Heracliotic Greek: Difference between revisions

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 {{privatelang}}{{construction}}
 {{Infobox language
-|name = Heracliotic
+|name = Heracliotic Greek
 |nativename = Irallódiga
 |pronunciation = /iɾaˈʎoðiɣa/
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 ! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Spirant]]
 |-
-| [[w:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩
+|
 | [[w:Voiceless_dental_sibilant|s]] ⟨s⟩
 | [[w:/ɕ/|ɕ]] ⟨x⟩
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 liquid consonants become unvoiced:
 */l/ → /l̥/
+*/ʎ/ → /ʎ̥/
 */m/ → /m̥/
 */n/ → /n̥/
@@ Line 127: / Line 128: @@
 */N ʥ̥/ → [ɲʥ]
 */N g̊/ → [ŋg]
-Nasalisation has no morphological or phonemic significance in mainstream Heracliot and is not indicated in any orthography. The Island of Aia Rava however elides nasals in the syllable coda while maintaining nasalisation effects on plosives. Consequently the Aiaravot dialect promotes the nasalisation process to a full mutation and introduces a three-way phonemic distinction between aspirated, unaspirated and voiced plosives. Few attempt to indicate the mutation in writing outside of literature, although Aiaravots often write the silent (to them) Heracliote final nasals erratically.
+Nasalisation has no morphological or phonemic significance in mainstream Heracliot and is not indicated in any orthography. The Island of Aya Rava however elides nasals in the syllable coda while maintaining nasalisation effects on plosives. Consequently the Ayaravot dialect promotes the nasalisation process to a full mutation and introduces a three-way phonemic contrast between aspirated, unaspirated and voiced plosives. Few attempt to indicate the mutation in writing outside academic linguistic literature, although Ayaravots often write the silent (to them) Heracliot final nasals erratically.
+==Declension==
+{| class="wikitable" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
+|-
+! rowspan="3" | '''Case'''
+! colspan="4" | ''bodumo'' "river"
+|-
+! colspan="2" | singular
+! colspan="2" | plural
+|-
+! style="width: 100px; |''' '''
+! '''after adjective'''
+! style="width: 100px; | ''' '''
+! '''after adjective'''
+|-
+! '''subjective'''
+| bodumo ᴴ
+| podumo ᴴ
+| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | bodumi
+|-
+! '''vocative'''
+| colspan="2" | bodume
+|-
+! '''objective'''
+| colspan="2" | bodumon
+| bodumi ᴴ
+| podumi ᴴ
+|-
+! '''genitive'''
+| colspan="2" | bodumu
+| colspan="2" | bodumun
+|}
+{| class="wikitable" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
+|-
+! rowspan="3" | '''Case'''
+! colspan="4" | ''oreno'' "sky"
+|-
+! colspan="2" | singular
+! colspan="2" | plural
+|-
+! style="width: 100px; |''' '''
+! '''after adjective'''
+! style="width: 100px; | ''' '''
+! '''after adjective'''
+|-
+! '''subjective'''
+| oreno ᴴ
+| joreno ᴴ
+| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | oreni
+|-
+! '''vocative'''
+| colspan="2" | oren
+|-
+! '''objective'''
+| colspan="2" | orenon
+| oreni ᴴ
+| joreni ᴴ
+|-
+! '''genitive'''
+| colspan="2" | orenu
+| colspan="2" | orenun
+|}
+{| class="wikitable" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
+|-
+! rowspan="3" | '''Case'''
+! colspan="4" | ''bedra'' "cliff"
+|-
+! colspan="2" | singular
+! colspan="2" | plural
+|-
+! style="width: 100px; |''' '''
+! '''after adjective'''
+! style="width: 100px; | ''' '''
+! '''after adjective'''
+|-
+! '''subjective'''
+| colspan="2" | bedra
+| colspan="2" | bedri
+|-
+! '''objective'''
+| colspan="2" | bedran
+| bedri ᴴ
+| pedri ᴴ
+|-
+! '''genitive'''
+| bedra ᴴ
+| pedra ᴴ
+| colspan="2" | bedrun
+|}
+==Evolution==
+===Vowels===
+The Ancient Greek vowel length and pitch accent were converted to a stress accent, placed on what had in Aeolic Greek been the third-to-last mora of a word (or the first, if the word was fewer than three moras long).
