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'''Σiúdьsk''' /ɬʲuːtʲsk/) is a Germanic language spoken in Northern France and Western Germany on the alt-hist of [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]. It has the most speakers on Lõis out of any Germanic language. {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|Vurdbák (Lexicon)]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Thize síde in glómsьkenь (This page in {{PAGENAME}})]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Musical system|The músikegeskapь (Musical system)]]


1-10: ýn, twý, σrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siawen, acht, nión, tiachn
{{Infobox language
/ɨːn, tvɨː, ɬʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲæks, sʲævən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲæxn/
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Jarthe]]
|nativename = the glómsьk
|pronunciation = /θˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲk/
|region = North America; Brazil
|speakers = 90 million
|date = 2015
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|fam2=Germanic
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
}}


11-19: ýlьf, twalьf, σrýtián, fiórъtián, finfъtián, siaksъtián, siafъtián, achъtián, nióntián
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''the glómsьke rarde'' [θˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲkə ɾˠaːɖə]) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of Italy but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's classified as West Germanic in-universe, but forms a distinct group from what is called West Germanic in our timeline. Glommish is phonologically the most conservative Germanic language in Jarthe and is strikingly similar to reconstructed Proto-Germanic. Its speakers are called Gloms (''Glóme''). {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.
/ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, ɬʲrʲiːtʲæːn, fʲoːrtʲæːn, fʲinftʲæːn, sʲækstʲæːn, sʲæftʲæːn, axtʲæːn, nʲoːnʲtʲæːn/


20-90: twýntiech, σrítiech, ... achъtiech, nióntiech
In-universe German name: ''Glommisch''
/tvɨːnʲtʲəx, etc./


100: hunderσ
==TODO==
/hundərɬ/
sources of loans: Latin, Greek, Arabic, English; needs more Arabic loans!


1000: σúsendь
Look at OE/Dutch for more vr- words
/ɬuːzənʲdʲ/


==Phonology==
Try to express things with Germanic roots, but without calquing
Like its southern neighbor [[Ufirlandisg]], {{PAGENAME}} phonology is characterized by hard and soft consonants.
 
Dutchify the grammar
 
Simplify some consonant clusters like a few cht's?
 
Introduce random sound changes in the evolution of Glommish, e.g.
*PWGmc *gardaz -> gerdaz -> żard
 
Should be a koiné (some "Low Glommish" dialects can have PIE dh/vernerized t -> z which shows up in some words)
 
Weird vowel mixups (eh2 -> ó instead of á in a few words)
 
==History==
Hasien Elь-Chuliédí (todo: Glommish pseudonym) was a somewhat controversial Simon Stevin-like figure who reformed the language, by essentially creating and promoting his own dialect of Glommish (which eventually turned into modern American Glommish dialects) -- he was a scholar of Germanic philology and invented coinages based on Old English and Old Dutch; he also published a dictionary of the ancient Langobardic language.
 
==Orthography==
===Native script===
Glommish today uses the Latin orthography used in this article. It was devised by linguist Andrie Hóchenhym.
 
There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''th''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation).
 
== Phonology ==
==Phonology (Historical)==
{{PAGENAME}} phonology is characterized by retroflexion and pairs of hard (unpalatalized) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Palatalization is as strong as in Russian in the traditional pronunciation of Glommish.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|+
|-
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Lateral
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''mь''' {{IPA|mʲ}}
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''mь''' {{IPA|mʲ}}
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''nь''' {{IPA|nʲ}}
| ||
|
| '''n''' {{IPA|n}}
|
| '''nь''' {{IPA|nʲ}}
|
|  
|  
| || [ŋ]
|  
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop<br/>/Affricate
!rowspan="3" | Stop
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' {{IPA|p}} || '''pь''' {{IPA|pʲ}}
| '''p''' {{IPA|p}} || '''pь''' {{IPA|pʲ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''tь''' {{IPA|tʲ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t{{den}}}} || 
|
| 
|
| '''tь''' {{IPA|tʲ}}
| '''č''' {{IPA|tʃ}}
| '''cz''' {{IPA|tʃ}}
| '''k''' {{IPA|k}}
| '''kь''' {{IPA|kʲ}}|| '''k''' {{IPA|k}}
|
| ({{IPA|ʔ}})
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' {{IPA|b}} || '''bь''' {{IPA|bʲ}}
| '''b''' {{IPA|b}} || '''bь''' {{IPA|bʲ}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''dь''' {{IPA|dʲ}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|d}}||
|
| '''dь''' {{IPA|dʲ}}
| [dʒ]
| || [g]
|
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|  ||
| '''th''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} ||
|
|
| '''dž''' {{IPA|dʒ}}
| '''thь''' {{IPA|tʰʲ}}
| '''g''' {{IPA|g}}
|  
| ||  
|
|
|-
|-
Line 69: Line 116:
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''fь''' {{IPA|fʲ}}
| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''fь''' {{IPA|fʲ}}
|rowspan="2"| '''s''' {{IPA|s~z}}  
|
|rowspan="2"| '''sь''' {{IPA|sʲ~zʲ}}
|
|rowspan="2"| '''σ''' {{IPA|ɬ~ɮ}}
| '''s''' {{IPA|s}} || '''sь''' {{IPA|sʲ}}
|rowspan="2"| '''σь''' {{IPA|ɬʲ~ɮʲ}}
| '''sz''' {{IPA|ʃ}}
|rowspan="2"| '''š''' {{IPA|ʃ~ʒ}}  
| '''chь, hь''' {{IPA|ç}}
|rowspan="2"| '''ch''' {{IPA|x~ɣ}}
| '''ch''' {{IPA|x}}
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''w''' {{IPA|v}} || '''wь''' {{IPA|vʲ}}
| '''v''' {{IPA|v}} || '''vь''' {{IPA|vʲ}}
|
|
| '''z''' {{IPA|z}} || '''zь''' {{IPA|zʲ}}
| '''ż''' {{IPA|ʒ}}
|
| '''g''' {{IPA|ɣ}}
|  
|  
|-
|-
!colspan=2| Liquid
!colspan=2| Resonant
|  ||  
|  ||  
| '''r''' {{IPA|r}} || '''rь''' {{IPA|rʲ}}
| '''l''' {{IPA|ɫ}} || '''lь''' {{IPA|lʲ}}
| '''l''' {{IPA|ɫ}} || '''lь''' {{IPA|lʲ}}
| '''r''' {{IPA|ɾ}} || '''rь''' {{IPA|rʲ}}
|
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}}
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}}
|  
|
|
|
|}
|}


Orthographical note: The soft sign '''ь''' and the palatalizing '''i''' soften every consonant in the cluster by default; however, the hard sign '''ъ''' prevents the softening of consonants to the left of it.
/tʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, ɣ, x/ in native {{PAGENAME}}. /kʲ, ts, tsʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans.
 
Voiceless stops except ''th'' are unaspirated, as in Dutch. (In New York they are aspirated the same way as in American English.)
 
Orthographical notes:  
 
*The '''ь''' is replaced with an '''i''' when followed by a vowel (the '''i''' is pronounced as palatalization).
*The soft sign '''ь''' and the palatalizing '''i''' soften every consonant in the cluster that precede it by default. (However, consonants do not soften before '''cz, ż, sz''', and velars '''k, g, ch''' do not soften.) The hard sign '''ъ''' prevents the softening of consonants to the left of the hard sign.
 
