Linguifex

Iliaqu: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Iliaqu (view source)

Revision as of 02:34, 26 January 2023

4,137 bytes added ,  26 January 2023
m
→‎To
 
(31 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 726: Line 726:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''kua''' || '''g-{{color|MediumBlue|ieji}}''' || '''ua''' || '''na'''
| '''kua''' || '''g-{{color|MediumBlue|ieji}}''' || '''uana'''
|-
|-
| JUSS || COP-DAT.3p.DEF.ICS || NOM.2s.ACS || NOM.1s.ACS
| JUSS || COP-DAT.3p.DEF.ICS || NOM.1+2DU.ACS
|-
|-
| "should" || "go - to them" || "you" || "I"
| "should" || "go - to them" || "you and I"
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | ''Let us go {{color|MediumBlue|to them}}.'' — [ACS]
| colspan="4" | ''Let us go {{color|MediumBlue|to them}}.'' — [ACS]
Line 767: Line 767:
| '''E''' || '''n-{{color|MediumBlue|nui}}'''
| '''E''' || '''n-{{color|MediumBlue|nui}}'''
|-
|-
| IMP || COP-ABL.1s.ACS
| IMP || COP-ABL.1s.ICS
|-
|-
| "!" || "go - from me"
| "!" || "go - from me"
Line 777: Line 777:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''Mahu''' || '''eji''' || '''xu''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|kuio}}''' || '''iti''' || ('''ju''')
| '''Mahu''' || '''eji''' || '''xuua''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|kuio}}''' || '''iti''' || ('''ju''')
|-
|-
| be.known || DAT.3s.DEF.ICS || NOM.3s.DEF.INAN || ABL.TEMP.C || be.small || (NOM.3s.DEF.ICS)
| be.known || DAT.3s.DEF.ICS || NOM.3s.DEF.INAN.MED || ABL.TEMP.C || be.small || (NOM.3s.DEF.ICS)
|-
|-
| "be known" || "to her/him" || "it" || "since" || "be small" || ("s/he")
| "be known" || "to her/him" || "that" || "since" || "be small" || ("s/he")
|-
|-
| colspan="6" | ''She's known that {{color|MediumBlue|since}} she was little.''
| colspan="6" | ''She's known that {{color|MediumBlue|since}} she was little.''
Line 828: Line 828:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''li''' || '''molu''' || '''ju''' || '''nini''' || '''g-uues'''|| '''{{color|MediumBlue|akuo}}''' || '''xeva'''('''s''' || '''eji''') || '''xu''' || '''tia'''
| '''li''' || '''molu''' || '''ju''' || '''nini''' || '''g-uues'''|| '''{{color|MediumBlue|akuo}}''' || '''xeva'''('''s''' || '''eji''') || '''xuua'''
|-
|-
| begin || be.dead || NOM.3s.DEF.ICS.REL || be.mother || COP-GEN.2s.ACS || LOC.TEMP.C || be.seen || (DAT.3s.DEF.ICS) || NOM.3s.DEF.INAN.REL || be.that.2
| begin || be.dead || NOM.3s.DEF.ICS.REL || be.mother || COP-GEN.2s.ACS || LOC.TEMP.C || be.seen || (DAT.3s.DEF.ICS) || NOM.3s.DEF.INAN.MED
|-
|-
| "begin" || "be dead" || "the inaccessible one who" || "be mother" || "be yours" || "when" || "be seen" || ("to the inaccessible one") || "the thing which" || "be that"
| "begin" || "be dead" || "the inaccessible one who" || "be mother" || "be yours" || "when" || "be seen" || ("to the inaccessible one") || "that thing"
|-
|-
| colspan="10" |''Your mother's going to die {{color|MediumBlue|when}} she sees that.''
| colspan="10" |''Your mother's going to die {{color|MediumBlue|when}} she sees that.''
Line 838: Line 838:


=====Genitive=====
=====Genitive=====
The genitive case indicates a possessor. It covers all types of possession and association other than legal ownership. It is more or less equivalent to the preposition 'of' in English. It is formed by prefixing '''u(g)-''' ('''iu(g)-''' in plural) before an accusative nominal.
The genitive case indicates a possessor. It covers all types of possession and association other than legal ownership. It is more or less equivalent to the preposition 'of' in English. It is formed by prefixing '''u(r)-''' ('''iu(r)-''' in plural) before an accusative nominal.




