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|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = [[Verse: | |setting = [[Verse:Jarthe]] | ||
|nativename = the glómsьk | |nativename = the glómsьk | ||
|pronunciation = /θˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲk/ | |pronunciation = /θˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲk/ | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''the glómsьke rarde'' [θˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲkə ɾˠaːɖə]) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''the glómsьke rarde'' [θˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲkə ɾˠaːɖə]) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of Italy but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's classified as West Germanic in-universe, but forms a distinct group from what is called West Germanic in our timeline. Glommish is phonologically the most conservative Germanic language in Jarthe and is strikingly similar to reconstructed Proto-Germanic. Its speakers are called Gloms (''Glóme''). {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic. | ||
In-universe German name: ''Glommisch'' | In-universe German name: ''Glommisch'' | ||
==TODO== | ==TODO== | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
===Native script=== | ===Native script=== | ||
Glommish today uses | Glommish today uses the Latin orthography used in this article. It was devised by linguist Andrie Hóchenhym. | ||
There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''th''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation) | There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''th''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation). | ||
==Phonology== | == Phonology == | ||
==Phonology (Historical)== | |||
{{PAGENAME}} phonology is characterized by retroflexion and pairs of hard (unpalatalized) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Palatalization is as strong as in Russian in the traditional pronunciation of Glommish. | {{PAGENAME}} phonology is characterized by retroflexion and pairs of hard (unpalatalized) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Palatalization is as strong as in Russian in the traditional pronunciation of Glommish. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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/tʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, ɣ, x/ in native {{PAGENAME}}. /kʲ, ts, tsʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans. | /tʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, ɣ, x/ in native {{PAGENAME}}. /kʲ, ts, tsʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans. | ||
Voiceless stops are unaspirated, as in Dutch. (In New York they are aspirated the same way as in American English.) | Voiceless stops except ''th'' are unaspirated, as in Dutch. (In New York they are aspirated the same way as in American English.) | ||
Orthographical notes: | Orthographical notes: | ||
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* /t̪ʰ tʰʲ/ are somewhat breathy aspirated stops [t̪ʱ tʱʲ]. They are affricates or fricatives when word-final and not retroflexed. | * /t̪ʰ tʰʲ/ are somewhat breathy aspirated stops [t̪ʱ tʱʲ]. They are affricates or fricatives when word-final and not retroflexed. | ||
*Hard /ɾ/ is generally a velarized retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes /n t̪ t̪ʰ d s/ that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel. | *Hard /ɾ/ is generally a velarized retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes /n t̪ t̪ʰ d s/ that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel. | ||
* [dʒ] and [g] are allophones of /ʒ/ and [ɣ] used after /n/ which assimilates to [ŋ] before velar stops, | * [dʒ] and [g] are allophones of /ʒ/ and [ɣ] used after /n/ which assimilates to [ŋ] before velar stops: ''jung'' [jʊŋg] 'young', ''junżer'' [ˈjʊ{{adv}}nd͡ʒəɹˠ] 'younger'. | ||
* In accents that distinguish it, soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as ''the konetekatske żírь'' 'the Connecticut buzz'. | * In accents that distinguish it, soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as ''the konetekatske żírь'' 'the Connecticut buzz'. | ||
*For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier thú'' [bɛɹəɹ tʰʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/. Dental stops are pronounced as alveolar, ''t'' and ''th'' are merged, and posttonic intervocalic ''d'', ''t'', and ''th'' are flapped. | *For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier thú'' [bɛɹəɹ tʰʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ tʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ tʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/. Dental stops are pronounced as alveolar, ''t'' and ''th'' are merged, and posttonic intervocalic ''d'', ''t'', and ''th'' are flapped. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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Also: ''andie'' 'end', ''ave'' 'river', ''biare'' 'bear', ''fytie'' 'wheat', ''hiarte'' 'heart', ''knave'' 'servant', ''mage'' 'throat', ''óge'' 'eye', ''óre'' 'ear', ''szúe'' 'sky', ''ukse'' 'ox', ''yriene'' 'copper'. [''ave'' can also be declined like a feminine noun.] | Also: ''andie'' 'end', ''ave'' 'river', ''biare'' 'bear', ''fytie'' 'wheat', ''hiarte'' 'heart', ''knave'' 'servant', ''mage'' 'throat', ''óge'' 'eye', ''óre'' 'ear', ''szúe'' 'sky', ''ukse'' 'ox', ''yriene'' 'copper'. [''ave'' can also be declined like a feminine noun.] | ||