;Notes:
* Regressive voicing assimilation occurs in clusters of two or more obstruents, as in Slavic: ''tiúsdag'' 'Tuesday' is pronounced as if it were spelled ''tiúzdag''.
* /t̪ʰ tʰʲ/ are somewhat breathy aspirated stops [t̪ʱ tʱʲ]. They are affricates or fricatives when word-final and not retroflexed.
*Hard /ɾ/ is generally a velarized retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes /n t̪ t̪ʰ d s/ that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel.
* [dʒ] and [g] are allophones of /ʒ/ and [ɣ] used after /n/ which assimilates to [ŋ] before velar stops: ''jung'' [jʊŋg] 'young', ''junżer'' [ˈjʊ{{adv}}nd͡ʒəɹˠ] 'younger'.
* In accents that distinguish it, soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as ''the konetekatske żírь'' 'the Connecticut buzz'.
*For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier thú'' [bɛɹəɹ tʰʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ tʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ tʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/. Dental stops are pronounced as alveolar, ''t'' and ''th'' are merged, and posttonic intervocalic ''d'', ''t'', and ''th'' are flapped.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. '''y''' can be considered the non-palatalizing allophone of '''í'''.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
Line 110: Line 180:
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''í''' /iː/
| '''í''' /iː/
| '''y''' /ɨ/
|  
| '''ý''' /ɨː/
| ('''y''' /ɨi/)
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''ú''' /uː/
| '''ú''' /uː/
Line 118: Line 188:
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''é''' /eː/
| '''é''' /eː/
| '''e''' [ə]
| ('''e''' [ə])
|  
|  
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''o''' /ɔ/
Line 127: Line 197:
|  
|  
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|  
|
|
|  
| '''á''' /ɑː/
|}
|}
Word-initially '''i''' and '''í''' are pronounced [jɪ] and [jiː].
*Short ''u'' lengthens to /u:/ after soft consonants in younger New York Glommish.
* In younger NY Glommish, /a/ is [æ] except after a soft consonant, where it becomes [ɛ] or [jɛ].
==Dialects==
Different Glommish dialects mainly vary in grammar and vocabulary, and extent of English influence.
*Connecticut Glommish
*New York Glommish
**Younger New York Glommish (not quite an English accent of Glommish, it underwent its own peculiar changes)
*a Glommish-English creole


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Like German, {{PAGENAME}} has 4 noun cases.  
Like German, {{PAGENAME}} has 4 cases (''kázuse'' or ''fále''):
*Nominative (''nominatív, forfál'')
*Accusative (''akuzatív, fanfál'')
*Dative (''datív, famfál'')
*Genitive (''żenitív, fizfál'')
 
However, nominative and accusative are only distinguished in pronouns. There are two genders (''kundien''), masculine (''mánlik'') and feminine (''pienlik''); the neuter has merged with the masculine.
 
*The dative plural always ends in ''-em''.
*The genitive plural always ends in ''-en''.
*For the masculine genitive singular, ''-es'' is used if the final consonant is ''t, d, s, z, th'' or their soft counterparts. Otherwise ''-s'' is used.
* Nouns with a ''-n'' plural are almost always either feminine or ''-n''-stem masculine.


====Articles====
====Articles====
{{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''ýn'' (declined as an adjective) and the definite article ''σar''.
{{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''a'' and the definite article ''the''. Due to historical Italian and Arabic influence, Glommish uses the definite article the same way Arabic does: nonspecific nouns take the definite article, unlike in English.
* ''Mir davienь thá amblen'' 'I like almonds (in general)'
* ''Ik ví amblen'' 'I want almonds (specific indefinite plural noun)'
* ''Ik ví thá amblen'' 'I want the almonds (specific definite)'


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Definite article'''
|+ '''Definite article'''
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=3 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural  
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=2 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural  
|-
! m. || f.
|-
! nom.
| ''the'' || ''thá'' || ''thá''
|-
! dat.
| ''them'' || ''thier''; ''thím'' (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal) || ''thím''
|-
! gen.
| ''thes'' || ''thier'' || ''thier''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Indefinite article'''
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=2 | singular
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n.
! m. || f.
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''σar'' || ''σí'' || ''σat'' || ''σí''  
| ''an'' || ''ne''  
|-
|-
! acc.
! dat.
| ''σan'' || ''σí'' || ''σat'' || ''σí''
| ''nem'' || ''ner''; ''nem'' (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal)
|-
! gen.
| ''nes'' || ''ner''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''thiz'' 'this'
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=2 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural
|-
! m. || f.
|-
! nom.
| ''thiz'' || ''thize'' || ''thize''  
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''σam'' || ''σiar'' || ''σam'' || ''σím''  
| ''thizem'' || ''thizer''; ''thizem'' (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal) || ''thizem''  
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''σas'' || ''σiar'' || ''σas'' || ''σiar''  
| ''thizes'' || ''thizer'' || ''thizer''  
|}
|}


Declined likewise are:
*''jín'' 'that'
*''ál'' 'all'
*''ylьk'' 'one's respective'
*the possessive determiners ''mín; thín; is; jar; unsier, unsь-; úrer, úr-; jar; sín''


====Consonant stems====
====Masculine consonant nouns====
Also includes the an-stem nouns (which have regularized their declension).
The genitive plural ''-n'' was generalized from masculine ''n''-stem nouns.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | a-stem: ''wulf'' (m.) 'wolf'
! colspan="3" | ''vulf'' (m.) 'wolf'
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
Line 169: Line 302:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''wulf'' || ''wulfe''  
| ''the vulf'' || ''thá vulf'''e'''''  
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Dative
| ''wulf'' || ''wulfe''  
| ''them vulf'''ie''''' || ''thím vulf'''em'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''thes vulf'''s''''' || ''thier vulf'''en'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''bazь'' (m.) 'berry'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''the bazь'' || ''thá bazie''  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''wulf'', ''wulfe'' || ''wulfem''  
| ''them bazie'' || ''thím baziem''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''wulfs'' || ''wulfe''  
| ''thes bazies'' || ''thier bazien''  
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | a-stem: ''namn'' (n.) 'name'
! colspan="3" | ''sun'' (m.) 'son'
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
Line 190: Line 338:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''namn'' || ''namne''  
| ''the sun'' || ''thá sunie''  
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Dative
| ''namn'' || ''namne''  
| ''them sunie'' || ''thím suniem''
|-
! Genitive
| ''thes suns'' || ''thier sunien''
|}
 
====n-stems====
Declined like attributive adjectives. These nouns are masculine, except for nominalized feminine adjectives.
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''name'' (m.) 'name'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''the nam'''e''''' || ''thá nam'''en'''''  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''namn'', ''namne'' || ''namnem''  
| ''them nam'''enь''''' || ''thím nam'''em'''''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''namnes'' || ''namne''  
| ''thes nam'''enь''''' || ''thier nam'''en'''''  
|}
|}


Also: ''andie'' 'end', ''ave'' 'river', ''biare'' 'bear', ''fytie'' 'wheat', ''hiarte'' 'heart', ''knave'' 'servant', ''mage'' 'throat', ''óge'' 'eye', ''óre'' 'ear', ''szúe'' 'sky', ''ukse'' 'ox', ''yriene'' 'copper'. [''ave'' can also be declined like a feminine noun.]
Arabic nisba names and Latin and Greek -ō names become n-stems, like ''Elь-Ferábí, Elь-Ferábíenь'' 'Al-Farabi', ''Niare, Niarenь'' 'Nero', and ''Apóle, Apólenь'' 'Apollo'. Feminine Latin and Greek -ō names use the feminine declension instead: ''Júne, Júne, Júner'' 'Juno', Safe 'Sappho'.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
====Feminine nouns====
! colspan="3" | ja-stem: ''basь'' (n.) 'berry'
This declension type is always feminine in modern {{PAGENAME}}, arising from a mixture of Proto-Germanic ō-stems and weak feminine stems. Nouns with certain suffixes like ''-eng'' (deverbal noun) or ''-hyd'' (abstract noun) and loanwords that were feminine in the source language also belong in this class.
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''naze'' (f.) 'nose'
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
Line 211: Line 380:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''basь'' || ''basie''  
| ''thá naze'' || ''thá naz'''en'''''
|-
! Dative
| ''thier naze'' || ''thím naz'''em'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''thier naz'''er''''' || ''thier naz'''en'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''miark'' (f.) 'girl'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Nominative
| ''basь'' || ''basie''  
| ''thá miark'' || ''thá miarken''  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''basь'', ''basie'' || ''basiem''  
| ''thier miark'' || ''thím miarkem''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''basies'' || ''basie''  
| ''thier miarker'' || ''thier miarken''  
|}
|}


====Vowel stems====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ō-stem: ''nase'' (f.) 'nose'
! colspan="3" | ''óre'' (f.) 'clock'
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
Line 232: Line 416:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''nase'' || ''naser''  
| ''thá óre'' || ''thá óren''  
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Dative
| ''nase'' || ''naser''  
| ''thier óre'' || ''thím órem''
|-
! Genitive
| ''thier órer'' || ''thier óren''
|}
Note: not to be confused with the masculine n-stem noun ''the óre'' 'ear'.
 
