammaticalized noun derivations) forms are common, as in modern Aramaic dialects. It's relatively unpredictable which Semitic verb root was assigned to which pattern. | ||
==== Derivation ==== | ==== Derivation ==== | ||
Derivations that correspond to binyanim in other Semitic languages are more concatenative: | Derivations that correspond to binyanim in other Semitic languages are more concatenative: | ||
*G-stem: xtab, xtob, xtib | *G-stem: xtab, xtob, xtib | ||
*D-stem: | *D-stem: kʰətʰVb | ||
*N-stem: | *N-stem: nə·xtVb | ||
*S-stem: | *S-stem: šə·xtVb | ||
*t-stems: | *t-stems: tə·xtVb | ||
the pa'al / pi'el distinction surfaces as initial clusters vs minor syllables | the pa'al / pi'el distinction surfaces as initial clusters vs minor syllables | ||
Line 53: | Line 66: | ||
mə- prefix for derived nouns -> prenasalization in the quasi-Hmoob language | mə- prefix for derived nouns -> prenasalization in the quasi-Hmoob language | ||
Some | Some former VN patterns (also noun patterns) | ||
* kʰətʰıb | |||
* xteb, xtib | * xteb, xtib | ||
* xtub for adjectives | * xtub for adjectives | ||
Line 62: | Line 76: | ||
particles for aspects like Wdm (mɨn for perfect tense etc) | particles for aspects like Wdm (mɨn for perfect tense etc) | ||
bə xtib | bə xtib nākʰ = I write | ||
min xtib nākʰ = I wrote | |||
l̥aʔ xtib nākʰ = I will write | |||
==== Pronouns ==== | |||
* 1sg ''nā''~''nākʰ''~''ni'' (Hmooblang ''nau'') | |||
* 2sg ''əntu''~''kʰmu'' (Hmooblang ''hmu'') | |||
Plural pronouns were formed with the associative marker ''wɨl'' (< *wa-illu 'and these') or ''kʰol'' (from *kullu 'all'): | |||
* 1pl: ''nākʰ wɨl~nākʰol'' | |||
* 2pl ''kʰmu wɨl~kʰmu kʰol~kʰmɨl'' | |||
Largely replaced with rank pronouns in descendants in non-intimate speech | |||
==Derivation== | ==Derivation== | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
[[Category:Semitic languages]] | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |
Revision as of 15:39, 9 October 2021
Inspiration: Old Chinese, Heleasic, Akkadian, Amharic
Far East Semitic is one of the major branches of Semitic and literary languages of Lõis's Southeast Asia. It's in a clade with Akkadian.
Todo
Verner's law in random words? plax "to open" <- *pdax <- *phthax
lhor "king", mëlkh "prince"?
Family tree
- Proto-Far East Semitic (~ 500 AD)
- literally read Hmoob gib, possibly with tones? (greeting: Schlaub lag!)
- hyperconservative Far East Semitic
Far East Semitic is phonologically one of the more conservative branches of Semitic in Lõis, with different reflexes for almost all the consonants of Proto-Semitic.
Phonology
Consonants:
- p b t ṭ d k q g ħ ʕ -> ph b th t d kh k g x ɣ~ɢ
- m n l r w y -> m n l ɹ w j
- θ θ̣ ð s ṣ z ś ṣ́ š x ɣ h -> θ θ ð s ts z~dz l̥ l̥~ts (from koineization) š qʰ q h
Vowels: i ɨ u e ə o a ā
p shows up in loanwords from Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan languages.
ɣašt, θian, l̥āθ, ɚbaɣ, qhamš, šɨš, šbaɣ, šmān, dɨšq, l̥əl
11: l̥əl had, 12: l̥əl θian, etc.
θina, l̥əθa, ɚbɣa, qhəmša, šɨša, šbəɣa, šməna, dɨšqa, mə'a əlp 100,000: ləkš 100,00,000: kot
-> aws, xiam, hlaus, plaub, qhaab, sws, pha, hmaum, dwg, hloj
Orthography
Far East Semitic is written with an abugida inspired aesthetically by Tai Lue.
Grammar
Far East Semitic is only vestigially triconsonantal.
Nouns
Far East Semitic has noun classifiers but no grammatical gender. Noun classifiers are also used as definite articles.
Animate plurals are marked with postposed wɨl (which is more of an associative marker).
Derivation
Singulatives are formed with bɨn-.
kʰətʰāb: agentive
Verbs
As in English, Far East Semitic verbs are analytic with some vestigial ablaut; participial (with m-) and verbnoun (with t- and other grammaticalized noun derivations) forms are common, as in modern Aramaic dialects. It's relatively unpredictable which Semitic verb root was assigned to which pattern.
Derivation
Derivations that correspond to binyanim in other Semitic languages are more concatenative:
- G-stem: xtab, xtob, xtib
- D-stem: kʰətʰVb
- N-stem: nə·xtVb
- S-stem: šə·xtVb
- t-stems: tə·xtVb
the pa'al / pi'el distinction surfaces as initial clusters vs minor syllables
mə- prefix for derived nouns -> prenasalization in the quasi-Hmoob language
Some former VN patterns (also noun patterns)
- kʰətʰıb
- xteb, xtib
- xtub for adjectives
- tə·xtVb
- kʰətʰib, kʰətʰub, kʰətʰāb
Inflection
particles for aspects like Wdm (mɨn for perfect tense etc)
bə xtib nākʰ = I write
min xtib nākʰ = I wrote
l̥aʔ xtib nākʰ = I will write
Pronouns
- 1sg nā~nākʰ~ni (Hmooblang nau)
- 2sg əntu~kʰmu (Hmooblang hmu)
Plural pronouns were formed with the associative marker wɨl (< *wa-illu 'and these') or kʰol (from *kullu 'all'):
- 1pl: nākʰ wɨl~nākʰol
- 2pl kʰmu wɨl~kʰmu kʰol~kʰmɨl
Largely replaced with rank pronouns in descendants in non-intimate speech