Line 865: Line 865:


=====Possessive=====
=====Possessive=====
The possessive case indicates strictly legal ownership. It is more or less equivalent to the preposition 'of' in English and may be used to indicate 'have' or 'own'. It is formed similarly to the genitive case: by prefixing '''u(g)-''' ('''iu(g)-''' in plural) but before a nominative nominal.
The possessive case indicates strictly legal ownership. It is more or less equivalent to the preposition 'of' in English and may be used to indicate 'have' or 'own'. It is formed similarly to the genitive case: by prefixing '''u(r)-''' ('''iu(r)-''' in plural) but to a nominative nominal rather than an accusative one.




Line 880: Line 880:




Because of the law in Qu, according to which only ''muja'' (initiated men) are recognised as the legal ''owners'' of things (including slaves). In the underground humanist community, the possessive case may sometimes be applied to non-''muja'' as well, but it is also very common for them to avoid the possessive case entirely in favour of the genitive case.
It should be noted that, although in many languages, the genitive or possessive case is usually adnominal, referring to an immediately adjacent noun phrase, in Iliaqu, all nominals, regardless of case, refer to the predicate in their clause unless verbalised with the [[#Nominal_to_Verbal|copular prefix]]. Compare the following sentences.
 
 
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| '''masa''' || '''xua''' || '''xa''' || '''buja''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|g-una}}'''
|-
| be.snake || LOC.3S.DEF.INAN || be.inside || be.boot || COP-POS.1S.ACS
|-
| "be a snake" || "at the thing which" || "be inside" || "be a boot" || "be mine"
|-
| colspan="5" | ''There's a snake in {{color|MediumBlue|my}} boot.'' — '''muja''' [ACS/SUB]
|}
 
 
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| '''masa''' || '''xua''' || '''xa''' || '''buja''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|una}}'''
|-
| be.snake || LOC.3S.DEF.INAN || be.inside || be.boot || POS.1S.ACS
|-
| "be a snake" || "at the thing which" || "be inside" || "be a boot" || "my"
|-
| colspan="5" | ''There's a snake in the boot {{color|MediumBlue| and it's mine}}.'' / ''{{color|MediumBlue|I own}} a snake which is in the boot. — '''muja''' [ACS/SUB]
|}
 
 
In the second sentence, the lack of the copula on '''une''' indicates that it represents an argument of the predicate ('''masa''' 'there is a snake'), meaning that it is the snake which belongs to the speaker, not the boot. The word order, placing the unadorned possessive argument ('''une''') after the much heavier locative argument ('''xua xa buja''') is heavily marked, placing focus on the fact that the snake is the speaker's legal possession.
 
Because of the law in Qu, according to which only ''muja'' (initiated men) are recognised as the legal ''owners'' of things (including slaves). In the underground humanist community, ''ataiva'', the possessive case may sometimes be applied to non-''muja'' as well, but it is also very common for ''ataiva'' to avoid the possessive case entirely in favour of the genitive case.


=====Vocative=====
=====Vocative=====
Line 896: Line 925:
| "oh you"
| "oh you"
|-
|-
| colspan="1" |''{{color|MediumBlue|Hi}}.'' — [ICS/SUB]
| colspan="1" |''{{color|MediumBlue|Hi}}.'' — [ACS/DOM]
|}
|}


Line 907: Line 936:
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|eiju}}'''
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|eiju}}'''
|-
|-
| VOC.3s.DEF.ACS
| VOC.3s.DEF.ICS
|-
|-
| "oh they"
| "oh they"
|-
|-
| colspan="1" | ''{{color|MediumBlue|Hello!}}.'' — [ACS/DOM]
| colspan="1" | ''{{color|MediumBlue|Hello!}}.'' — [ICS/SUB]
|}
|}