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''starcze'' (f.) 'strength, starch'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''thá starcze'' || ''thá starczen''  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''nase'' || ''nasem''  
| ''thier starcze'' || ''thím starczem''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''naser'' || ''nase''  
| ''thier starczer'' || ''thier starczen''  
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | u-stem: ''side'' (f.) 'custom'
! colspan="3" | ''útriakneng'' (f.) 'bottom line, result'
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
Line 253: Line 453:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''side'' || ''sider''
| ''thá útriakneng'' || ''thá útriaknengen''  
|-
! Accusative
| ''side'' || ''sider''  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''side'' || ''sidem''  
| ''thier útriakneng'' || ''thím útriaknengem''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''sider'' || ''side''  
| ''thier útriaknenger'' || ''thier útriaknengen''  
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | i-stem: ''burσie'' 'birth'
! colspan="3" | ''hond'' (f.) 'hand'
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
Line 274: Line 471:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''burσie'' || ''burσier''
| ''thá hond'' || ''thá hondien''  
|-
! Accusative
| ''burσie'' || ''burσier''  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''burσie'' || ''burσiem''  
| ''thier hond'' || ''thím hondiem''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''burσier'' || ''burσie''  
| ''thier hondier'' || ''thier hondien''  
|}
|}


====Grab bag====
====Grab bag====
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''mánsьk'' (m.) 'human'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''the mánsьk'' || ''thá liúdie''
|-
! Dative
| ''them mánsьkenь'' || ''thím liúdiem''
|-
! Genitive
| ''thes mánsьkenь'' || ''thier liúdien''
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | z-stem: ''lamb'' (n.) 'lamb'
! colspan="3" | ''mán'' (m.) 'man'
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
Line 296: Line 506:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''lamb'' || ''lambier''  
| ''the mán'' || ''thá mánier''  
|-
! Dative
| ''them mánie'' || ''thím mánem''
|-
! Genitive
| ''thes máns'' || ''thier mánen''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | r-stem: ''fadier'' (m.) 'father'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Nominative
| ''lamb'' || ''lambier''  
| ''the fadier'' || ''thá fadrie''  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''lambe'' || ''lambiem''  
| ''them fadrie'' || ''thím fadriem''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''lambs'' || ''lambie''  
| ''thes fadiers'' || ''thier fadrien''  
|}
|}


Also: ''bráthier'' 'brother'.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | z-stem: ''fadier'' (n.) 'father'
! colspan="3" | r-stem: ''mádier'' (f.) 'mother'
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
! style="width: 90px;" | Case  
Line 317: Line 543:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''fadier'' || ''fadrie''
| ''thá mádier'' || ''thá mádrien''  
|-
! Accusative
| ''fadier'' || ''fadrie''  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''fadrie'' || ''fadriem''  
| ''thier mádier'' || ''thím mádriem''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''fadiers'' || ''fadrie''  
| ''thier mádrier'' || ''thier mádrien''  
|}
|}
Also: ''sviestier'' 'sister', ''duchtier'' 'daughter'.


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are declined, like in German but unlike in [[Ufirlandisg]]. For attributive adjectives, the weak declension is used when the noun is preceded by a definite article or demonstratives. The strong declension is used otherwise. Below are the strong and weak declensions of the adjective ''gád'' 'good':
====Declension====
{{col-begin}}
Predicative adjectives use the bare stem. Like all non-Anglic Germanic languages, Glommish preserves the distinction between strong and weak adjectives.
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Weak declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
|+ '''Strong declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
! case || singular || plural  
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=3 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural  
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''gáder'' || ''gáde'' || ''gádet'' || ''gáde''  
| ''the hóch'''e''' mán''<br/>''thá hóch'''e''' piane'' || ''thá hóch'''en''' mánier''<br/>''thá hóch'''en''' pianen''
|-
! acc.
| ''gáden'' || ''gáde'' || ''gádet'' || ''gáde''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''gádme'' || ''gáder'' || ''gádme'' || ''gádem''  
| ''them hóch'''enь''' mánie''<br/>''thier hóch'''enь''' piane'' || ''thím hóch'''em''' mánem'' <br/>''thím hóch'''em''' pianem''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''gádes'' || ''gáder'' || ''gádes'' || ''gáder''  
| ''thes hóch'''enь''' máns''<br/>''thier hóch'''enь''' pianer'' || ''thier hóch'''en''' mánen''<br/>''thier hóch'''en''' pianen''  
|}
|}
{{col-2}}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Weak declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
|+ '''Strong declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=3 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural  
! case || singular || plural  
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''gáde'' || ''gáde'' || ''gáde'' || ''gáden''  
| ''an hóch'''e''' mán''<br/>''ne hóch'''e''' piane'' || ''hóch'''e''' mánier''<br/>''hóch'''e''' pianen''
|-
! acc.
| ''gáden'' || ''gáde'' || ''gáde'' || ''gáden''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''gádenь'' || ''gádenь'' || ''gádenь'' || ''gádem''  
| ''nem hóch'''em''' mánie''<br/>''ner hóch'''er''' piane'' || ''hóch'''em''' mánem'' <br/>''hóch'''em''' pianem''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''gádenь'' || ''gádenь'' || ''gádenь'' || ''gáden''  
| ''nes hóch'''es''' máns''<br/>''ner hóch'''er''' pianer'' || ''hóch'''er''' mánen''<br/>''hóch'''er''' pianen''  
|}
|}
{{col-end}}


Soft-stem adjectives such as ''skónь'' 'beautiful' can be declined similarly.
Soft-stem adjectives such as ''skónь'' 'beautiful' are declined similarly.


{{col-begin}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{{col-2}}
|+ '''Attributive declension for soft-stem adjectives'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
! case || singular || plural  
|+ '''Strong declension for soft-stem adjectives'''
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=3 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural  
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''skónier'' || ''skónie'' || ''skóniet'' || ''skónie''  
| ''skóni'''e''''' || ''skóni'''en'''''  
|-
! acc.
| ''skónien'' || ''skónie'' || ''skóniet'' || ''skónie''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''skónьme'' || ''skónier'' || ''skónьme'' || ''skóniem''  
| ''skóni'''enь''''' || ''skóni'''em'''''  
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''skónies'' || ''skónier'' || ''skónies'' || ''skónier''  
| ''skóni'''enь''''' || ''skóni'''en'''''
|}
 
Bare attributive adjectives are sometimes used as nouns.
 
====Degree====
The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-ьst'' (k, g, ch + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; cz, ż, sz + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; d/t/z/s + -ьst > d/t/z/s + -iest): ''svát, svátier, svátiest'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.
 
Predicate forms for superlatives are rare: usually ''the/thá X-ste'' is used predicatively. Example: ''Mín tat isь the baste'' = 'My dad is the best'. When used adverbially, superlatives use ''-ьst''.
 