Arabic nisba names and | Arabic nisba names and Latin and Greek -ō names become n-stems, like ''Elь-Ferábí, Elь-Ferábíenь'' 'Al-Farabi', ''Niare, Niarenь'' 'Nero', and ''Apóle, Apólenь'' 'Apollo'. Feminine Latin and Greek -ō names use the feminine declension instead: ''Júne, Júne, Júner'' 'Juno', Safe 'Sappho'. | ||
====Feminine nouns==== | ====Feminine nouns==== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Also: ''bieżénen, bieżán, bieżónen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; ''thrimben, thriamb, gethriumben'' ' | Also: ''bieżénen, bieżán, bieżónen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; ''thrimben, thriamb, gethriumben'' 'to be urgent', ''thvingen, thviang, gethviungen'' 'to force' | ||
=====Strong class 4===== | =====Strong class 4===== | ||
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|colspan="6"| ''gebiuren'' | |colspan="6"| ''gebiuren'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''gebiaren, gebiár, gebiuren'' 'give birth', ''briaken, briák, gebriuken'' 'break', ''niamen, niám, geniumen'' 'take', ''piamen, piám, gepiumen'' 'come', ''driasken, driásk, gedriusken'' 'thresh', ''stiarven, stiárv, gestiurven'' 'long (for)', ''sviaren, sviár, gesviuren'' 'swear', ''viarpen, viárp, geviurpen'' 'throw', ''biangen, biáng, gebiungen'' 'to fear' ''spriaken, spriák, gespriuken'' 'to speak' | Also: ''gebiaren, gebiár, gebiuren'' 'give birth', ''briaken, briák, gebriuken'' 'break', ''niamen, niám, geniumen'' 'take', ''piamen, piám, gepiumen'' 'come', ''driasken, driásk, gedriusken'' 'thresh', ''stiarven, stiárv, gestiurven'' 'long (for)', ''sviaren, sviár, gesviuren'' 'swear', ''viarden, viárd, geviurden'' 'to come about', ''viarpen, viárp, geviurpen'' 'throw', ''biangen, biáng, gebiungen'' 'to fear' ''spriaken, spriák, gespriuken'' 'to speak' | ||
=====Strong class 5===== | =====Strong class 5===== | ||
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===Passive=== | ===Passive=== | ||
The passive can be formed by using either ''piamen'' 'to come' or ''niamen'' 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation. | The passive can be formed by using either ''piamen'' 'to come' or ''niamen'' 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. These have the participles ''piumen'' or ''niumen'' when used as auxiliaries. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation. | ||
For example, ''The káke piám | For example, ''The káke piám gejaten.'' or ''The káke niám gejaten.'' means 'The cake was eaten.' | ||
Or, one may use the impersonal pronoun ''sum'' as the subject. This is used when the object is behind a preposition and hence the verb cannot be passivized. | Or, one may use the impersonal pronoun ''sum'' as the subject. This is used when the object is behind a preposition and hence the verb cannot be passivized. | ||
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*''-hyd'' /-iːd/: -ness, -hood | *''-hyd'' /-iːd/: -ness, -hood | ||
**''sialvhyd'': 'identity' | **''sialvhyd'': 'identity' | ||
*''- | *''-ig'': "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed' | ||
**'' | **''ynóżig'': 'one-eyed' < ''yn'' 'one' + ''óge'' 'eye' | ||
**'' | **''kaldhiertig'': 'coldhearted' | ||
*''-iel'': forms nouns | *''-iel'': forms nouns | ||
**''the lapiel'': 'spoon' | **''the lapiel'': 'spoon' | ||
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*''Já.'' = 'Yes.' | *''Já.'' = 'Yes.' | ||
**''Já, thú mát / úr máteth.'' = 'Yes, you may.' | **''Já, thú mát / úr máteth.'' = 'Yes, you may.' | ||
*'' | *''Nié.'' = 'No.' | ||
*''Ik spriake glómsьk yncz.'' = 'I can't speak Glómsьk.' | *''Ik spriake glómsьk yncz.'' = 'I can't speak Glómsьk.' | ||
*''Mát ik ú thúten?'' = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using ''thú'')?' | *''Mát ik ú thúten?'' = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using ''thú'')?' | ||
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===Gettysburg Address=== | ===Gettysburg Address=== | ||
''Achtich-sieven járe isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebarenь án thizem jarthedylie ne niúe thióde, getiúszt in fríhyd, end ervíszt thier | ''Achtich-sieven járe isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebarenь án thizem jarthedylie ne niúe thióde, getiúszt in fríhyd, end ervíszt thier belóvnes that ále liúdie sinь geskafen javen.'' | ||
=== Platenь Furьanfer (Plato's Apology) === | === Platenь Furьanfer (Plato's Apology) === | ||
''Fí úr, lió Athiénierie, háth niumen vichtied at av mínem bievráżeriem, vyt ik yncz; sá | ''Fí úr, lió Athiénierie, háth niumen vichtied at av mínem bievráżeriem, vyt ik yncz; sá bielióvsam spriákenь sí, that ik hadie sialv jénachtь ferżaten for ik viérie. Santhes hánь sí áltbieachtied gesażd tvíls ynfat. Under thím miczelem lużem that sí sażdienь sprang út at mik yn in návem:'' | ||
=== Siúre 1: Thá Erupneng (tr. Hasien Elь-Chuliédí) === | === Siúre 1: Thá Erupneng (tr. Hasien Elь-Chuliédí) === | ||