Linguifex

Ilithian: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Ilithian (view source)

Revision as of 01:43, 27 March 2024

19,791 bytes added ,  27 March
m
no edit summary
mNo edit summary
mNo edit summary
 
(764 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
classical language in Russia and Central Asia
'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


wolf: vlk- or vrk-?
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?


==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
|
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
| '''bh''' /bʱ/
| '''dh''' /dʱ/
| '''džh''' /dʒʱ/
| '''ďh, dhi''' /ɟʱ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| [f]
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|
|
|}
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
PIE oey > eg
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)
initial e- > je-
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
mjs, mjnes- 'month'
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.
==Nouns==
Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.
=== o-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
=== i-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''ageň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=2| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''mať'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=2| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk'' ||''vrké''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''loušná'' ||''loušnaḥ''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''oušta'' || ''ouštá''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''  ||''vrkou''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu''  ||''agňou''
|''loušnaḥ'' ||''loušnou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''ouštaš'' ||''ouštou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkaṃ''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnáṃ''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštaṃ''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrkouḥ''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''loušnou'' ||''loušnaḥ''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''oušta'' ||''ouštá''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkáḥ'' ||''vrkaṃ''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnáṃ''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštaṃ''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrká'' ||''vrkéḥ''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábi''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''ouštá'' ||''ouštéḥ''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' ||''vrkéš''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''loušné'' ||''loušnáš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''oušté'' ||''ouštéš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrké!''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''loušna!'' ||''loušnáh!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''oušte!''||''ouštá!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}


=== Feminines in ''-í'' ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''patní'' (f.) = wife
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patní'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patních'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patních!''
|}


=== u-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''agň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=2| ''mati'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=2| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''agň'' ||''agňáḥ''
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé''
|''mať'' ||''maťáḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''mař'' || ''marí''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéḥ'' ||''agňou''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''mařéḥ'' ||''mařou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' ||''agňéṃ''
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh''
|''maťej'' ||''maťéṃ''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''mařej'' ||''mařéṃ''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' ||''agníḥ''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch''
|''mati'' ||''matíḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''mař'' ||''marí''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéḥ'' ||''agňéṃ''
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťéṃ''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''mařéḥ'' ||''mařéṃ''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' ||''agňébi''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi''
|''matijá'' ||''maťébi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''marí'' ||''mařébi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' ||''agňéš''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''maťé'' ||''maťéš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''mařé'' ||''mařéš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agň!'' ||''agňáḥ!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''loušna!'' ||''loušnáh!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''mari!''||''marí!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''žmů'' (m.) = human
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''žmů''||''žmenů''||''žmené''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''žmenej'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''žmenách'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí''  ||''žmenéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}


=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''véju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''vnama'' (n.) = name
! colspan=2| ''šouštu'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=2| ''medu'' (n.) = honey
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vnama''||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vnamenej'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vnama'' ||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vnamenách'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí''  ||''vnamenéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vnama!'' ||''vnamené!''  ||''vnamená!''
|}
=== s-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''andh'' (n.) = spring (season)
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''andh''||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''andhesej'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''andh'' ||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''andhesách'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí''  ||''andheséch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''andh!'' ||''andhesé!''  ||''andhesá!''
|}
Also: ''nebh'' 'cloud'
=== Other athematics ===
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular ''i''-stem masculine noun.
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''patýr'' (m.) = father
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''véju'' ||''véjaveḥ''
|''patýr''||''paterů''||''pateré''
|''šouštu'' ||''šouštaveḥ''
|''medu'' || ''medú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''véjouḥ'' ||''véjou''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|''šouštouḥ'' ||''šouštou''
|''medouḥ'' ||''medou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''véjavé'' ||''véjuṃ''
|''patrej'' ||''patrbhou'' ||''patrbh''
|''šouštavé'' ||''šouštuṃ''
|''medavé'' ||''meduṃ''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjúḥ''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|''šouštú'' ||''šouštúḥ''
|''medu'' ||''medúḥ''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''véjouḥ'' ||''véjuṃ''
|''patréch'' ||''patrbhou'' ||''patrbh''
|''šouštouḥ'' ||''šouštuṃ''
|''medouḥ'' ||''meduṃ''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjubi''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhí'' ||''patrbhi''
|''šouštujá'' ||''šouštubi''
|''medú'' ||''medubi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''véjáu'' ||''vejúš''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|''šouštáu'' ||''šouštúš''
|''medáu'' ||''medúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''véjou!'' ||''véjaveḥ!''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!'' ||''pateré!''
|''šouštou!'' ||''šoustaveḥ!''
|''medou!''||''medú!''
|}
|}


''berti'' (to carry): ''(aža) baraṃ, (tú) baraš, (sa, sá, taḥ) barat, (véḥ) barame, (júḥ) barate, (sí, saḥ, tá) barant''
==== Feminine ====
 
=== Irregulars ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!''
|}
 
==Pronouns==
=== Personal ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-''
|-
! acc.
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
! gen.
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
! poss.
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
! dat.
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
|-
! abl.
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
|-
! ins.
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
! loc.
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té''
|-
! acc.
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
|-
! gen.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
|-
! poss.
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
! dat.
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
! abl.
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
! ins.
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí''
|-
! loc.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá''
|-
! acc.
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
|-
! gen.
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
|-
! poss.
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
! dat.
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
! abl.
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
! ins.
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''
|-
! loc.
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''
|}
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.
 
=== Demonstrative ===
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)
 
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach
 
==Adjectives==
=== o-stem adjectives ===
==== Hard ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
|-
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí''  ||''jsúrtéch''
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi''
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu''  ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
 
==== Soft ====
 
=== u-stem adjectives ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
|-
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí''  ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|}
=== Participles ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
|-
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
 
==Verbs==
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
 
== Numerals ==
<poem>
jév, jévá, jéva (m/f/n) = 1
dvů, dvé, dvé (m/f/n) = 2
tři, třis, tří (m/f/n) = 3
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
šeš = 6
septa - 7
aštů = 8
jneva = 9
deša = 10
jévurdeša = 11
dvůrdeša = 12
třírdeša = 13
četurdeša = 14
penčurdeša = 15
šešurdeša = 16
septurdeša = 17
aštůrdeša = 18
jnevurdeša = 19
vížati = 20
jévurvížati = 21
třížat = 30
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
šežžat = 60
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
jnevažat = 90
šata = 100
žílí = 1000
</poem>
 
==Syntax==
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)
 
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.
 
==Sample text==
=== UDHR ===
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.''
 
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.''
 
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
 
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ješvéče'''
 
''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.''
 
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
 
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
'''Ilithian'''
 
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''
 
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
 
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.
 
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)
 
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''
 
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]]
IlL
138,726

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/210660...366776"