Other degree words:
 
''svinth'' = 'very'
 
''tá'' = 'too'
 
''jám X als'' = 'as X as'
 
''X-ier nisь'' = 'more X than'
 
''the/thá X-ьste av'' = 'the most X of'
 
''the/thá ál-X-ьste'' or ''the/thá X-ьste av álem'' = 'the most X of all'
 
''miénier X'' = 'less X'
 
''miénьst X'' = 'least X'
 
There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Meaning
! Positive
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
! "good"
| ''gád'', ''vial'' (adv.)
| ''batier''
| ''baste''
|-
! "bad (ill-behaved, evil)"
| ''druk''
| ''viszer'' (expected ''**virsier'')
| ''viszte'' (expected ''**virьste'')
|-
! "much, many"
| ''miczel, micz'' (not declined)
| ''myr'' (not declined)
| ''myste''
|-
! "few, little"
| ''fó'' (not declined)
| ''miénier'' (not declined)
| ''miénьste''
|}
|}
{{col-2}}
''Fó'' is used for both count and non-count nouns; ''Et finsь fó hupie.'' 'There is little hope.'
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
 
|+ '''Weak declension for soft-stem adjectives'''
===Pronouns===
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=3 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural
====Personal====
The 2pl ''úr'' is also used as a polite 2nd person pronoun.
 
The neuter pronoun ''et'' survives as a dummy pronoun: ''thídech riagnedie et'' 'Today it rained'.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=2 | 3sg.  || rowspan=2 | 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du.  || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | reflexive || rowspan="2" | impersonal || rowspan="2" | interrogative
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n.
! m. || f.  
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''skónie'' || ''skónie'' || ''skónie'' || ''skónien''  
| ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er'' || ''sí'' || ''bit'' || ''it'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' || ''-'' || ''sum'' || ''for''
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
| ''skónien'' || ''skónie'' || ''skónie'' || ''skónien''
| ''mik'' || ''thik'' || ''jan'' || ''í'' || ''ump'' || ''imp'' || ''unsь'' || ''ú'' || ''í'' || ''sik'' || ''sumen'' || ''fan''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''skónienь'' || ''skónienь'' || ''skónienь'' || ''skóniem''  
| ''mir'' (pronounced ''mír'') || ''thir'' (pronounced ''thír'') || ''jam'' || ''jar''; ''ím'' (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal)
|| ''ump'' || ''imp''  || ''unsь'' || ''ú'' || ''ím'' || ''sir'' (pronounced ''sír'') || ''sume'' || ''fam''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''skónienь'' || ''skónienь'' || ''skónienь'' || ''skónien''  
| ''mín(er)'' || ''thín(er)'' || ''jazer'' || ''jarer''  || ''umpier'' || ''impier''  || ''unsier'' || ''úrer'' || ''jarer'' || ''sín(er)'' || ''sín(er)'' || ''fizer''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}


===Pronouns===
The form ''bír'' comes from earlier ''vír'' which assimilated to the verb ending ''-em'' in inverted constructions: ''jatem bír'' 'we eat' < ''*jatem vír''.
 
The impersonal pronoun ''sum'' in the nominative case can be used as the 1st person plural in impersonal speech: ''Sum gáth!'' 'Let's go!' (lit. one goes)
 
In high register, genitive pronouns can be used as postposed possessive pronouns for indefinite nouns: ''Ik kánie an fríend jazer.'' 'I know a friend of his.' This is usually ''Ik kánie an fríend av jam.''
=====Possessive pronouns=====
To form possessive pronouns, "determiner" endings are added to the genitive of the personal pronouns; the stems of ''unsier'' and ''úrer'' become ''unsь-'' and ''úr-'' when a suffix is added. The reflexive ''sín'' is used to refer to a third person subject in the same clause, while ''jaz'' or ''jar'' refer to 3rd person subjects other than the subject.
 
Possessive pronouns in predicative position are the masculine nominative form of the pronoun: ''The siag isь unsier!'' 'Victory is ours!'


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | reflexive
|+ '''Possessive pronouns'''
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=2 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n.
! m. || f.
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''ik'' || ''σú'' || ''er'' || ''sí'' || ''it'' || ''wír'' || ''júr'' || ''í'' || ''-''
| ''mín''<br/>''thín''<br/>''sín''<br/>''jaz''<br/>''jar''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fiz'' || ''míne''<br/>''thíne''<br/>''síne''<br/>''jaze''<br/>''jare''<br/>''unsie''<br/>''úre''<br/>''fize'' || ''míne''<br/>''thíne''<br/>''síne''<br/>''jaze''<br/>''jare''<br/>''unsie''<br/>''úre''<br/>''fize''  
|-
! acc.
| ''mik'' || ''σik'' || ''ín'' || ''sí'' || ''it'' || ''unsь'' || ''jú'' || ''í'' || ''sik''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''mir'' || ''σir'' || ''ime'' || ''jar'' || ''ime'' || ''unsь'' || ''jú'' || ''ím'' || ''sir''
| ''mínem''<br/>''thínem''<br/>''sínem''<br/>''jazem''<br/>''jarem''<br/>''unsiem''<br/>''úrem''<br/>''fizem'' || ''míner''<br/>''thíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer'' || ''mínem''<br/>''thínem''<br/>''sínem''<br/>''jazem''<br/>''jarem''<br/>''unsiem''<br/>''úrem''<br/>''fizem''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''mín'' || ''σín'' || ''is'' || ''jar'' || ''is'' || ''unsier'' || ''júrer'' || ''jar'' || ''sín''
| ''míns''<br/>''thíns''<br/>''síns''<br/>''jazes''<br/>''jares''<br/>''unsies''<br/>''úres''<br/>''fizes'' || ''míner''<br/>''thíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer'' || ''míner''<br/>''thíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer''
|}
|}
====Demonstrative====
*''thiz'' = this; ''jín'' = that
*''that'' = (anaphoric) that
*''for, fan, fam'' = who; ''fiz'' = whose; ''fat'' = what
*''fanь'' = when
*''fí'' = how; ''sá'' = like this/that, so, thus
*''fár'' = where; ''hiér'' = here; ''thár'' = there
*''fanьs, hienьs, thanьs'' = from where, from here, from there
*''fidier, hidier, thadier'' = to where, to here, to there
*''fár + preposition'' = where- + preposition; ''hiér + preposition'' = here- + preposition; ''thár + preposition'' = there- + preposition
*''fárup'' = why
*''filьk'' = which
*''salьk'' = such; like this, that (attributive)
*''ylьk'' = (one's) respective (cognate with English ''each'')
**''Álmán háth ylьke probliámen.'' = Everyone has their own problems.
**''Sum skál liáten ú biaren riaknes up úrem ylьkem biedrívengem.'' = Each of you will be held accountable for your own actions.
*''ál'' = all, every
*''bythe, bythem, byther'' = both
*''álthiéng, álmán'' = everything, everyone
*''kniét, kniétfilьk'' = some (non-specific); any, arbitrary
** ''Furь kniét x, finьs et an y, salьk that...'' = 'For any x, there exists a y, such that...'
*''kniétfat, kniétfor, kniétfár...'' = something, someone, somewhere (non-specific); anything, anyone, anywhere [< *ik ne wait hwat 'I don't know what' etc.]
*''jethich'' = some (specific)
*''jethfat, jethmán, ...'' = something, someone (specific)
*''nýthiéng, nýmán'' = nothing, no one
*''ynfat, ynmán'' = (not) anything, anyone
===Adpositions===
====Prepositions taking both the dative and the accusative====
When governing the dative, these prepositions indicate location; when governing the accusative they indicate destination.
*''afte'' = after
*''án'' = (''high register'') on, upon; to, unto
*''biefur'' = before, in front of
*''yr'' = before (temporally)
*''at'' = at, by, next to
** ''Ik stande at thier stráte.'' = I'm on the street.
** ''Ik gá at thier stráte.'' = I walk on the street.
** ''Ik gá at thá stráte.'' = I walk towards the street.
*''in'' = in
**''in them'' > ''im''
*''siúthen'' = after
*''uvier'' = over
*''up'' = on
*''út'' = outside of, out of
====Prepositions taking the accusative====
*''furь'' = for
*''gaszt'' = towards
*''sunder'' = without
*''thruch'' = through
*''um'' = around
*''vith'' = against
====Prepositions taking the dative====
*''av'' = off, from
*''bí'' = of, at, in, also used like German ''bei'' to indicate 'at someone's place'
*''mid'' (pronounced ''mi'' before ''th'') = with
**''mid them'' > ''mim''
*''ta'' = to
**''ta'' + ''them, thier'' > ''tam, tar''
*''úter'' = except
====Prepositions taking the genitive====
*''atstad'' = instead of
*''saker'' = because of
*''fíler'' = during