Line 1,004: Line 1,033:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|ekuos}}''' || '''ate''' || '''nu'''
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|ekuos}}''' || '''ata''' || '''nu'''
|-
|-
| VOC.TEMP.C || be.adult || NOM.1s.ICS
| VOC.TEMP.C || be.adult || NOM.1s.ICS
Line 1,121: Line 1,150:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''vuja''' || '''imu''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ajo}}''' || '''hanas''' || '''ara''' || '''tiamiga''' || '''g-ara''' || '''hunia'''
| '''vuja''' || '''imu''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ajo}}''' || '''hanas''' || '''ara''' || '''tiamiga''' || '''g-iara''' || '''hunia'''
|-
|-
| hunt || NOM.3p.SPEC.ICS || INS.C || wait || LOC.3s.NSPC.INAN || be.undergrowth || be-LOC.3s.NSPC.INAN || be.potable
| hunt || NOM.3p.SPEC.ICS || INS.C || wait || LOC.3s.NSPC.INAN || be.undergrowth || be-LOC.3p.NSPC.INAN || be.potable
|-
|-
| "hunt" || "certain people" || "by" || "wait" || "at anything which" || "is bushes" || "be-at anything which" || "be drinking water"
| "hunt" || "certain people" || "by" || "wait" || "at anything which" || "is bushes" || "be-at any things which" || "be drinking water"
|-
|-
| colspan="8" |  ''Some men hunt {{color|MediumBlue|by}} waiting in the undergrowth near water.'' — '''muja'''
| colspan="8" |  ''Some men hunt {{color|MediumBlue|by}} waiting in the undergrowth near water.'' — '''muja'''
Line 1,240: Line 1,269:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: right; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | Simple  pronominals
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | Simple  pronominals
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | plural
! rowspan="2" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | demonstrative
contractions
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | accessible
! style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | accessible
Line 1,252: Line 1,279:
|-
|-
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | 1st person
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | 1st person
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | definite animate
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | animate definite
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | na
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | na
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | nu
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | nu
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ina
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ina
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | inu
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | inu
| rowspan="3" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | 2nd person
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | 2nd person
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | definite animate
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | animate definite
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ua
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ua
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | vu
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | vu
Line 1,266: Line 1,292:
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ivu
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ivu
|-
|-
| rowspan="12" style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | 3rd  person
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | 3rd  person
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | definite   animate
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | animate definite
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ja
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ja
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ju
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ju
Line 1,273: Line 1,299:
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | iju
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | iju
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | jaie
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | animate specific
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | juue
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ma
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ijaie
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | mu
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ijuue
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ima
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | proximate
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | imu
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | jaia
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | animate generic
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | juua
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | u
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ijaia
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | iu
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ijuua
|-
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | medial
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | inanimate definite
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | xu
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ixu
|-
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | inanimate specific
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | zu
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | izu
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | jaio
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | inanimate generic
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | juuo
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | a
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ijaio
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ia
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ijuuo
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | distal
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | definite inanimate
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | Demonstrative pronominals
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | xu
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | singular
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ixu
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | plural
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" |  
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | xuue
! style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | accessible
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ixuue
! style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | inaccessible
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | proximate
! style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | accessible
! style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | inaccessible
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | xuua
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: right;" | 3rd person
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ixuua
animate
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | medial
definite
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | proximate
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ja<u>ie</u>
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ju<u>ue</u>
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ija<u>ie</u>
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | iju<u>ue</u>
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | xuuo
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | medial
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ixuuo
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ja<u>ia</u>
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | distal
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ju<u>ua</u>
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ija<u>ia</u>
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | iju<u>ua</u>
|-
|-
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | specific  animate
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | distal
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ma
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ja<u>io</u>
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | mu
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ju<u>uo</u>
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ima
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ija<u>io</u>
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | imu
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | iju<u>uo</u>
| rowspan="9" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | specific  inanimate
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | 3rd person
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | zu
inanimate
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | izu
definite
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | proximate
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | xu<u>ue</u>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ixu<u>ue</u>
|-
|-
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | generic  animate
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | medial
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | u
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | xu<u>ua</u>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | iu
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ixu<u>ua</u>
|-
|-
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | generic  inanimate
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | distal
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | a
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | xu<u>uo</u>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ia
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ixu<u>uo</u>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: right; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | Compound pronominals
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | Compound pronominals
! style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | accessible
! style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | accessible
! style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | inaccessible
! style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | inaccessible
Line 1,334: Line 1,373:
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | 2nd + 1st person
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | 2nd + 1st person
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | dual
| style="text-align: right; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | dual
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | uana
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | uana
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | vunu
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | vunu
Line 1,340: Line 1,379:
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | vuna
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | vuna
|-
|-
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | plural
| style="text-align: right; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | plural
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | iuana
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | iuana
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ivunu
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ivunu
Line 1,346: Line 1,385:
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ivuna
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | ivuna
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: right; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | Complimentisers
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | Complimentisers
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | temporal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | temporal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | non-temporal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | non-temporal
Line 1,354: Line 1,393:
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | zuo
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff; color:#00009b;" | zuo
|}
|}


