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Gur language: Difference between revisions

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Gur language (view source)

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===Stress===
===Stress===
Words are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable. The stress falls on the penultimate syllable if the last syllable has a long vowel, or the penult is heavy. A syllable is heavy if it ends in a long vowel or in a vowel and a consonant.
Words are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable. The stress falls on the penultimate syllable if the last syllable has a long vowel or the penult is heavy. A syllable is heavy if it ends in a long vowel or in a vowel and a consonant.
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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The '''vocative case''' (used to address someone in direct speech) is identical to the nominative form, except in the masculine singular of the first declension (''-as'' → ''-e'').
The '''vocative case''' (used to address someone in direct speech) is identical to the nominative form, except in the masculine singular of the first declension (''-as'' → ''-e'').
=====Feminine nouns=====
=====Feminine nouns in -a=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''First declension: ''miwa,'' f. (tongue, language)'''
! colspan="4" | '''First declension: ''miwa,'' f. (tongue, language)'''
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! Locative
! Locative
| miw-ȋ || miw-an || miw-ain
| miw-ȋ || miw-an || miw-ain
|}
=====Feminine nouns in -ȋa=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''First declension: ''mantȋa,'' f. (blackberry)'''
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| mant-ȋa || mant-ȋn || mant-ȋes
|-
! Genitive
| mant-iȗ || mant-ȋan || mant-ȋain
|-
! Dative
| mant-ȋ || mant-iȃni || mant-ȋsi
|-
! Accusative
| mant-ȋu || mant-ȋs || mant-ȋes
|-
! Ablative
| mant-ȋak || mant-ȋam || mant-ȋais
|-
! Locative
| mant-ȋ || mant-ȋan || mant-ȋain
|}
|}
=====Neuter nouns=====
=====Neuter nouns=====
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If the stem does not end in vowel + ''l, n, r, χ'', the dative plural ending is '''-ȇsi'''.
If the stem does not end in vowel + ''l, n, r, χ'', the dative plural ending is '''-ȇsi'''.
=====Neuter nouns=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Second declension: ''śendil,'' n. (wing)'''
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| śendil || śendil-in || śendil-un
|-
! Genitive
| śendil-as || śendil-an || śendil-ain
|-
! Dative
| śendil-ȋ || śendil-ȃni || śendil-si
|-
! Accusative
| śendil || śendil-in || śendil-un
|-
! Ablative
| śendil-ak || śendil-am || śendil-ais
|-
! Locative
| śendil-ȋ || śendil-an || śendil-ain
|}
====Third declension (masculine and feminine nouns)====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Third declension: ''drenis,'' m., f. (deer)'''
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| dren-is || dren-in || dren-un
|-
! Genitive
| dren-as || dren-an || dren-ain
|-
! Dative
| dren-ȋ || dren-ȃni || dren-si
|-
! Accusative
| dren-u || dren-in || dren-un
|-
! Ablative
| dren-ak || dren-am || dren-ais
|-
! Locative
| dren-ȋ || dren-an || dren-ain
|}
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
====Types====
First-declension adjectives are declined like first-declension nouns for the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms; for example, ''olmas, olma, olmi'' “holy, sacred”.
Second-declension adjectives are declined like second-declension nouns. They have one form for the masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative singular (such as ''raś'' “green”).
====Comparative and superlative forms====
Comparison of adjectives is formed by suffixing. Adjectives have three degrees: positive (the normal form of the adjectives), comparative, and superlative.
The suffixes are:
* comparative: '''-ial''' / '''-al''' ''(olmial, raśal)''
* superlative: '''-ȇmas, -ȇma, -ȇmi''' ''(olmȇmas, raśȇmas)''
The suffix '''-eg-''' corresponds to “too”; for example, ''olmegas'' “too holy”.
===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
====Types====
A first-declension adjective is made into an adverb by adding '''-ȃ''' onto its base ''(olmȃ)''. A second-declension adjective is made into an adverb by adding '''-en''' onto its base ''(raśen)''.
====Comparative and superlative forms====
The comparative is made in the same way in which the comparison of the adjective is formed ''(olmial)''. However, adverbs from second-declension adjectives form the comparative by using an additional infix ''(raśawal)''.
Both types of adverbs have regular superlative forms ''(olmȇmȃ, raśȇmȃ)''.
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
The infinitive of the verb ends in '''-ȃn'''.
===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===


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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
Word order is subject–object–verb.
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
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