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs have undergone some simplifications. For example:
*The present subjunctive only survives in 3rd person imperatives.
*The past subjunctive has disappeared as a distinct form except ''viárie'' 'were, would be' and ''żenie'' 'would'. Modal verbs often use the past form for the past subjunctive.
The standalone negator ''nie'' (''nié'' when stressed) and negative verb forms with ''n-'' (from Proto-Germanic *ne) remain in use in poetry:
* ''ní-, nilien'': negative of ''ví-, vilien'' (cf. English ''willy-nilly'', from ''will he, nill he'')
* ''niém, niér, nisь'': negative of ''jém, jér, isь''
* ''niét'': negative of ''vyt''
Otherwise, ''nié'' is used in ''nié... yncz''.
====Weak verbs====
For the past dental suffix ''-ti-'' is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than ''t(i)'' or ''d(i)''); ''-edi-'' is added if the stem ends in a ''t(i)'' or ''d(i)'' or a hard consonant other than ''k, g, ch''; ''-di-'' is added otherwise (''lióvedie'' is pronounced ''lióvъdie'', though). Past participles are similar, with ''-d'' or ''-t''.
=====Hard weak=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''lióven'' 'to love''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''lióve'' || ''lióver'' || ''lióveth'' || ''lióvem'' || ''lióveth'' || ''lióvenь''
|-
! past
| ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvediem'' || ''lióvedieth'' || ''lióvedienь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''lióv!'' / ''lióve!'' || ''lióve er!'' || ''lióvem!'' || ''lióveth!'' || ''lióvenь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''lióvend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''gelióved''
|}
Other examples: ''maken'' 'make', ''lirnen'' 'learn'
=====Soft weak=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''varmien'' 'to warm''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present indicative
| ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || ''varmieth'' || ''varmiem'' || ''varmieth'' || ''varmienь''
|-
! past
| ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiediem'' || ''varmiedieth'' || ''varmiedienь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''varmь!'' / ''varmie!'' || ''varmie er!'' || ''varmiem!'' || ''varmieth!'' || ''varmienь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''varmiend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''gevarmied''
|}
Other examples: ''ámlien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lyrien'' 'teach'; ''sażen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ránien'' 'execute, set into motion'; ''ferránien'' 'to perform, to commit'; ''bránien'' 'burn (transitive)'; ''lażen'' 'lay'; ''vunszen'' 'wish'
Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, bráchtie, gebrácht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtie, gebucht'' 'buy'; ''thanczen, tháchtie, gethácht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.
====Strong verbs====
non-palatalized/palatalized messed up strong verbs a bit.
=====Strong class 1=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bíten'' 'to bite''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''bíte'' || ''bítier'' || ''bítieth'' || ''bítem'' || ''bíteth'' || ''bítenь''
|-
! past
| ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bitem'' || ''biteth'' || ''bitenь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bítь!'' / ''bítie!'' || ''bíte er!'' || ''bítem!'' || ''bíteth!'' || ''bítenь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bítend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''gebiten''
|}
Also: ''színen, szin, geszinen'' 'shine', ''dríven, driv, gedriven'' 'act', ''klíven, kliv, gekliven'' 'stick, cling', ''smíten, smit, gesmiten'' 'kill', ''vríten, vrit, gevriten'' 'write', ''vríthen, vrith, gevrithen'' 'weave'.
=====Strong class 2=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''czúzen'' 'to choose''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''czúze'' || ''czúzier'' || ''czúzieth'' || ''czúzem'' || ''czúzeth'' || ''czúzenь''
|-
! past
| ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czórem'' || ''czóreth'' || ''czórenь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''czúzь!'' / ''czúzie!'' || ''czúze er!'' || ''czúzem!'' || ''czúzeth!'' || ''czúzenь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''czúzend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''geczuren''
|}
Also: ''biúden, biód, gebiuden'' 'offer, bid', ''biúgen, bióg, gebiugen'' 'bow', ''fliúgen, flióg, gefliugen'' 'fly', ''fliún, flió, geflióen'' 'flee, escape', ''friúzen, friór, gefriuren'' 'freeze', ''liúzen, liór, geliuren'' 'lose'
=====Strong class 3=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''binde'' || ''bindier'' || ''bindieth'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindeth'' || ''bindenь''
|-
! past
| ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biandem'' || ''biandeth'' || ''biandenь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bindь!'' / ''bindie!'' || ''binde er!'' || ''bindem!'' || ''bindeth!'' || ''bindenь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bindend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''gebiunden''
|}
Also: ''bieżénen, bieżán, bieżónen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; ''thrimben, thriamb, gethriumben'' 'to be urgent', ''thvingen, thviang, gethviungen'' 'to force'
=====Strong class 4=====
In {{PAGENAME}}, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''biare'' || ''b'''ie'''rier'' || ''b'''ie'''rieth'' || ''biarem'' || ''biareth'' || ''biarenь''
|-
! past
| ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biárem'' || ''biárth'' || ''biárenь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bierь!'' / ''bierie!'' || ''biare er!'' || ''biarem!'' || ''biareth!'' || ''biarenь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''biarend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''gebiuren''
|}
Also: ''gebiaren, gebiár, gebiuren'' 'give birth', ''briaken, briák, gebriuken'' 'break', ''niamen, niám, geniumen'' 'take', ''piamen, piám, gepiumen'' 'come', ''driasken, driásk, gedriusken'' 'thresh', ''stiarven, stiárv, gestiurven'' 'long (for)', ''sviaren, sviár, gesviuren'' 'swear', ''viarden, viárd, geviurden'' 'to come about', ''viarpen, viárp, geviurpen'' 'throw', ''biangen, biáng, gebiungen'' 'to fear' ''spriaken, spriák, gespriuken'' 'to speak'
=====Strong class 5=====
Strong class 5 merges completely with strong class 6. The only difference is the softness of the initial consonant.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''żaven'' 'to give''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''żave'' || ''ż'''e'''vier'' || ''ż'''e'''vieth'' || ''żavem'' || ''żaveth'' || ''żavenь''
|-
! past
| ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żávem'' || ''żáveth'' || ''żávenь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''ż'''e'''vь!'' / ''ż'''e'''vie!'' || ''żave er!'' || ''żavem!'' || ''żaveth!'' || ''żavenь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''żavend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''geżaven''
|}
Also: ''driapen, driáp, gedriapen'' 'hit', ''ferżaten, ferżát, ferżaten'' 'forget', ''liazen, liáz, geliazen'' 'read', ''jaten, ját, gejaten'' 'eat'. The verb ''sión, siáv, gesión'' 'see' is irregular. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidien, biád, gebiaden'' 'beg, pray', ''lieżen, liág, geliagen'' 'lie'
=====Strong class 6=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''graven'' 'to dig''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''grave'' || ''gravier'' || ''gravieth'' || ''gravem'' || ''graveth'' || ''gravenь''
|-
! past
| ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''grávem'' || ''gráveth'' || ''grávenь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''gravь!'' / ''gravie!'' || ''grave er!'' || ''gravem!'' || ''graveth!'' || ''gravenь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''gravend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''gegraven''
|}
Also: ''slagen, slág, geslagen'' 'to beat, to hit', ''standen, stánd, gestanden'' 'stand', ''vaksen, váks, gevaksen'' 'grow', ''vasken, vásk, gevasken'' 'wash'.
=====Strong class 7=====
halden, hyld, halden - to hold
fálen, fyl, fálen - to fall
liáten, lít, liáten - to let
sliápen, slíp, sliápen - to sleep
biegrán, biegry, biegrán - to become
===== Other strongs =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''ándie'' 'would like' '''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''ándie'' ||  ''-'' || ''-'' || ''ándienь''
|}
This defective verb from Proto-Germanic ''*unnaną'' 'to grant' is only used in the past subjunctive, for example in construction ''Mir ándie...'' 'I would like...'.
====Preterite-present verbs====
=====''viten'' 'to know'=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''viten'' 'to know''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vitem'' || ''viteth'' || ''vitenь''
|-
! past
| ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistiem'' || ''vistieth'' || ''vistienь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''vyt!'' / ''vyte!'' || ''vite er!'' || ''vitem!'' || ''viteth!'' || ''vitenь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''vitend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''gevist''
|}
=====''kónen'' 'can, be able to'=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''kónen'' 'can''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kónem'' || ''kóneth'' || ''kónenь''
|-
! past
| ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndiem'' || ''kóndieth'' || ''kóndienь''
|}
Similarly ''skólen'' 'shall' (''skóldie'' 'should'),
=====''thurven'' 'to have to'=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''thurven'' 'to have to' '''
! Tempus || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''tharv'' || ''tharv'' || ''tharv'' || ''thurvem'' || ''thurveth'' || ''thurvenь''
|-
! past
| ''thurvdie'' || ''thurvdie'' || ''thurvdie'' || ''thurvdiem'' || ''thurvdieth'' || ''thurvdienь''
|}
=====''dóren'' 'dare'=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dóren'' 'dare''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''dóre'' || ''dórer'' || ''dóreth'' || ''dórem'' || ''dóreth'' || ''dórenь''
|-
! past
| ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstiem'' || ''durstieth'' || ''durstienь''
|}
The present has regularized. The past/conditional tense is still irregular from common use:
*''Fí durstie thú...'' = How dare you...
*''Ik durstь yncz erbaren thá anfer.'' = I wouldn't dare reveal the answer.
=====''mogen'' 'may, have a possibility of'=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''mogen'' 'have a possibility of''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mogem'' || ''mogeth'' || ''mogenь''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''moge'' || ''moger'' || ''moge'' ||  ''mogem'' || ''mogeth'' || ''mogenь''
|-
! past
| ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtiem'' || ''mochtieth'' || ''mochtienь''
|}
The subjunctive of ''mogen'' can be used for wishes like English ''may'':
*''Moge unsie usre niamen gevíszt mid tróst'' = May our family be blessed with security
=====''máten'' 'be permitted to'=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''máten'' 'be permitted to''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mátem'' || ''máteth'' || ''mátenь''
|-
! past
| ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástiem'' || ''mástieth'' || ''mástienь''
|}
=====''vín'' 'want'=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''vín'' 'want''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''vím'' || ''víth'' || ''vínь''
|-
! past
| ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildiem'' || ''vildieth'' || ''vildienь''
|}
====Other irregular verbs====
=====''bión'' 'be'=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bión'' 'to be''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''jém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || ''sith'' || ''sinь''
|-
! past
| ''vaz'' || ''vast'' || ''vaz'' || ''viárem'' || ''viáreth'' || ''viárenь''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viáriem'' || ''viárieth'' || ''viárienь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bió!'' || ''bió er!'' || ''bióm!'' || ''bióth!'' || ''biónь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''biónd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''geviáren''
|}
=====''dán'' 'do'=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dán'' 'to do''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''dá'' || ''dár'' || ''dáth'' || ''dám'' || ''dáth'' || ''dánь''
|-
! past
| ''dié'' || ''diést'' || ''dié'' || ''diém'' || ''diéth'' || ''diénь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''dá!'' || ''dá er!'' || ''dám!'' || ''dáth!'' || ''dánь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''dánd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''gedán''
|}
=====''gán'' 'go, (future tense auxiliary)'=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''gán'' 'to go, (future tense auxiliary)''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''thú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''
|-
! present
| ''gá'' || ''gár'' || ''gáth'' || ''gám'' || ''gáth'' || ''gánь''
|-
! past indicative
| ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żangem'' || ''żangeth'' || ''żangenь''
|-
! past subjunctive<sup>1</sup>
| ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żeniem'' || ''żenieth'' || ''żenienь''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''gá!'' || ''gá er!'' || ''gám!'' || ''gáth!'' || ''gánь sí!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''gánd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''geżangen''
|}
<sup>1</sup> Grammaticalized as a counterfactual marker.
Also: ''fán, fiang, gefiangen'' - to get, to obtain