=====First Person=====
=====First Person=====
First person nominals are all definite.
First person nominals are all definite and animate.


::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
Line 1,429: Line 1,467:


=====Second Person + First Person (First Person Inclusive)=====
=====Second Person + First Person (First Person Inclusive)=====
First person inclusive nominals are all definite.
First person inclusive nominals are all definite and animate. Because of the combination of first and second persons into a single word, the four stances, ''accessible'', ''inaccessible'', ''dominant'', ''submissive'' are represented within single words.


{| cellpadding="2"
{| cellpadding="2"
Line 1,758: Line 1,796:
|• '''golu''' || 'to be a person' || [NOM] is a person
|• '''golu''' || 'to be a person' || [NOM] is a person
|-
|-
|• '''alu''' || 'to be a friend/lover/concubine (of the opposite gender)' || [NOM] is a friend of [DAT], lover of [GEN] and concubine of [POS]
|• '''alu''' || 'to be a friend/lover/concubine (of a different rank)' || [NOM] is a friend of [DAT], lover of [GEN] and concubine of [POS]
|-
|-
|• '''mala''' || 'to be a building/house/home' || [NOM] is a building/house which is owned by [POS] and home to [GEN]
|• '''mala''' || 'to be a building/house/home' || [NOM] is a building/house which is owned by [POS] and home to [GEN]
Line 1,816: Line 1,854:




::{| class="wikitable"
::{|
|-
| Predicate || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | Argument (Subject)
|-
|-
| '''gahu''' || '''ju''' || '''zagua'''
| style="text-align:center" style='border-style: none none solid none' | Predicate || scope="col" width="10" | || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" style='border-style: none none solid none' | Argument (Subject)
|-
|-
| howl || NOM.3s.DEF.ICS.REL || be.gibbon
| '''gahu''' || || '''ju''' || '''zagua'''
|-
|-
| "howls" || "the being who" || "is a gibbon"
| howl || || NOM.3s.DEF.ICS.REL || be.gibbon
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left" | ''The gibbon howls.'' — '''kali'''
| "howls" || || "the being who" || "is a gibbon"
|-
|-
|
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''The gibbon howls.'' — '''kali'''
|- style="height: 2em;"
|  
|-
|-
| Predicate || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | Argument (Subject)  
| style="text-align:center" style='border-style: none none solid none' | Predicate || || colspan="2" style="text-align:center" style='border-style: none none solid none' | Argument (Subject)  
|-
|-
| '''zagua''' || '''ju''' || '''gahu'''
| '''zagua''' || || '''ju''' || '''gahu'''
|-
|-
| be.gibbon || NOM.3s.DEF.ICS.REL || howl
| be.gibbon || || NOM.3s.DEF.ICS.REL || howl
|-
|-
| "is a gibbon" || "the being who" || "howls"  
| "is a gibbon" || || "the being who" || "howls"  
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left" | ''What howls is a gibbon.'' — '''kali'''
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left" | ''What howls is a gibbon.'' — '''kali'''
|}
|}


