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Hothenese: Difference between revisions
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Native name: '' | ==Todo== | ||
-hir - -ful | |||
Native name: ''Hôthene mâl'' | |||
Add more Estonian/old Medh Nghêl gibbiness | |||
Phonology: p t k b d g f θ x ð h m n ŋ l r s ʒ j ʋ + Finnish vowels | Phonology: p t k b d g f θ x ð h m n ŋ l r s ʒ j ʋ + Finnish vowels | ||
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Declensions: | Declensions: | ||
e-stem ''rŷch'': rŷch, rŷchi, rŷched, rŷchel, rŷchez, rŷchev | e-stem ''rŷch'': rŷch, rŷchi, rŷched, rŷchel, rŷchez, rŷchev, rŷche! | ||
a-stem ''cô'': cô, côi, côad, côal, côaz, côav, côa! | |||
o-stem ''serr'': serr, serri, serrœd, serrœl, serrœz, serrœv, serrœ! | |||
apparent-vowel ''calo'': calo, calo, calod, calol, caloz, calov, calo! | |||
t-stem ''mened'': mened, menez, meneth, menedel, menet, menep, mened! | |||
s-stem ''fôraz'': fôraz, fôraz, fôrâth, fôrazel, fôras, fôraf, fôraz! | |||
n-stem ''cŷthen'': cŷthen, cŷthen, cŷthenn, cŷthenel, cŷthêz, cŷthemm, cŷthen! | |||
nen-stem ''Pellæne'': Pellæne, Pellæz, Pellæ̂th, Pellæzel, Pellæs, Pellæf, Pellæz! | |||
Plurals use a particle ''ma'' which triggers a spirant mutation (numbers likewise trigger a spirant mutation) | |||
==Pronouns== | |||
êz, enn, êth, ennel, ennez/ês, ennev/êf = 1SG | |||
lâ, lân, lâd, lâl, lâz, lâv - 2SG | |||
lær, læri, læ^r, lærel, lærez, lærev - 2PL | |||
2SG and 2PL forms? honorifics? | |||
ia, iân, iâth, iâzel, iâs, iâzev = 3SG | |||
hŷz, hynn, hŷth, hynnel, hynnez/hŷs, hynnev/hŷf = 1PL | |||
tôch, tôch, tôth, tôchel, tôchez, tôchev = 3PL | |||
mole, molen, moled, molel, molez, molev = impersonal | |||
all: fîr, fîri, fîr, fîrel, fîrez, fîrev | |||
some: cen, cen, cenn, cenel, cêz, cemm | |||
any: lâth, lâthe, lâthed, lâthel, lâthez, lâthev | |||
==Adjectives== | |||
Invariable? Just nominative and oblique forms? | |||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
This is only a rough idea | |||
Thematic verbs (ending with e, a, æ, o, œ, u or y typically) | |||
Change 1PL -dh to -b | |||
''pêthe-'': pêthen, | ''pêthe-'': pêthen, pêtheth, pêthe, pêthedh, pêthed, pêther | ||
infinitive '' | infinitive ''pêthev'' | ||
S-stem verbs: | S-stem verbs: | ||
''loz-'': lozin, | ''loz-'': lozin, lozith, loz, lozidh, lozid, lozir | ||
infinitive ''lôth'' | infinitive ''lôth'' | ||
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T-stem verbs: | T-stem verbs: | ||
''sed-'': sedin, | ''sed-'': sedin, sedith, sed, sedidh, sedid, sedir | ||
infinitive ''set'' | infinitive ''set'' | ||
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L-stem verbs: | L-stem verbs: | ||
''rothel-'': rothelin, | ''rothel-'': rothelin, rothelith, rothel, rothelidh, rothelid, rothelir | ||
infinitive ''rothell'' | infinitive ''rothell'' | ||
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R-stem verbs: | R-stem verbs: | ||
''sæer-'': sæerin, | ''sæer-'': sæerin, sæerith, sæer, sæeridh, sæerid, sæerir | ||
infinitive ''sæer'' (underlying *sæerr; but words can't end in a long vowel followed by a double consonant) | infinitive ''sæer'' (underlying *sæerr; but words can't end in a long vowel followed by a double consonant) | ||
Honorifics use -r instead of the 2sg, 3sg and 2pl forms | Honorifics use -r instead of the 2sg, 3sg and 2pl forms | ||
===Other tenses, aspects and moods=== | |||
The preterite tense uses the suffixes -An, -Ath, -A, -Adh, -Ad, -Ar after the infinitive form. For example: | |||
pêthevæn, pêthevæth, pêthevæ, pêthevædh, pêthevæd, pêthevær | |||
lôthan, lôthath, lôtha, lôthadh, lôthad, lôthar | |||
setæn, setæth, setæ, setædh, setæd, setær | |||
The future imperfective works by removing the -n from the 1st person singular present tense and adding the suffixes -nÛch, -nÛth, -nUd, -nUth, -nUt, -nÛr? | |||
Imperfect? Future? | |||
Negative: a particle which soft mutates the verb | |||
===Nonfinite forms=== | |||
(other than the infinitive) | |||
Attributive: same as the 1SG present or past but with -n replaced by -m | |||
===Notes=== | |||
Uninflected verbs should mean something (many of them appear in the sample) | |||
==Derivational morphology== | |||
-edU/-AdU/-OdU/-tU/-^thU/-nnU/-^thU? (reflex of a hypothetical -tu/-ty in a finnish gib) | |||
-edA/-AdA/-OdA/-tA/-^thA/-nnA/-^thA? (reflex of a hypothetical -ta/-tä in a finnish gib) | |||
''-ze-'' (after thematic verbs); ''-ize-'' (after athematic verbs): passive | |||
==Numbers== | |||
oz, cîn, synn, raed, lîth, rœ̂v, fælinn, sŷtheb, rôtheb, ûth | |||
ûthoz, ûthcîn, ûthsynn, ûthraed ... | |||
pecher (20), synnœt (30), raedhot (40), lîthœt (50), rœ̂vœt (60), fælinœt (70), sŷthvot (80), rôthvot (90), tæez (100) | |||
==Miscellaneous ideas== | |||
A Wackernagel-like law (with particles such as conjunctions generally appearing in second position, like Latin ''enim'') is a Hothenese innovation (neither the parent language Ryctiac nor another descendant of it, Rhythoed, has it) | |||
==Sample text== | |||
<poem> | |||
'''Menez cŷth se fârozel, pêthæd êth choezane,''' | |||
'''Hæedhæd nôth sœ̂llechænyd, mîv silmad firized.''' | |||
'''Laev âdhad cu lôrozel, iormâch êched hŷne,''' | |||
'''Têchab se cathelhireth, iog silmad mydized.''' | |||
''As the days wander on, and summer turns to winter,'' | |||
''And hopes vanish, a light shines far away.'' | |||
''Though Fortune's wheel turns, oblivious to our struggles,'' | |||
''we skillful beings work hard, seeking the light of day.'' | |||
Menez cŷth se fârozel = moment-PL on PART wander-CONJ | |||
pêthæd êth choezane = winter.DAT turn summer | |||
Hæedhæd nôth sœ̂llechænyd = void.DAT hope vanish-PERF | |||
mîv silmad firized = shine light.DAT distance.GEN.DAT | |||
Laev âdhad cu lôrozel = wheel fortune.DAT though turns | |||
iormâch êched hŷne = oblivious struggle.DAT 1PL | |||
têchab se cathelhir-eth = work-hard.1PL PART skillful-COLL | |||
iog silmad mydized = look light.DAT day.GEN.DAT | |||
</poem> | |||