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
[[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Lõis]]
{{PAGENAME}} word order is V2 but is more similar to Icelandic than German. German-style SOV is considered poetic.
 
:'''''Fanь ik jém már, ví ik biegrán ne lyriernie.'''''
:''When I grow up, I want to become a teacher.''
:(German: Wenn ich groß bin, will ich Lehrerin werden.)
 
Pronoun objects precede infinitives; nominal objects follow them.
 
: '''''Sí kán fádien the map. / Sí kán jan fádien.'''''
: She can feed the boy. / She can feed him.
: (German: Sie kann den Jungen ernähren. / Sie kann ihn ernähren.)
 
Dative pronouns bind more tightly to ditransitive verbs than accusative pronouns:
: '''''Ik [[żave jam] jan]. / Ik kán [jan [jam żaven]]. / Ik kán [[jam żaven] the kempiúter].'''''
: ''I'm giving it to him. / I can give it to him. / I can give him the computer.''
: (German: Ich gebe ihn ihm. / Ich kann ihn ihm geben. / Ich kann ihm den Computer geben.)
 
In modern Glommish, phrasal verbs are always separated, except in derived agent and verbal nouns. Colloquial Glommish does so even in agent and verbal nouns derived with -erь and -eng, using the borrowed English construction ''VERB-erь/-eng PREP-erь/-eng'' (cf. English ''fixer-upper''). Only the second suffix takes declension inflection.
 
: '''''húżen út'''''
: 'to express'
: '''''úthúżeng'''''
: 'expression'
: '''''húżeng-úteng'''''
: (''colloquial'') 'expressing'
 
===Negation===
The negative particle is ''yncz'' (pronounced /ɪnʃ/ or /ənʃ/) and has the same syntax as ''nicht'' in German independent clauses.
 
:'''''Drincz the vater yncz, er isь fúl!'''''
:''Don't drink the water, it's dirty!''
 
===Possession===
Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''thá żáve míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too when the noun is definite and animate: ''míns fadiers żáve''.
 
For "have", in addition to using ''hán'' 'to have' like other Germanic languages, one can use an Arabic-influenced construction ''At mir sinь tvy sunie.'' "I have two sons."
 
The construction "et finsь" (there is) can take nominative or accusative objects.
 
===Passive===
The passive can be formed by using either ''piamen'' 'to come' or ''niamen'' 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. These have the participles ''piumen'' or ''niumen'' when used as auxiliaries. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation.
 
For example, ''The káke piám gejaten.'' or ''The káke niám gejaten.'' means 'The cake was eaten.'
 
Or, one may use the impersonal pronoun ''sum'' as the subject. This is used when the object is behind a preposition and hence the verb cannot be passivized.
 
===Simple tenses===
====Simple present====
The simple present denotes habitual actions or generally true facts, like the English simple present. It can also used for future events.
 
:'''''Ik biange mik av jámietiem.'''''
:''I'm afraid of ants.''
 
====Simple past====
The simple past is like the English simple past. Except for common short verbs like ''bión'' 'to be', ''hán'' 'to have' or ''gán'' 'to go', and auxiliaries, it's used mostly in New York Glommish, especially by younger speakers.
 
