View source for Hlou-Shum languages

[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]

'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages.
TODO: actually look at OC more

==Family tree==
*Proto-Hlou-Shum
**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'')
**Shumic
***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'')
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'')
**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ)
**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'')
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')

===Timeline===
Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP

==Writing system==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.

==Phonology==
===Phonotactics===
A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure

(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) <sup>tone</sup>.

Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.

===Initials===
*p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
*bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
*b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
*f θ s x h
*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
*m n ń ŋ y r l w
*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts

θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants

Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.

===Nuclei===
a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə

===Coda===
Allowed finals: 
*-p -t -k 
*-mp -nt -nk
*-m -n -l -w -y
*-ʔ -s
*nasal + s or ʔ
*plosive + s

===Tones===
PHS was non-tonal.  The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:
*A: -0, -N, -l
*B: -ʔ
*C: -s
*D: -t
*E: -p, -k

The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.

==Grammar==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
===Reduplication===
Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.

Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.

===Derivation===
Sometimes two prefixes could be used.
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
*''-ʔ'': nominalization
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
*m- preinitial
*r- preinitial
**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
*θ- preinitial 
**changes some consonants in Shum
**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial

==Reflexes==
=== Hlou ===
==== Initials ====
Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)
*ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
*fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
*tzl tsl > tz ts
*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
*ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
*ml nl > ml nl
*pr, br > pf, v
*kr, gr > sch
*tr, dr > tr, dr
*sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
*sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
*stz sts stx > tz ts tx

The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants

The r-preinitial (some koineization)
*r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
*r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
*r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g 
*r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
*r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h 
*r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
*r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
*r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
*r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
*r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
*r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl

-k > glottal stop final
==== Tones ====
Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Tone class
! Voiceless initial (5/8)
! Voiced initial (3/8)
|-
! A (10/27)
| ''-b'' (23%)
| ''-0'' (14%)
|-
! B (5/27)
| ''-n'' (12%)
| ''-s'' (6.9%)
|-
! C (5/27)
| ''-s'' (12%)
| ''-g'' (6.9%)
|-
! D (4/27)
| ''-ß'' (9.3%)
| ''-d'' (5.6%)
|-
! E (3/27)
| ''-hn'' (6.9%)
| ''-h'' (4.2%)
|}

Among non-E syllables the distribution is:

b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) >  ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)

===Shum===
s- triggers tone split

b p > bh p

sb sp > b p

np nb > b mh

spr pr > ph p

sbr br > bh bh

nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh

l > l, D.l > ll

f > h

Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh

f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh

x > tl

z > ś, s > s

k' > ś, g' > jh

*kw > p
*gw > v > vh in shum
*w > w > v in shum

==Sample==
'''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp'''

The Sheep and the Horses
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]]