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Gwaxol: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = | |image = Gwaxol.png | ||
|imagesize = 185px | |imagesize = 185px | ||
|imagecaption = '' | |imagecaption = ''xazat³ gwaxolsa⁵'' in the Hanoehn script | ||
|name = Gwaxol | |name = Gwaxol | ||
|nativename = gwaxol⁵ | |nativename = gwaxol⁵ | ||
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|familycolor = Creole | |familycolor = Creole | ||
|creator = Dillon Hartwig | |creator = Dillon Hartwig | ||
|script = | |era = -800 to 200 MT | ||
|script = Hanoehn | |||
|nation = N/A | |nation = N/A | ||
|map = GwaxolMap.png | |map = GwaxolMap.png | ||
|mapsize = 280px | |mapsize = 280px | ||
|mapcaption = Range Map of Gwaxol (brown), alongside | |mapcaption = Range Map of Gwaxol (brown), alongside Khelaj (white), 'Oa (pink), Ku Te Kui (green), and Thuosha' (purple), c. -600 MT | ||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
''Gwaxol⁵'', the language's autonym, is inherited from the [[Wascotl]] | ''Gwaxol⁵'', the language's autonym, is inherited from the [[Wascotl]] autonym ''*wasc-otl''. | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Gwaxol is written with the | Gwaxol is written with the Hanoehn script. Its romanization is as follows. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! T t || Th th || U u || Ü ü || W w || X x || Xw xw || Y y | ! T t || Th th || U u || Ü ü || W w || X x || Xw xw || Y y | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /s/ || /θ/ || /u/ || /ʉ/ || /ɣʷ/ || /x/ || /xʷ/ || /ʝ/ | | /s/ || /θ/ || /u/ || /ʉ/ || /ɣʷ/ || /x/ || /xʷ/ || /ʝ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) | ! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) | ||
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| /z/ || /˥-˥/ || /˩-˩/ || /˥-˧/ || /˧-˩/ || /˩-˥/ || /˥-˩-˧/ | | /z/ || /˥-˥/ || /˩-˩/ || /˥-˧/ || /˧-˩/ || /˩-˥/ || /˥-˩-˧/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Hyphens disambiguate /Cʷ, θ, ŋ, z̃/ ⟨Cw, th, ng, nz⟩ from /Cw, th, ng, nz/ ⟨C'w, t'h, n'g, n'z⟩ | *Hyphens disambiguate /Cʷ, θ, ŋ, z̃/ ⟨Cw, th, ng, nz⟩ from /Cw, th, ng, nz/ ⟨C'w, t'h, n'g, n'z⟩ | ||
*Tone numbers are written word-finally | *Tone numbers are written word-finally | ||
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Pronouns are marked for case, class, and number. | Pronouns are marked for case, class, and number. | ||
In familial and very informal speech, these possessive pronouns are also used as ergative and intransitive pronouns. | |||
{| style="background: none" | {| style="background: none" | ||
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! {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|INAN2|inanimate 2}} | ! {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|INAN2|inanimate 2}} | ||
| hut¹ || colspan="2" | hanz¹ | | hut¹ || colspan="2" | hanz¹ | ||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|NEG}} | |||
| colspan="2" | yinan⁴ || yinön⁴ || yinan⁴ || yizzun⁶ | |||
|} | |} | ||
| valign="top" | | | valign="top" | | ||
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| valign="top" | | | valign="top" | | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ | |+ Other pronouns | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! {{gcl|INDEF}} !! {{gcl|REL}}/{{gcl|Q}} | ! !! {{gcl|INDEF}} !! {{gcl|REL}}/{{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REFL}} !! {{gcl|RECP}} !! {{gcl|IMPRS}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|HUM}} | ! {{gcl|HUM}} | ||
| zakw-³ || yïgw-⁵ | | zakw-³ || yïgw-⁵ || sekw³ || rowspan="3" | xas⁴ || rowspan="3" | thëy² | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|ANIM}} | ! {{gcl|ANIM}} | ||
| zil-³ || ngügw-¹ | | zil-³ || ngügw-¹ || rowspan="2" | mïllï⁶ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|INAN}} | ! {{gcl|INAN}} | ||
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When converbial suffixes are unused, subject referent switching is marked with the pronoun ''kang²''. ''Kang²'' is unused in non-subject referent switching. | When converbial suffixes are unused, subject referent switching is marked with the pronoun ''kang²''. ''Kang²'' is unused in non-subject referent switching. | ||
Only personal and possessive pronouns cause agreement in verbs; if a non-personal/possessive is a core argument, the other argument causes intransitive agreement, and if there is no personal or possessive pronoun to cause agreement the verb is marked as impersonal. | |||
Negative pronouns must be applied to negative verbs. | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns are marked for class, case, number, and definiteness. | Nouns are marked for class, case, number, and definiteness. Proper nouns are not marked for class. | ||
{| style="background: none" | {| style="background: none" | ||
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*Ergative ''-ngë'' is ''-ng'' after vowels | *Ergative ''-ngë'' is ''-ng'' after vowels | ||