====Imperative====
Exactly what it says on the tin.
 
===Compound tenses===
====Progressive====
Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary ''bión'' is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes ''at'' 'at' + infinitive. In formal Glommish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive.
* ''Ik jém at jaten the apel.'' "I am eating the apple."
* ''The hund vaz at thróten jan.'' "The dog was threatening him."
* ''Ik jém thárat.'' "I'm doing it; I'm on it."
 
====Perfect====
The perfect is used like the English perfect; it uses the auxiliary ''hán'' + past participle. In modern Glommish there's a tendency to use the perfect where normative Glommish would use the simple past; this is especially true of Connecticut Glommish.
* ''Ik há gejaten the apel.'' "I have eaten the apple"; in Connecticut Glommish also "I ate the apple"
 
====Future====
 
===Clauses===
====Conjunctions====
*''end'' = and
*''oth'' = or
*''nierь'' = but
*''thóch'' = although
*''fanь'' = when
*''thá'', ''als'' (literary) = when
*''ydier... oth...'' = either... or...
*''niádier... nok...'' = neither... nor...
*''thiersak'' = because
*''that'' = that (can be used with ''moge'' + infinitive (present) or ''mochtie'' + infinitive (past) for purpose clauses)
**''Ik '''biesmulte''' et, that anthere '''mogen''' ferstanden.'' = 'I'm explaining it so that others may understand.'
**''Ik '''biesmultedie''' et, that anthere '''mochtien''' ferstanden.'' = 'I explained it so that others might understand.'
*''iv'' = if (used for conditions that could be true)
*''sadь'' = if (used for counterfactual conditions)
*''thánь'' = then
*''nisь'' = than
*''thus'' = so, thus
*''als'' = as
*''viedier X oth Y'' = Both X and Y
*''sáls'' = like
*''alsá'' = thus, therefore
 
====Relative clauses====
{{PAGENAME}} relative clauses use the relativizer ''that'', and a resumptive pronoun when the head is in an oblique argument. This resumptive pronoun structure is from Arabic influence.
 
The ''thár-'' words are used for prepositional objects that are inanimates; the personal pronouns are used for animates.
*''Thá piane that ik żáv jar fáde thankedie mir.'' = 'The woman I gave food to thanked me.' (lit. the woman that I gave her food)
**Or: ''Thá piane jar ik żáv fáde thankedie mir.''
*''the urd that ik rián thárav'' or ''the urd thárav ik rián'' = 'the place I ran from'
 
==== Indirect speech ====
Indirect speech matches the tense of the clause it's embedded in, unlike in German and like in English (due to past Italian influence). Below, the sentences on the left have the same meaning as their corresponding sentences on the right.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
Direct speech
:'''''Er sażeth, "Ik há nýn żald."'''''
:''He says, "I have no money."''
 
:'''''Er sażdie, "Ik há nýn żald."'''''
:''He said, "I have no money."''
 
:'''''Er sażeth, "Ik hádie nýn żald."'''''
:''He says, "I had no money."''
 
:'''''Er sażdie, "Ik hádie nýn żald."'''''
:''He said, "I have no money."'
{{col-break}}
Indirect speech
:'''''Er sażeth that er háth nýn żald.'''''
:''He says he doesn't have money.''
 
:'''''Er sażdie that er hádie nýn żald.'''''
:''He said he didn't have money.''
 
:'''''Er sażeth that er hádie nýn żald.'''''
:''He says he didn't have money.''
 
:'''''Er sażdie that er hádie gehád nýn żald.'''''
:''He said he hadn't had money.''
{{col-end}}
 
====Inverted "if" clause====
Like in German.
 
====Exclamatory inversion====
:'''''Brá, isь aldfírienьsk ogel!'''''
:''Boy, is Old Irish complicated!''
 
==Numbers==
 
0-10: nól, yn, tvy, thrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siém, acht, nión, tién
/no:l, ɨːn, tvɨː, θʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲɪnf, sʲaks, sʲe:m, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/
 
11-19: ylief, tvalief, thrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién
/ɨːlʲɪf, tvalʲɪf, θʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲɪnftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/
 
20-90: tvyntich, thrítich, ... achtich, nióntich
/tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./
 
21, 22, ...: yn-án-tvyntich, tvy-án-tvyntich, ...
 
100: hunderth
/hʊndərθ/
 
Ordinal numbers are formed with ''-te'' or ''-the'' (weak declension): ''nólthe, yrste, tvythe, thridie, fiórthe, finfthe, ...''
 
When they do not modify nouns, plural numerals ''tvy, thrí, fiór, ...'' have genitive forms ''tvyer, thríer, fiórer, ...'', and dative forms ''tvy(e)m, thrí(e)m, fiórem, ...''.
 
This is how numerals modify plural nouns:
* Nominative: ''tvy thinge'' 'two things'; ''thá tvy thinge'' 'the two things'
* Dative: ''tvy(e)m thingem''; ''thím tvy(e)m thingem''
* Genitive: ''tvyer thingen''; ''thier tvy(en) thingen''
 
==Vocabulary==
A sentence made entirely of Celtic vocabulary (except function words and derivational affixes):
 
''The ódiche map isь at ferbytren the máre ave.'' = The terrible boy is traversing the big river.
 
===Derivational morphology===
*''-ъ-'' is often used in compound words.
*''bie-'': "be-", forms applicatives
*''-bier'': '-able'
*''-czen'' (m): diminutive
**''the kotczen'' 'kitten' < ''the kot'' 'cat'
*''-dám'' (m): "-dom"
**''kuniengdám'' = kingdom
**''the júdendám'' = Judaism
*''end-'': 'de-, dis-'
**''endyren'': 'dishonor'
*''er-'': telic
*''fer-'': "for-"
*''fur-'': "fore-"
*''-fól'': "-ful"
**''fóliefól'': "complete" < ''fólie'' 'fullness; fill'
*''ge-'': intensifies a verb or derives an adverb; collective nouns
**A false example: ''geliór'' ('galore', from Irish ''go leor'' via Irish immigration into America)
*''-hyd'' /-iːd/: -ness, -hood
**''sialvhyd'': 'identity'
*''-ig'': "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed'
**''ynóżig'': 'one-eyed' < ''yn'' 'one' + ''óge'' 'eye'
**''kaldhiertig'': 'coldhearted'
*''-iel'': forms nouns
**''the lapiel'': 'spoon'
**''the katiel'': 'kettle'
*''-izen'': "-ize", from PGmc ''-isōną''
*''-elen'': "-le", German ''-eln'' (frequentative verbs)
*''-lóz'': "-less"
**''andielóz'': 'endless' < ''the andie'' 'end'
*''-ling'' (m): "-ling"
*''-lik'': "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun
**''dażlik'' 'daily' < ''the dag'' 'day'
**''vurdlik'' 'literal' < ''the vurd'' 'word'
*''mis-'': "mis-"
**''misdiád'': "misdeed, misdemeanor"
*''-nes'' (f; pl. ''-nesen''): forms nouns from verbs
*''-nie'': feminine suffix
**''thá lyriernie'' 'teacher (female)' < ''the lyrierь'' 'teacher'
**''thá fuksnie'' 'vixen' < ''the fuks'' 'fox'
*''sam-'': equi-, con-, together
*''-sam'': "-some"
**''ynsam'' 'lonely' < ''yn'' 'one'
**''gefiársam'' 'dangerous' < ''thá gefiár'' 'danger'
**''vysam'' 'woeful' < ''the vy'' 'woe'
*''-sk'': "-ish"
*''-skapie'': "-ship", forms collective nouns for groups of people
**''simbskapie'' = chorus
*''tier-'': German ''zer-''
*''-tórь, -tórnie'' (from Italian ''-tore'')
**''kompozitórь'' 'composer'
*''tví-'': "twi-"
*''un-'': "un-" (negation or opposite)
**''thá unróe'' 'unrest, unease'
*''ur-''
**''the urdylь'' 'decision' < ''dylь'' 'part'
*''-eng/-ieng'': forms nouns from verbs
**''thá sriáleng'' 'radiation' < ''sriálen'' 'shine, radiate'
**''thá hytieng'' 'heating' < ''hytien'' 'to heat'
*''-eríe'' = -ery, -erei
 
