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Heracliotic Greek: Difference between revisions
→Consonants
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! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Spirant]] | ! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Spirant]] | ||
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| [[w:Voiceless_dental_sibilant|s]] ⟨s⟩ | | [[w:Voiceless_dental_sibilant|s]] ⟨s⟩ | ||
| [[w:/ɕ/|ɕ]] ⟨x⟩ | | [[w:/ɕ/|ɕ]] ⟨x⟩ | ||
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==Evolution== | ==Evolution== | ||
===Vowels=== | |||
The Ancient Greek vowel length and pitch accent were converted to a stress accent, placed on what had in Aeolic Greek been the third-to-last mora of a word (or the first, if the word was fewer than three moras long). | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
/s/ became lenited between vowels, but not when geminated or in pausa. This was the origin of the provection mutation: | |||
*σ /s/ → /h/ | |||
/dz/ became /z/ in all positions except after nasals: | |||
*ζ /dz/ → /z/ | |||
*νζ /ndz/ → /ndz/ | |||
Voiced stops and /z/ at the beginning of a word or beginning a stressed syllable merged with the aspirates and /s/ respectively, leaving a rising tone (pre-existing aspirates result in a level high tone). The other voiced consonants /l, ʎ, m, n, ɲ, r/ also came to be followed by a rising tone, that was changed to a level high tone when provected. As a result, all stressed vowels have either rising or high level tone. | |||
*βα /ba/ → /pʰǎ/ | |||
*δα /da/ → /tʰǎ/ | |||
*γα /ga/ → /kʰǎ/ | |||
*ζα /za/ → /sǎ/ | |||
*φα /pʰa/ → /pʰá/ | |||
*θα /kʰa/ → /tʰá/ | |||
*χα /kʰa/ → /kʰá/ | |||
*σα /sa/ → /sá/ | |||
Otherwise, /z/ entirely merged with /s/ and voiced stops were lenited after vowels to the extent that they were entirely lost, The vowels that came into contact as a result formed diphthongs: | |||
*β /b | *β δ γ /b, d, g/ → /Ø/ | ||
*aCa → /a/ | |||
*aCe → /ai/ | |||
*aCi → /ai/ | |||
*aCo → /au/ | |||
*aCu → /au/ | |||
*eCa → /ja/ | |||
*eCe → /e/ | |||
*eCi → /ei/ | |||
*eCo → /eu/ | |||
*eCu → /eu/ | |||
*iCa → /ia/ | |||
*iCe → /ie/ | |||
*iCi → /i/ | |||
*iCo → /iu/ | |||
*iCu → /iu/ | |||
*uCa → /ua/ | |||
*uCe → /ui/ | |||
*uCi → /ui/ | |||
*uCo → /u/ | |||
*uCu → /u/ | |||
Voiceless stops were also lenited: | Voiceless stops were also lenited. Note that this occurred after tonogenesis was complete, and no new tones were generated. Consequently all unaspirated stops opening stressed syllables are necessarily followed by high level vowels: | ||
*π /p/ → /b/ | *π /p/ → /b/ | ||
*τ /t/ → /d/ | *τ /t/ → /d/ | ||
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*κκ σκ ξ χ κχ σχ /kk sk x kh kkh skh/ → /kʰ/ | *κκ σκ ξ χ κχ σχ /kk sk x kh kkh skh/ → /kʰ/ | ||
Aspirates lost aspiration | Aspirates lost aspiration before unstressed vowels. As unstressed vowels do not carry phonemic tone, this did not have any tonal effect. | ||
Several consonants were palatalised when followed by /iV/ where /V/ is any back vowel: | Several consonants were palatalised when followed by /iV/ where /V/ is any back vowel: | ||