*Definite case particles can either precede or follow their nouns, but more often precede. | *Definite case particles can either precede or follow their nouns, but more often precede. | ||
====Possession==== | |||
Possessed nouns are marked with a preceding possessive pronoun agreeing in class. Possessor-possessum pairs are each marked with the same case. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
In infinitive verbs a prefix ''si-'' is used in place of agreement marking. | In infinitive and impersonal verbs a prefix ''si-'' is used in place of agreement marking. | ||
Interrogative verbs use preceding particles marked for tense, and tense is optionally double-marked in a second set of non-interrogative particles. These particles cannot be applied to imperative or prohibitive verbs. | Interrogative verbs use preceding particles marked for tense, and tense is optionally double-marked in a second set of non-interrogative particles. These particles cannot be applied to imperative or prohibitive verbs. | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ | |+ Tense particles | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! {{gcl|PST}} !! {{gcl|PRES}} !! {{gcl|FUT}} | ! !! {{gcl|PST}} !! {{gcl|PRES}} !! {{gcl|FUT}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
| | | dïh || lëh || sëh | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|Q}} | ! {{gcl|Q}} | ||
| | | dïs || lënz || sës | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Comparative and superlative adjectives are marked with ''nex'' following the adjective. | Comparative and superlative adjectives are marked with ''nex'' following the adjective. | ||
====Postnouns==== | |||
Some adjectives act as noun suffixes (slotted before class marking) and do not allow direct agreement or negation; these adjectives mark comparison with ''nex'' following their noun. | |||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
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===Numerals and classifiers=== | ===Numerals and classifiers=== | ||
Gwaxol uses base-60 and subbase-6 numerals, with non-compound words for one through twelve and multiples of six up to sixty. Numerals one through twelve agree in gender with their noun. | Gwaxol uses base-60 and subbase-6 numerals, with non-compound words for one through twelve and multiples of six up to sixty. Numerals one through twelve agree in gender with their noun unless they modify another numeral, where the inanimate form is used. | ||
{| style="background: none" | {| style="background: none" | ||
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===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
''-len'' and ''kwör'' are used to negate verbs and nouns respectively. Non-comparative adjectives use ''kwör'' and comparative adjectives use ''-len''. | ''-len'' and ''kwör'' are used to negate verbs and nouns respectively. Non-comparative adjectives use ''kwör'' and comparative adjectives use ''-len''. | ||
Double negative ''-len kwör'' and ''kwörkwör'' are emphatic. | |||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
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====Reduplication==== | ====Reduplication==== | ||
Full stem reduplication is used to | Full stem reduplication is used to derive diminutive adjectives (for example ''töngtöng²'' "somewhat narrow" from ''töng²'' "narrow"), new iterative or reflexive meanings from some verbs (for example ''harar³'' "it returns to it" from ''har³'' "it goes to it" (stem ''-ar³-''), collectivize nouns (for example ''kotkotol³'' "fishes (collective)" from ''kotol³'' "fish"), and generalize pronouns (for example ''xöxö¹'' "one of them" from ''xö¹'' "him/her/them"). In compound terms only the first stem is generally reduplicated. | ||
Full reduplication (including any affixes) with dipping tone can be used to convey uncertainty, especially in response to questions. | Full reduplication (including any affixes) with dipping tone can be used to convey uncertainty, especially in response to questions. | ||
Initial CV reduplication and gemination is used to | Initial CV reduplication and stem-initial gemination is used to derive augmentative words (for example ''xexxerkwë⁴'' "great hunter" from ''xerkwë⁴'' "hunter"). | ||
Non-productive reduplication also occurs in some | Non-productive reduplication also occurs in some words (for example ''tadakw⁵'' "it bleeds it out, it empties it of blood" from ''takw⁵'' "to bleed"). | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1=== | ||
''' | '''Kwëngngur¹ rangä⁵ roxatro¹ käxtikwsa¹ käm rewaxxatsa³ xam⁴ mägwe¹. Xozis³ zatngë³ hëskwaxat¹ käm kwuxwxat⁵ hox² kwasmigwngä¹ xasxu⁴ zi thöngxatro³ güxetikwsa³. | ||
{{interlinear | {{interlinear | ||
| | |Kwëng-ngur¹ ra⁵-ngä rox¹-at-ro käx¹-tikw-sa käm rewax³-xat-sa xam⁴ mägwe¹. | ||
|HUM | |HUM.INTR-free same-CVB birth-{{gcl|INAN2|inanimate 2}}-CVB honorable-NZ-GEN.INDEF and right-{{gcl|INAN1|inanimate 1}}.PL-GEN.INDEF all mortal | ||
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no | ||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
{{interlinear | {{interlinear | ||