Line 1,979: Line 2,017:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''lama''' || '''ana''' || '''teui'''
| '''lamas''' || '''aja''' || '''teui'''
|-
|-
| be.tear || LOC.3s.DEF.ACS || CAU.2s.ICS
| be.tear || LOC.3s.DEF.ACS || CAU.2s.ICS
Line 1,985: Line 2,023:
| "is (a) tear(s)" || "at him/her" || "because of you"
| "is (a) tear(s)" || "at him/her" || "because of you"
|-
|-
| colspan="3" | ''S/He's crying because of you.'' — [ICS/DOM]
| colspan="3" | ''S/He's crying because of you.'' — [ICS/SUB]
|}
|}


Line 2,172: Line 2,210:
::→ '''{{color|MediumBlue|o}}bani''' 'to be rich' (≈ 'to be with money')
::→ '''{{color|MediumBlue|o}}bani''' 'to be rich' (≈ 'to be with money')
:* '''oba''' 'to be a room, chamber'
:* '''oba''' 'to be a room, chamber'
::→ '''{{color|MediumBlue|os}}oba''' 'to be chambered' (≈ 'to be with money')
::→ '''{{color|MediumBlue|os}}oba''' 'to be chambered' (≈ 'to be with room(s)')
:* '''talu''' 'to be fur, body hair'
:* '''talu''' 'to be fur, body hair'
::→ '''{{color|MediumBlue|o}}talu''' 'to be furry, hairy' (≈ 'to be with fur, body hair')
::→ '''{{color|MediumBlue|o}}talu''' 'to be furry, hairy' (≈ 'to be with fur, body hair')
Line 2,203: Line 2,241:
In other instances, certain actions may be proscribed for a certain rank. For example, methods of cooking that involve mixing ingredients together is seen as befitting only a ''kali'' and the word for this type of cooking, '''kela''' is restricted to ''kali''. ''Muja'' are allowed to cook, but only in order to make food edible (ie. heating it but not mixing different ingredients together or adding spices) and this type of cooking is referred to as '''bisa''', which is not restricted to a particular rank.
In other instances, certain actions may be proscribed for a certain rank. For example, methods of cooking that involve mixing ingredients together is seen as befitting only a ''kali'' and the word for this type of cooking, '''kela''' is restricted to ''kali''. ''Muja'' are allowed to cook, but only in order to make food edible (ie. heating it but not mixing different ingredients together or adding spices) and this type of cooking is referred to as '''bisa''', which is not restricted to a particular rank.


Similarly, for religious reasons, violence and killing of any kind are acceptable only for ''muja'' and therefore words such as the following are restricted to occurring with ''muja'' subjects: '''vuja''' ('to hunt'), '''ttio''' ('to hit'), '''tioru''' ('to kick') '''uo''' ('to kill deliberately', 'to murder'), '''xagu''' ('to execute'), '''zaha'''' ('to fight physically'), '''aiuo''' ('to shoot').
Similarly, for religious reasons, violence and killing of any kind are acceptable only for ''muja'' and therefore words such as the following are restricted to occurring with ''muja'' subjects: '''vuja''' ('to hunt'), '''ttio''' ('to hit'), '''tioru''' ('to kick') '''uo''' ('to kill deliberately', 'to murder'), '''xagu''' ('to execute'), '''zaha''' ('to fight physically'), '''aiuo''' ('to shoot').


