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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Consonants: identical to Czech (add bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), -ḥ = [x | Consonants: identical to Czech (add bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but -ḥ = [x] | ||
Vowels: a e i u á é í ú ej ou áj áu | Vowels: a e i u á é í ú ej ou áj áu | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkéma'' ||'' | |''vrkej'' ||''vrkéma'' ||''vrkam'' | ||
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnáma'' ||'' | |''loušnáj'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnám'' | ||
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštéma'' ||'' | |''ouštej'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštam'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|''vrkáḥ'' ||''vrkéma'' ||'' | |''vrkáḥ'' ||''vrkéma'' ||''vrkam'' | ||
|''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnáma'' ||'' | |''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnám'' | ||
|''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštéma'' ||'' | |''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštam'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''agňej'' ||'' | |''agňej'' ||''agňém'' | ||
|''maťáj'' ||'' | |''maťáj'' ||''maťém'' | ||
|''mařej'' ||'' | |''mařej'' ||''mařém'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|''agňéḥ'' ||'' | |''agňéḥ'' ||''agňém'' | ||
|''maťéḥ'' ||'' | |''maťéḥ'' ||''maťém'' | ||
|''mařéḥ'' ||'' | |''mařéḥ'' ||''mařém'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''véjavej'' ||'' | |''véjavej'' ||''véjum'' | ||
|''džouštaváj'' ||'' | |''džouštaváj'' ||''džouštum'' | ||
|''madhavej'' ||'' | |''madhavej'' ||''madhum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|''véjouḥ'' ||'' | |''véjouḥ'' ||''véjum'' | ||
|''džouštouḥ'' ||'' | |''džouštouḥ'' ||''džouštum'' | ||
|''madhouḥ'' ||'' | |''madhouḥ'' ||''madhum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1st | ! 1st | ||
| ''- | | ''-m, -mi'' || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-mé'' || ''-vadhé'' || ''-madhé'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd | ! 2nd | ||
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===Verb classes=== | ===Verb classes=== | ||
Athematic: | Athematic: | ||
*dáti (to give): | *dáti (to give): dedám, dedáš, dedát, ..., dedánt | ||
*státi (to stand): | *státi (to stand): sestám, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt | ||
*dhéti (to put): | *dhéti (to put): dedhém, dedhéš, dedhét, ..., dedhént | ||
*bhúti (to be): jesmi, jesi, jest, jsva, jsta, jstou, jsme, jste, jsant | *bhúti (to be): jesmi, jesi, jest, jsva, jsta, jstou, jsme, jste, jsant | ||
Thematic o/e ablaut: | Thematic o/e ablaut: | ||
''bherti'' (to carry): ''(aha) | ''bherti'' (to carry): ''(aha) bheram, (tú) bhereš, (sa, sá, taḥ) bheret, (vedá) bherava, (judá) bhereta, (sá, sé, té) bheretou, (véḥ) bherame, (júḥ) bherete, (sí, saḥ, tá) bherant'' | ||
root: ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant | root: ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant | ||
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Seṭ-root (ending in a laryngeal) verbs merge into one of the other categories | Seṭ-root (ending in a laryngeal) verbs merge into one of the other categories | ||
-eh₂ti: ''dáráti'' (to gift): '' | -eh₂ti: ''dáráti'' (to gift): ''dárám, dáráš, dárát, dáráva, dáráta, dárátou, dáráme, dáráte, dáránt'' | ||
-yéti, -yeti: ''džhaďheti'' (to pray, to request): '' | -yéti, -yeti: ''džhaďheti'' (to pray, to request): ''džhaďhem, džhaďheš, džhaďhet, džhaďheva, džhaďheta, džhaďhetou, džhaďheme, džhaďhete, džhaďhent'' | ||
-éyeti: ''harejeti'' (to boil): '' | -éyeti: ''harejeti'' (to boil): ''harejem, hareješ, harejet, harejeva, harejeta, harejetou, harejeme, harejete, harejent'' | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||