==Phrasebook==
*''Czáv!'' = hello, goodbye
**''Czáv thir!'' (informal AND to one person)
**''Czáv ú!'' (formal OR to more than one person)
*''Gáde murgen/dag/jévend/nachtь!'' = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!'
*''Vilьpiumen!'' = 'Welcome!'
*''óntú'' (formal OR to more than one person) / ''ónthir'' (informal AND to one person) = 'please' (lit. may it please you/if it pleases you)
*''Thank!'' = 'Thank you!'
*''Rió isь mir.'' = 'I'm sorry.'
*''Rió'sь.'' = 'Sorry.'
*''Fí hyteth úr?'' = 'What is your name?'
*''Ik hyte ...'' = 'My name is ...'
*''Fí isь thín/úrer mád?'' = 'How are you?' (lit. What is your state?)
*''Fanьs piemier thú? / Fanьs piameth úr?'' = 'Where are you from?'
*''Ik piame av...'' = 'I'm from ...'
**''Anglandie.'' = 'England.'
**''Czíne.'' = 'China.'
**''Indije.'' = 'India.'
**''Amerícze.'' = 'America.'
**''Brazíl.'' = 'Brazil.'
**''Fírienılandie.'' (Inherited from PCeltic *Φiweryū) = 'Ireland.'
**''Kamberlandie.'' = 'Wales.'
*''Sprieczer thú / Spriaketh úr ...'' = 'Do you speak ...'
**''... angelьsk?'' = '... English?'
**''... thiúsk?'' = '... German?'
**''... nitherlandьsk?'' = '... Dutch?'
**''... itálьsk?'' = '... Italian?'
**''... griéczk?'' = '... Greek?'
**''... árebьsk?'' = '... Arabic?'
**''... tamierьsk?'' = '... Tamil?'
*''Já.'' = 'Yes.'
**''Já, thú mát / úr máteth.'' = 'Yes, you may.'
*''Nié.'' = 'No.'
*''Ik spriake glómsьk yncz.'' = 'I can't speak Glómsьk.'
*''Mát ik ú thúten?'' = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using ''thú'')?'
*''Isь that santh?'' = 'Is that true?'
*''Mir davieth/davenь...'' = 'I like... (a thing)'
* ''Ik há (person) lióv'' = 'I like (person)'
*''Ándie thir / ú...'' / ''Ándienь thir / ú...'' = 'Would you like...'
*''Mir ándie... / mir ándienь...'' = 'I would like...'
**''Mir ándie 'n glás vatie, óntú.'' = 'I would like a glass of water, please.'
**''... 'n dylь bród.'' 'a slice of bread.'
*''Míne hond isь in varmenь vatrie.'' = My hand is in warm water.
*''Mín stiúl isь in míner hond.'' = My pen is in my hand.
*''mín miesniórь/míne fróje'' = sir/miss (polite way to address strangers)
*''Ik lióve thik.'' = I love you.
*''Mát ik thik kusien?'' = Can I kiss you?
 
==Names==
Germaniic names are single words or less commonly old Germanic compounds.
 
==Days of the week==
*án miándag = on Monday, miándags = on Mondays
*tiúsdag = Tuesday
*vánsdag = Wednesday
*thunsdag = Thursday
*frídag = Friday
*sabsdag = Saturday
*sóndag = Sunday
 
==Elements==
Elements are masculine.
*vaterstuf = hydrogen
*heli = helium
*lithi = lithium
*beriuli = Be
*bóre = boron
*kólstuf = carbon
*palьstuf = nitrogen
*súrstuf = oxygen
*fluóri = fluorine
*neë = neon
*natri = sodium
*magnézi = magnesium
*alumini = aluminium
*samedstuf = silicon
*liúchtiestuf = phosphorus
*sviál = sulfur
*chlóri = chlorine
*arge = argon
*yriene = copper
*siulver/silver = silver
*tin = tin
*fítgulth = platinum
*gulth = gold
*piksiulver/piksilver = mercury (element)
*bliú = lead
 
==Sample texts==
===Featured language banner===
:'''''Thiz rarde vaz ynst  gerichtied fur.'''''
:''This language was once featured.''
 
:'''''Thank jazer líkamfólhyder, furvichtlikhyder end ferdavlikhyder geczór sum ta richtien jan fur.'''''
:''Thanks to its quality (lit. bodyfulness, i.e. concreteness), plausibility (lit. naturalness) and usage features (lit. usefulness), it has been voted as featured.''
 
===VENI, VIDI, VICI===
:'''''Ik piám, ik só, ik siagdie.'''''
:I came, I saw, I conquered.
 
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Álgemynie Útriádeng thier Manьskenriachten'''''
:'''''Útglith 1'''''
:'''''Ále liúdie sinь geburen frí end javen án vurthie end ánriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstandie end riachtkánie end thurvenь biedríven yn gaszt niávьste im andenь bráthierhyder.'''''
:[ˈɑːɫə ˈlʲu:dʲɪ sʲɪnʲ ɣəˈbʊɹən fʲɾʲiː ən ˈjavən ɑ:n ˈvuɾʲtʱʲɪ ən ˈɑ:nrʲæxt̪əm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈʒɑːvd mʲɪt̪ fəˈʂt̪and ən ˈrʲæxt̪kɑːnʲɪ | ən ˈt̪ʰʊɹvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn ɣaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲst̪ə jɪn ˈandənʲ ˈbrɑːtʱʲɪɹiːdəɹ]
:''All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''''The száp end thá ruse'''''
 
''An száp that hádie nyn vóle myr siáv ruse: yn at tiúchen an thunge vage, yn at biaren ne máre lost, end yn at snióm biaren an mánsьk. The száp sażdie thím rusem: "The hiarte isь mir syr, fanь ik sióe an mánsьk at dríven ruse án." Thá ruse sażdienь: "Lusnie, száp, unsь isь the hiarte syr saker thiz hám bír gesióen: an mánsьk, the druchtien, maketh sir varmen klythe út thier szápen vóle, end the száp háth niót vóle myr." Als the száp hóriedie thiz, flióch er thruch thá miédve.''
 
===Gettysburg Address===
''Achtich-sieven járe isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebarenь án thizem jarthedylie ne niúe thióde, getiúszt in fríhyd, end ervíszt thier belóvnes that ále liúdie sinь geskafen javen.''
 
=== Platenь Furьanfer (Plato's Apology) ===
''Fí úr, lió Athiénierie, háth niumen vichtied at av mínem bievráżeriem, vyt ik yncz; sá bielióvsam spriákenь sí, that ik hadie sialv jénachtь ferżaten for ik viérie. Santhes hánь sí áltbieachtied gesażd tvíls ynfat. Under thím miczelem lużem that sí sażdienь sprang út at mik yn in návem:''
 
=== Siúre 1: Thá Erupneng (tr. Hasien Elь-Chuliédí) ===
The syntax and diction used are characteristic of the puristic, archaizing Glommish pioneered by Hasien Elь-Chuliédí.
# Im namenь thes sambiarendenь, líchtliátigenь Gudes.
# Ále ráthь Gudie, áler viáldien Druchtnie,
# them sambiarendenь, them líchtliátigenь,
# them im dámsdaże uvierriádendenь.
# Thik ályn bieyriem bír, end thik ályn bidiem bír um hulpie.
# Lydie unsь the sniále viag,
# the viag jíner án í thú geniáthe viz, nié jíner án í thín turn geviurden isь, nieth thier jérienden.
 
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[[Category:Jarthe]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
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