+===Consonants===
+/s/ became lenited between vowels, but not when geminated or in pausa. This was the origin of the provection mutation:
+*σ /s/ → /h/
+/dz/ became /z/ in all positions except after nasals:
+*ζ /dz/ → /z/
+*νζ /ndz/ → /ndz/
+Voiced stops and /z/ at the beginning of a word or beginning a stressed syllable merged with the aspirates and /s/ respectively, leaving a rising tone (pre-existing aspirates result in a level high tone). The other voiced consonants /l, ʎ, m, n, ɲ, r/ also came to be followed by a rising tone, that was changed to a level high tone when provected. As a result, all stressed vowels have either rising or high level tone.
+*βα /ba/ → /pʰǎ/
+*δα /da/ → /tʰǎ/
+*γα /ga/ → /kʰǎ/
+*ζα /za/ → /sǎ/
+*φα /pʰa/ → /pʰá/
+*θα /kʰa/ → /tʰá/
+*χα /kʰa/ → /kʰá/
+*σα /sa/ → /sá/
+Otherwise, /z/ entirely merged with /s/ and voiced stops were lenited after vowels to the extent that they were entirely lost, The vowels that came into contact as a result formed diphthongs:
+*β δ γ /b, d, g/ → /Ø/
+*aCa → /a/
+*aCe → /ai/
+*aCi → /ai/
+*aCo → /au/
+*aCu → /au/
+*eCa → /ja/
+*eCe → /e/
+*eCi → /ei/
+*eCo → /eu/
+*eCu → /eu/
+*iCa → /ia/
+*iCe → /ie/
+*iCi → /i/
+*iCo → /iu/
+*iCu → /iu/
+*uCa → /ua/
+*uCe → /ui/
+*uCi → /ui/
+*uCo → /u/
+*uCu → /u/
+Voiceless stops were also lenited. Note that this occurred after tonogenesis was complete, and no new tones were generated. Consequently all unaspirated stops opening stressed syllables are necessarily followed by high level vowels:
+*π /p/ → /b/
+*τ /t/ → /d/
+*κ /k/ → /g/
+/b d g/ came to be realised as voiced stops [b d g] only in nasal + stop clusters.
+Otherwise they are realised as voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] (after vowels and non-nasal voiced consonants)
+or devoiced stops [b̥ d̥ g̊] (in pausa and after voiceless consonants).
+Provection changes /b d g/ to aspirated /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.
+When Ancient voiceless stops were geminated or in a cluster with /s/, they were aspirated instead:
+*ππ σπ ψ φ πφ σφ /pp sp ps ph pph sph/ → /pʰ/
+*ττ στ τσ θ τθ σθ /tt st ts th tth sth/ → /tʰ/
+*κκ σκ ξ χ κχ σχ /kk sk x kh kkh skh/ → /kʰ/
+Aspirates lost aspiration before unstressed vowels. As unstressed vowels do not carry phonemic tone, this did not have any tonal effect.
+Several consonants were palatalised when followed by /iV/ where /V/ is any back vowel:
+*λιV /liV/ → /ʎV/
+*νιV /niV/ → /ɲV/
+*σιV ζιV /siV ziV/ → /ɕV/
+*νζιV /nziV/ → /ɲʥV/
+Velars were also palatalised before any front vowel (subsequent loans from Spanish and onomatopeia have reintroduced velars before front vowels however):
+*g → ʥ
+*kʰ → ʨʰ
+Similar to /b d g/, /ʥ/ is realised as voiced stop [ʥ] in a nasal + stop cluster,
+as a voiced fricative [ʑ] between vowels and after non-nasal voiced consonants
+and as [ʥ̥] in pausa or after voiceless consonants.