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Harākti: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs in Harākti are, as expected, inflected, or conjugated, for three persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and three numbers (singular, dual and plural), tenses, aspects, voices and moods. The verb has to agree with the subject in person and number. | |||
====Tense==== | |||
Harākti has three tenses in total: present, preterite and future. The present and preterite are inherited from Proto-Indo-European, while the future is derived from the present by means of suffixing an '''-s''' to the present forms. The present forms end in '''-i''', which is dropped in the preterite. Some other changes may also occur in the preterite forms. The present and preterite forms usually come in two varieties: athematic, which are added directly to the stem, and thematic, which are preceded by a vowel between the stem and the suffix. The proper distinction from Proto-Indo-European has, however, been lost and many verbs use a combination of both. | |||
====Aspect==== | |||
Verbs are usually either perfective or imperfective by default. Often when changing the aspect, the verbal stem also changes, either by adding a suffix (sometimes prefix) to the stem or by ablauting of the stem. The latter is usually unpredictable, but the number of suffixes/prefixes is limited. However, the perfective or imperfective aspects are only applied to verb in their basic form. The imperfective covers two aspects: progressive-iterative, which is formed by suffixing '''-re''', and durative-habitual, which is formed by adding '''-sk-'''. Adding the progressive-iterative suffix to imperfective verbs creates interative verbs. The durative-habitual aspect is mainly used with the preterite tense in the meaning of ''used to [do something]''. The perfective aspect is most commonly formed by reduplication of the verbal root. That involves prefixing the reduplicated root to the stem and often also ablauting of the stem. It is also possible to add the progressive-iterative suffix to a verb that has been turned perfective (originally an imperfective verb), and the resulting verb is usually iterative. | |||
The causative aspect (although it is not a true aspect but is usually counted as such) is formed by adding '''-nen''' to the stem. The suffix is then often changed to '''-ne''', '''-nu''' or '''-neu''' when conjugated. The causative is a very productive way of forming new verbs from other verbs, for example the causative of ''vēdī'' ('to see') is ''vēdnenī'' which means 'to realise'. | |||
====Voice==== | |||
Harākti has three voices: active, mediopassive, and passive. The first two, active and mediopassive, are inherited from Proto-Indo-European. The forms of mediopassive are very similar to those in Hittite mediopassive (as well as the active ones). The passive, on the other hand, is an innovation, although its forms are very similar to the mediopassive forms. It is thought the passive formed by merging the -l- past participle with the mediopassive. | |||
The active voice is used by verbs that denote some sort of action, which is most verbs. The mediopassive and passive voices are a bit different. The mediopassive is used by some stative verbs by default. However, when an action verb is used in the mediopassive, the meaning is usually reflexive, or passive when used in the 3rd person. Stative verbs can be used in the active voice as well, but the use is restricted - stative verbs (that are mediopassive by default) in the active voice then convey some sort of action involved and are used in combination with adverb of direction, as in ''to sit down''. The passive corresponds to the passive forms in other languages, but not every verb has a passive form - especially stative imperfective verbs. Also, the passive is usually not used when the corresponding translation would be ''to be (adjective)'', as one might expect, but such verbs are mediopassive. An example of such a verb is ''tērsehī'' (to be thirsty). | |||
====Mood==== | |||
There are several moods in Harākti: indicative, imperative, conditional, optative and reputative (sometimes called optative-conditional or even subjunctive but reputative is preferred to avoid confusion). The indicative and imperative moods are directly inherited from Proto-Indo-European; the other moods also trace their origin back to the proto-language but their forms have been reworked. However, unlike the PIE impeative, in Harākti there are forms for all three persons (and numbers, of course). In the 1st person the meaning is usually something along the lines of ''let me'' or ''let's''. The 3rd person forms are usually used when reporting imperative (a use that overlaps with 3rd person optative). The conditional is used in conditional sentences where it is used both in the conditional clause (the if-clause) and the main clause. It is also often used in other environments and it often overlaps with the subjunctive in English. The optative variously corresponds to English ''let'', ''may'', ''shall'' or ''should'', or the subjunctive in certain contexts. The third mood, reputative, is used to convey the meaning of ''to be supposed to''. | |||
Apart from the indicative and imperative, the other moods are formed by adding a suffix to the stem and using indicative tense forms. Formations of conditional, optative and reputative are regular with hardly any exceptions. The conditional is formed by adding '''-(i)oh''' to the stem, the optative by adding '''-ī''' and reputative by adding '''-(i)ah''', which is changed to '''-ih''' sometimes (these suffixes are the reason why reputative is often called optative-conditional). | |||
====Conjugation==== | |||
:''Main article: [[Harākti/Conjugation|Harākti conjugation]]'' | :''Main article: [[Harākti/Conjugation|Harākti conjugation]]'' | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan="8" | '''Overview of conjugations''' | ! colspan="8" | '''Overview of conjugations''' | ||
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* conditional: '''-oh-''' | * conditional: '''-oh-''' | ||
* optative: '''-ī-''' | * optative: '''-ī-''' | ||
* | * reputative: '''-ih/ah-''' | ||
'''Impersonal forms:''' | '''Impersonal forms:''' | ||