Some other words appear only with ''kali'' subjects, such as '''haua''' which means 'to sob', 'to howl', 'to cry audibly'. It is perfectly acceptable for ''muja'' to cry, but they are expected to be silent. The ''kali-''verbal '''iavu''' means 'to weave' or 'to make clothing', which again is work for a ''kali'' to perform. However, to make clothing which is suitable for combat is work for ''muja'' and the word for this is '''iavuja''', which is a ''muja'' word.
Some other words appear only with ''kali'' subjects, such as '''haua''' which means 'to sob', 'to howl', 'to cry audibly'. It is perfectly acceptable for ''muja'' to cry, but they are expected to be silent. The ''kali-''verbal '''iavu''' means 'to weave' or 'to make clothing', which again is work for a ''kali'' to perform. However, to make clothing which is suitable for combat is work for ''muja'' and the word for this is '''iavuja''', which is a ''muja'' word.
Line 2,307: Line 2,345:
| "break gender roles" || "hit" || "the inaccessible being" || "the accessible being"
| "break gender roles" || "hit" || "the inaccessible being" || "the accessible being"
|-
|-
| colspan="4" |''She {{color|MediumBlue|(shamefully) hit}} him.''
| colspan="4" |''She {{color|MediumBlue|(shamefully) hit}} him/her.''
|}
|}


Line 2,365: Line 2,403:
|}
|}


'''Au''' is also a verbal occa
'''Au''' is also a verbal occasionally used to mean "to be first", however in this usage it has mostly been replaced by the regular '''tahu'''.


====''Ha''====
====''Ha''====
Line 2,495: Line 2,533:
| "be very" || "rain" || "so" || "be going to" || "become large" || "the things which" || "be stream"
| "be very" || "rain" || "so" || "be going to" || "become large" || "the things which" || "be stream"
|-
|-
| colspan="7" | ''It's raining hard, so the streams are going to swell.''
| colspan="7" | ''It's raining hard, {{color|MediumBlue|so}} the streams are going to swell.''
|}
|}


Line 2,971: Line 3,009:
|-
|-
| "kill deliberately" || "the thing which" || "be.dog" || "while" || "be not" || "the accessible being who" || "be Tehi" || "while" || "be indeed" || "the accessible being who" || "be Mbuja"
| "kill deliberately" || "the thing which" || "be.dog" || "while" || "be not" || "the accessible being who" || "be Tehi" || "while" || "be indeed" || "the accessible being who" || "be Mbuja"
|-
| colspan="11" | ''{{color|MediumBlue|Not}} Tehi {{color|MediumBlue|but}} Mbuja killed the dog.''
|}
Both '''kka''' and '''ahe''' have equivalent adverbial forms, '''kku''' and '''lahe''' respectively, which do not require the use of '''lo''' when negating or affirming an argument. The previous sentence may be expressed as follows.
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| '''uo''' || '''xi''' || '''oko''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|kku}}''' || '''ja''' || '''tehi''' || {{color|MediumBlue|'''lahe'''}} || '''ja''' || '''mbuja'''
|-
| kill. deliberately || ACC.3s.DEF.INAN.REL || be.dog || ADV.be.not || NOM.3s.DEF.ACS.REL || be.Tehi || ADV.be.indeed || NOM.3s.DEF.ACS.REL || be.Mbuja
|-
| "kill deliberately" || "the thing which" || "be.dog" || "while be not" || "the accessible being who" || "be Tehi" || "while be indeed" || "the accessible being who" || "be Mbuja"
|-
|-
| colspan="11" | ''{{color|MediumBlue|Not}} Tehi {{color|MediumBlue|but}} Mbuja killed the dog.''
| colspan="11" | ''{{color|MediumBlue|Not}} Tehi {{color|MediumBlue|but}} Mbuja killed the dog.''
Line 3,846: Line 3,899:
::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|toi}}''' || '''bi''' || '''xo''' || '''nu''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|hai(zuo)}}''' || '''hues''' || '''abani'''
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|toi}}''' || '''bi''' || '''xo''' || '''nu''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|hai(zuo)}}''' || '''hues''' || '''obani'''
|-
|-
| then.would || stop || work || NOM.1s.ICS || if.IRR || be.more || be.rich
| then.would || stop || work || NOM.1s.ICS || if.IRR || be.more || be.rich
Line 3,890: Line 3,943:


===Speech Crime===
===Speech Crime===
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Imralu
577

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/192181...295775"